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The Age of Infinite Storage has begun Many of us have enough money in our pockets right now to buy all the storage we will be able to fill for the next 5 years. So having the storage capacity is no longer a problem. Managing it is a problem (especially when the volume gets large). How much data is there? Googi 10100 Tera Bytes (TBs) are Here 1 TB costs 1k$ to buy 1 TB costs ~300k$/year to own Management and curation are the expensive part Searching 1 TB takes hours I’m Terrified by TeraBytes I’m Petrified by PetaBytes I’ll soon be Exafied by ExaBytes We are here ... Yotta 1024 Zetta 1021 Exa 1018 Peta 1015 Tera 1012 Giga 109 Mega 106 I’m too old to ever be Zettafied by ZettaBytes Kilo But you may be in your lifetime You may even be Yottafied by YottaBytes You may never be Googified by GoogiBytes But the next generation may be? 103 How much information is there? Soon everything can be recorded and indexed. Everything ! Recorded All Books MultiMedia Most of it will never be seen by humans. Data summarization, trend detection, anomaly detection, data mining, are key technologies All books (words) .Movi e A Photo A Book 10-24 Yocto, 10-21 zepto, 10-18 atto, 10-15 femto, 10-12 pico, 10-9 nano, 10-6 micro, 10-3 milli Yotta Zetta Exa Peta Tera Giga Mega Kilo First Disk, in 1956 IBM 305 RAMAC 4 MB 50 24” disks 1200 rpm 100 (revolutions per minute) milli-seconds (ms) access time 35k$/year to rent Included computer & accounting software (tubes not transistors) 1.6 meters 10 years later 30 MB Memex As We May Think, Vannevar Bush, 1945 “A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility” “yet if the user inserted 5000 pages of material a day it would take him hundreds of years to fill the repository, so that he can enter material freely” Can you fill a terabyte in a year? Item Items/TB Items/day a 300 KB JPEG image 3M 9,800 a 1 MB Document 1M 2,900 a 1 hour, 256 kb/s MP3 audio file 9K 26 a 1 hour 1 MPEG video 290 0.8 On a Personal Terabyte, How Will We Find Anything? Need Queries, Indexing, Data Mining, Scalability, Replication… If you don’t use a DBMS, you will implement one of your own! Need for Data Mining, Machine Learning is more important then ever! Of the digital data in existence today, 80% is personal/individual 20% is Corporate/Governmental DBMS We’re awash with data! Network data: 10 exabytes by 2010 ~ 1019 Bytes 10 zettabytes by 2015 ~ 1022 Bytes WWW (and other text collections) ~ 1016 Bytes Sensor data from sensors (including Micro & Nano -sensor networks) 15 petabytes by 2007 National Virtual Observatory (aggregated astronomical data) ~ 1013 Bytes US EROS Data Center archives Earth Observing System (near Soiux Falls SD) Remotely Sensed satellite and aerial imagery data 10 terabytes by 2004 10 yottabytes by 2020 ~ 1025 Bytes Genomic/Proteomic/Metabolomic data (microarrays, genechips, genome sequences) 10 gazillabytes by 2030 ~ 1028 Bytes? I made up these Name! Projected data sizes are overrunning our ability to name their orders of magnitude! Stock Market prediction data (prices + all the above?) 10 supragazillabytes by 2040 ~ 1031 Bytes? Useful information must be teased out of these large volumes of raw data. AND these are some of the 1/5th of "Corporate" or "Governmental" data collections. The other 4/5ths of data sets are personnel! Parkinson’s Law (for data) Data expands to fill available storage Disk-storage version of Moore’s Law Available storage doubles every 9 months! How do we get the information we need from the massive volumes of data we will have? Querying (for the information we know is there) Data mining (for the answers to questions we don't know to ask precisely).