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Data and Applications Security
Developments and Directions
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham
The University of Texas at Dallas
Lecture #26
Emerging Technologies in
Data and Applications Security
and Introduction to Biometrics
April 16, 2007
Outline
 Digital Identity Management
 Identity Theft Management
 Digital Forensics
 Digital Watermarking
 Risk Analysis
 Economic Analysis
 Secure Electronic Voting Machines
 Biometrics
 Other Applications
 Lecture on Introduction to Biometrics
Digital Identity Management
 Digital identity is the identity that a user has to access an
electronic resource
 A person could have multiple identities
- A physician could have an identity to access medical
resources and another to access his bank accounts
 Digital identity management is about managing the multiple
identities
- Manage databases that store and retrieve identities
- Resolve conflicts and heterogeneity
- Make associations
- Provide security
 Ontology management for identity management is an
emerging research area
Digital Identity Management - II
 Federated Identity Management
- Corporations work with each other across organizational
boundaries with the concept of federated identity
- Each corporation has its own identity and may belong to
multiple federations
Individual identity management within an organization
and federated identity management across organizations
 Technologies for identity management
- Database management, data mining, ontology
management, federated computing
-
Identity Theft Management
 Need for secure identity management
- Ease the burden of managing numerous identities
- Prevent misuse of identity: preventing identity theft
 Identity theft is stealing another person’s digital identity
 Techniques for preventing identity thefts include
- Access control, Encryption, Digital Signatures
- A merchant encrypts the data and signs with the public
-
key of the recipient
Recipient decrypts with his private key
Digital Forensics
 Digital forensics is about the investigation of Cyber crime
 Follows the procedures established for Forensic medicine
 The steps include the following:
- When a computer crime occurs, law enforcement officials
-
who are cyber crime experts gather every piece of
evidence including information from the crime scene (i.e.
from the computer)
Gather profiles of terrorists
Use history information
Carry pout analysis
Digital Forensics - II
 Digital Forensics Techniques
- Intrusion detection
- Data Mining
- Analyzing log files
- Use criminal profiling and develop a psychological
profiling
- Analyze email messages
 Lawyers, Psychologists, Sociologists, Crime investigators
and Technologists have to worm together
 International Journal of Digital Evidence is a useful source
Steganography and Digital Watermarking
 Steganography is about hiding information within other
information
- E.g., hidden information is the message that terrorist may
be sending to their pees in different parts of the worlds
- Information may be hidden in valid texts, images, films
etc.
- Difficult to be detected by the unsuspecting human
 Steganalysis is about developing techniques that can analyze
text, images, video and detect hidden messages
- May use data mining techniques to detect hidden patters
 Steganograophy makes the task of the Cyber crime expert
difficult as he/she ahs to analyze for hidden information
- Communication protocols are being developed
Steganography and Digital Watermarking - II
 Digital water marking is about inserting information without
being detected for valid purposes
- It has applications in copyright protection
- A manufacturer may use digital watermarking to copyright
a particular music or video without being noticed
- When music is copies and copyright is violated, one can
detect two the real owner is by examining the copyright
embedded in the music or video
Risk Analysis
 Analyzing risks
- Before installing a secure system or a network one needs
to conduct a risk analysis study
- What are the threats? What are the risks?
 Various types of risk analysis methods
Quantitative approach: Events are ranked in the order of
risks and decisions are made based on then risks
Qualitative approach: estimates are used for risks
-
Economics Analysis
 Security vs Cost
- If risks are high and damage is significant then it may be
worth the cost of incorporating security
- If risks and damage are not high, then security may be an
additional cost burden
 Economists and technologists need to work together
- Develop cost models
- Cost vs. Risk/Threat study
Secure Electronic Voting Machines
 We are slowly migrating to electronic voting machines
 Current electronic machines have many security
vulnerabilities
 A person can log into the system multiple times from different
parts of the country and cast his/her vote
 Insufficient techniques for ensuring that a person can vote
only once
 The systems may be attacked and compromised
 Solutions are being developed
 Johns Hopkins University is one of the leaders in the field of
secure electronic voting machines
Biometrics
 Early Identication and Authentication (I&A) systems, were
based on passwords
 Recently physical characteristics of a person are being sued
for identification
- Fingerprinting
- Facial features
- Iris scans
- Blood circulation
- Facial expressions
 Biometrics techniques will provide access not only to
computers but also to building and homes
 Other Applications
Biometric Technologies
 Pattern recognition
 Machine learning
 Statistical reasoning
 Multimedia/Image processing and management
 Managing biometric databases
 Information retrieval
 Pattern matching
 Searching
 Ontology management
 Data mining
Data Mining for Biometrics
 Determine the data to be analyzed
- Data may be stored in biometric databases
- Data may be text, images, video, etc.
 Data may be grouped using classification techniques
 As new data arrives determine the group this data belongs to
- Pattern matching, Classification
 Determine what the new data is depending on the prior
examples and experiments
 Determine whether the new data is abnormal or normal
behavior
 Challenge: False positives, False negatives
Secure Biometrics
 Biometrics systems have to be secure
 Need to study the attacks for biometrics systems
 Facial features may be modified:
- E.g., One can access by inserting another person’s
features
Attacks on biometric databases is a major concern
 Challenge is to develop a secure biometric systems
-
Secure Biometrics - II
 Security policy for as biometric system
- Application specific and applicatyion independent
policies
- Security constraints
 Security model for a biometrics systems
Determine the operations to be performed
- Need to include both text, images and video/animation
 Architecure foe a biometric system
- Need to idenify securiy critical components
Reference monitor
 Detecting intrusions in a biometric system
-
-
Other Applications
 Email security
- Encryption
- Filtering
- Data mining
 Benchmarking
- Benchmarks for secure queries and transactions
 Simulation and performance studies
 Security for machine translation and text summarization
 Covert channel analysis
 Robotics security
- Need to ensure policies are enforced correctly when
operating robots
Introduction to Biometrics
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham
The University of Texas at Dallas
Introduction to Biometrics
March 29, 2006
Outline
 Introduction to Biometrics
- What is Biometrics?
- What is the Process?
- Why Biometrics?
 Biometrics Resources
 What is Secure Biometrics
 Revisiting Topics to be covered
 Some exploratory research areas
 Some useful reference books
What is Biometrics?
 Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person
based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic
 Features measured: Face, Fingerprints, Hand geometry,
handwriting, Iris, Retinal, Vein and Voice
 Identification and personal certification solutions for highly
secure applications
 Numerous applications: medical, financial, child care,
computer access etc.
What is the Process?
 Three-steps: Capture-Process-Verification
 Capture: A raw biometric is captured by a sensing device
such as fingerprint scanner or video camera
 Process: The distinguishing characteristics are extracted
from the raw biometrics sample and converted into a
processed biometric identifier record
Called biometric sample or template
 Verification and Identification
- Matching the enrolled biometric sample against a single
record; is the person really what he claims to be?
Matching a biometric sample against a database of
identifiers
-
Why Biometrics?
 Biometrics replaces Traditional Authentication Methods
 Provides better security
 More convenient
 Better accountability
 Applications on Fraud detection and Fraud deterrence
 Dual purpose
- Cyber Security and National Security
Why Biometrics? (Continued)
 Authentication mechanisms often used are User ID and
Passwords
 However password mechanisms have vulnerabilities
- Stealing passwords etc.
 Biometrics systems are less prone to attacks
 Need sophisticated techniques for attacks
- Cannot steal facial features and fingerprints
- Need sophisticated image processing techniques for
modifying facial features
Why Biometrics? (Continued)
 Biometrics systems are more convenient
 Need not have multiple passwords or difficult passwords
- E.g., characters, numbers and special symbols
- Need not remember passwords
 Need not carry any cards or tokens
 Better accountability
- Can determine who accessed the system with less
complexity
Why Biometrics? (Concluded)
 Dual Purpose
- Cyber Security and National Security
 Access to computer systems and networks
 Fraud detection
- Who has intruded the system?
- Who has entered the building
- Surveillance and monitoring
 Fraud Deterrence
- Because of biometrics systems, people are nervous to
-
commit crimes
Stealing from supermarkets and shops, etc.
Biometrics Resources
 Biometrics Consortium is the major resource
- www.biometrics.org
 Another Resource
- http://www.biometricsinfo.org/
 Has Information on
- Who is doing what
 Academia,
-
Industry and Government
White papers on Biometrics technologies
 Fingerprint detection, facial recognition, Iris scanning,
----
Biometrics Resources: What is academia doing?
 Michigan State University
- Developing algorithms for fingerprint detection, etc.
 West Virginia University
- Forensic identification initiative
 San Jose State University
- Mathematical concepts
Biometrics Resources: What is Industry doing?
 Focus is on building faster and cheaper devices
 More accuracy, less false positives and negatives
 Incorporating biometrics into mobile devices, Smartcards
 Biometrics in healthcare: delivering medication to correct
patients
 Biometrics in child care: Children are picked up by those
authorized
 Protecting digital content
- Ensuring that voice and video are not altered
Vendors: http://www.biometricsinfo.org/vendors.htm
Biometrics Resources: What is Government
doing?
 NSA (National Security Agency)
- Research on protecting critical information systems
 DoD (Department of Defense)
- Biometrics Management Office
- Provide Armed forces access to Biometrics systems for
combat operations
 INS/DHS (Department of Homeland Security; Immigration and
Nationalization Service)
- Biometrics technologies at Airports
 NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technologies)
Major player in Biometrics
-
Activities of NIST
 Measurements, Testing and Standards is NIST’s mission
 Focus on Biometrics Standards
 Activities
- Biometrics Consortium
- Common Biometric Exchange File Format
- Biometric Interoperability, Performance and Assurance
-
Working Group
BioAPI Consortium
Various Standards
Activities of NIST (Continued)
 Biometrics Consortium is the Government focal point for
research, development and testing of Biometric products and
technologies
 Common Biometric Exchange File Format is a product of the
consortium to develop common fingerprint template formats
 Biometrics Interoperability working group promotes common
definitions and concepts for exchanging information between
national and international partners
 BioAPI consortium develops common Application
Programming Interfaces for biometrics technologies
Activities of NIST (Concluded)
 NIST is developing standards for the following:
- Finger image format for data Interchange
- Face image format for data interchange
- Iris image format for data interchange
- Signature image format for data interchange
 NIST is working with International standards organizations for
joint standards
- ISO (International Standards Organization)
What is Secure Biometrics?
 Study the attacks of biometrics systems
- Modifying fingerprints
- Modifying facial features
 Develop a security policy and model for the system
- Application independent and Application specific policies
- Enforce Security constraints
 Entire
face is classified but the nose can be displayed
- Develop a formal model
- Formalize the policy
 Design the system and identify security critical components
- Reference monitor for biometrics systems
Security Vulnerabilities
 Type 1 attack: present fake biometric such a synthetic
biometric
 Type 2 attack: Submit a previously intercepted biometric data:
replay
 Type 3 attack: Compromising the feature extractor module to
give results desired by attacker
 Type 4 attack: Replace the genuine feature values produced
by the system by fake values desired by attacker
 Type 5 attack: Produce a high number of matching results
 Type 6 attack: Attack the template database: add templates,
modify templates etc.
Security and Privacy for Biometrics
 Privacy of the Individuals have to be protected
 CNN News Release: August 29, 2005
- Distorting Biometrics Enhances Security and Privacy
- Biometric data converted to numerical strings by
-
mathematical algorithm for later use
If the mathematical templates are stolen could be
dangerous
Researchers have developed method to alter the images
in a defined and repeated way
Hackers steal the distortion not the original face or
fingerprint