Download Logistics and Information Technology

第三讲 物流信息技术
第三章
物流信息技术
物 流
管 理 学
物Logistics
流Information
管 Technology
理 学
Logistics Information Technology
主讲教师：张余华教授
广东外语外贸大学《物流学》讲义
CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 3
 Section 1 Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use of Information
 Section 2 General Types of Information Management Systems
 Section 3 Electronic Commerce and Logistics
 Summary
 Key Terms
 Questions for Discussion and Review
Learning Objectives
1. To appreciate the importance of effective
and efficient utilization of information for logistics management
2. To learn about general types of information systems and
their logistical applications
3. To understand key differences between the logistics of
online shopping and the logistics of traditional shopping
Section 1
Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use of
Information
有效并高效利用信息的益处
Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use of
Information
 The effective and efficient utilization of information can be
quite beneficial to logistics and SCM, and four of the
more prominent benefits include the following:
Can you list
some of
these
benefits
Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use
of Information
 1. Greater knowledge and visibility makes it possible to
replace inventory with information.
 2. Greater awareness of customer demand can help improve
planning and reduce variability in the supply chain.
信息的有效和高效利用可以给物流和供应链管理带来很多益
处，其中最显著的有四点：
1.
1. 更多知识和可视性使得用信息取代库存成为可能。
2.
2. 更多地了解顾客的需求能够帮助改善计划，减少供应链
的可变性。
Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use
of Information
 3. Better coordination of manufacturing, marketing, and
distribution through enterprise resource planning (ERP)
tools.
 4. More streamlined order processing and reduced leadtimes enabled by coordinated logistics information systems.
3. 通过企业资源计划工具来更好地协调制造、营销和配
送活动。
4. 协调的物流信息系统可以改进订单处理流程并缩短提
前期。
Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use
of Information
 In short, the effective and efficient use of information allows
organizations to simultaneously reduce their costs and
improve customer satisfaction in the sense that organizations
stock the inventory that will be demanded by customer.
企业有效并高效利用地利用信息保持库存与顾客需求
匹配，以达到同时降低成本和提升顾客满意度的目标。
Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use
of Information
 Distinguish between data and information:
 Data are simply facts, recorded measures of certain
phenomena Information is a body of facts in a format
suitable for decision making.
数据与信息的区别：数据只是简单的事实，是
一定现象的记录方式。信息是以适合决策的形式表示
的事实的整体。
Section 2
General Types of Information Management Systems
信息管理系统的一般类型
General Types of Information
Management Systems
How much do you
know about
information
management systems?
General Types of Information Management
Systems
General Types of IMS
信息管理系统的一
般类型：
1. 办公自动化系统
1. Office automation system
2. Communication system
2. 通信系统
3. Transaction Processing System
(TPS)
3. 交易处理系统
4. Management Information System (MIS)
and Executive Information System (EIS）
4. 管理信息系统和
执行信息系统
5. 决策支持系统
6. 企业系统
5. Decision Support Systems
(DSS)
6. Enterprise resource planning
(ERP)
1 Office Automation System
Could you give
me some
examples of
office automation
system?
1 Office Automation System
 Provide effective ways to process personal and organizational
business data, to perform calculations, and to create
documents.
 Included are general software packages – word processing,
spreadsheet, presentation, and database management
applications.
办公自动化系统提供有效的方式运行个人和组织的
业务数据、进行计算并生成文件。其中的通用软件
包，包含文字处理、电子制表、演示以及数据库管
理等。
1 Office Automation System
 The most relevant general software packages for
logisticians is the spreadsheet.
 Capabilities of spreadsheet software before 1990s:
 Economic order quantity (EOQ) calculations,
warehouse sizing, transportation modal and carrier
decisions, production planning, center of gravity
location decisions
 The classic issue of transportation cost minimization,
determining the optimal number of warehouse locations
1 Office Automation System
 Capabilities of spreadsheet software after 1990s:
 The classic issue of transportation cost minimization,
determining the optimal number of warehouse locations
 The capabilities of spreadsheet software can be illustrated in
following:
The capabilities of spreadsheet software can be
illustrated in following:
EOQ calculations
warehouse sizing
Capabilities of
spreadsheet
software for
logisticians
before 1990s
production planning
transportation
modal and carrier
decisions
center of gravity
location decisions
after 1990s
the classic issue of
transportation cost
minimization
determining the
optimal number of
warehouse locations
2 Communication system
 Help various stakeholders – employees, suppliers,
customers – work together by interacting and sharing
information in many different forms.
 Telecommunication technology:
 fax machines, personal computers,
electronic mail, cellular phones,
personal digital assistants (PDAs).
通信系统有助于
不同利益相关者
（雇员、供应商、
顾客）一同工作，
以不同形式交流
并共享信息。
2 Communication system
 In 21’s century, wireless communication will have many
logistical applications.
 Wireless communication refers to communication
without cables and cords and includes infrared,
microwave, and radio transmissions, among others.
 Two of the more popular types:
 Global positioning systems (GPS)
无线通信指的是
 Voice-based order picking
不通过电线电缆
进行的通信，包
括红外线、微波、
无线电传输等。
2 Communication system
 (1) Global positioning systems (GPS)
 Refer to a network of satellites that transmits signals
that pinpoint the exact location of an object.
 Quite valuable to the transportation, can be illustrated
in following:
 视频：物流GPS管理系统让运输过程透明化 。
 http://www.56.com/u11/v_NDI1NTM1MTQ.html
全球定位系统是通过卫星网络传输信
号以获取物体的准确位置。GPS对物
流中的运输非常有价值。
Global positioning systems (GPS)
Logistical
value of GPS
Carriers
Keep track of
their vehicles
Provide data on
vehicle speeds
and driver
behavior
Customers
Polices
Have realtime visibility
Be helpful in
locating lost or
stolen vehicles
Do you know
which area
around you have
adopted GPS?
2 Communication system
 (2) Voice-based order picking
 Refers to the use of speech to guide order-picking
activities.
 Companies that have adopted newer-generation voicebased technology have reported increased productivity
and higher pick accuracy.
语音识别拣选指的是利用语音指导订单拣选
活动。采用了新一代语音识别拣选系统的公
司宣称提高了生产率和拣选精度。
3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 Collects and stores information about transaction and may
also control some aspects of transaction.
 Primary objective:
 the efficient processing of transactions.
 Processing manners:
 Do batch processing
 Do real-time processing
交易处理系统收集和存储交易信息并对交易过程
的某些方面进行控制。TPS的主要目标是高效地处
理交易。处理方式有批处理和实时处理两种。
3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 Electronic data interchange (EDI)：a prominent example of
a logistics-related TPS.
 EDI, the computer-to-computer transmission of business
data in a structured format.
 (1) Benefits of EDI
 (2) Drawbacks of EDI
 (3) EDI users
 (4) Replacement of EDI
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
 Common uses of EDI include invoicing, purchase orders,
pricing, advanced shipment notices, electronic funds transfer,
and bill payment.
电子数据交换是在电脑之间按一定数据结构进
行交易数据传递。EDI的一般用途包括开发票、
采购订单、定价、提前货运通知、电子转账和
清算。
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
 (1) Benefits of EDI
 Reductions in document preparation and processing time,
inventory carrying costs, personnel costs, information float,
shipping errors, returned goods, lead times, order cycle times,
and ordering costs.
 Increases in cash flow, billing accuracy, productivity, and
customer satisfaction
电子数据交换的好处：文件准备和处理时间、库存持有成本、人
工成本、信息丢失、传送错误、退货、提前期、订货周期和订货
成本等多方面的减少；现金流、清算正确率、生产率和顾客满意
度等的提升。
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
 (2) Drawbacks of EDI
 A lack of awareness of its benefits, high setup costs, lack of
standard formats, and incompatibility of computer hardware
and software
电子数据交换的缺点：缺乏
对其好处的认识、高额的准
备成本，缺少标准格式，缺
乏软硬件兼容的能力。
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
 (3) EDI users
 Wal-Mart
 J.C. Penney
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
 (4) Replacement of EDI: XML
 XML: extensible markup language, a fast, flexible text
format that facilitates data exchange via the Internet.
XML,可扩展标记语言,使用一系列简单的标记描述数
据，是一种简单的数据存储语言，其数据格式快速
灵活，便于在互联网上交换数据，前身是SGML（The
Standard Generalized Markup Language）。
3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 Automatic identification technologies：another type of
logistics-related TPS.
 Include character recognition, machine vision, voice-based
entry, radio-frequency identification, magnetic strips
自动识别技术包括光学特征
识别、机器视觉、声音数据
录入、射频识别以及磁带。
3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 Automatic identification systems are an essential component
in point-of-sale (POS) systems.
3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 POS systems involve scanning Universal Product Code (UPC)
labels, by passing the product over an optical scanner or
recording it with a handheld scanner.
 The idea of POS systems is to provide data to guide and
enhance managerial decision making.
操作时，POS系统通常利用光学扫描仪或手持扫描仪扫
描通用产品代码标签。
POS系统的思想是提供数据以指导和提高管理决策水平。
3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 Bar code scanners: the most popular automatic
identification system in use.
 Radio-frequency identification (RFID) :recent automatic
identification technology.
条形码扫描仪是最普遍的自动识别系统。射频
识别技术是一种比较新的自动识别技术。
3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 RFID compares to bar codes:
 (1) does not require clear line of sight between an
object and RFID hardware.
 (2) can store much larger quantities of data.
 (3) offers both read and write capabilities.
与条形码相比，射频识别：
（1）不需要在物品和RFID硬件之间有明确的标准线；
（2）能存储的数据量更大；
（3）同时提供读和写的能力。
4 Management Information System (MIS)and
Executive Information System (EIS)
 These systems convert TPS
 管理信息系统和执行
data into information for
信息系统将TPS系统数
monitoring performance
据转换成信息，用以
and managing an
监控业绩和管理组织。
organization.
Figure 3-1: Structure and Function of a Logistics
Information System
广东外语外贸大学《物流学》
4 Management Information System (MIS) and
Executive Information System (EIS)
 To receive needed information, it’s important that they be
fairly specific when submitting requests.
 To receive timely information can be encompass several
dimensions: (1) the up-to-date status of information, (2) how
quickly managers receive the information requested.
 Accurate information concerns with the nature and quality of
the relevant data.
5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Help mangers make decisions by providing information,
models, or analysis tools.
Specific uses of DSS in
logistics
Vehicle
routing
issues
Selection of
public
warehouses
Choice
shipment
5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
 Several of the more prominent
logistics-related DSS techniques:
 一些突出的与物流
相关的决策支持系
 (1) Simulation
统技术是：仿真、
 (2) Artificial Intelligence (AI)
人工智能、专业软
 (3) Application specific software
 (4) Data mining
件、数据挖掘。
5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
(1) Simulation
 involves a computer model
that is a series of
mathematical relationships,
often expressed as a series of
linear equations.
 Simulation reliability is
achieved by making the
model as akin to the real
world as possible.
 仿真涉及一系列数学
关系组成的计算机模
型，通常用一系列线
性方程表示。仿真的
可靠性主要依赖于模
型与现实情况的类似
程度。
5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
 The primary advantage of
 仿真的主要优点是帮
simulation is that it enables
助公司以较小的成本
the firm to test the
测试方案的可行性。
feasibility of proposed
changes at relatively little
expense.
5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
 Logistics-related simulation software:
 Flexsim
 RaLC (乐龙)
 eM-Plant
 AnyLogic
 Automod
5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
(2) Artificial Intelligence (AI)：
 Studies the computational
requirements for tasks such as
perception, reasoning, and
 人工智能主要研究诸
如感知、推理、学习
的任务以及开发执行
learning, and develops systems
这些任务的系统。人
to perform those tasks.
工智能包括专家系统、
 Encompasses expert systems,
fuzzy logic, and neural networks.
模糊逻辑和神经网络
等领域。
5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
(3) Application specific
software
 includes supply chain
management software
(SCM), transportation
management systems (TMS)
and warehouse
management systems
(WMS) .
 专业软件包括供应链
管理软件、运输管理
系统、仓库管理系统
等。
5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
(4) Data mining
 The application of mathematical tools to large bodies of data
in order to extract correlations and rules.
 Efficient data mining is dependent on data warehouses.
 For example: Wal-Mart’s data mining
example: Wal-Mart’s data mining
Hurricanes
to hit Florida
Wal-Mart’s
data
warehouses
Data mining
Demand
dramatically
increases for
beer and
toasted pastry
Discovered that when hurricanes are projected to hit the state
of Florida, demand dramatically increases for two products,
beer and Kellogg’s Pop Tarts
6 Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
All company functional areas use a common database to:
 Standardize manufacturing processes
 Integrate financial data
 Standardize human resource data Shortcomings
 Costs of installation
 Time-consuming installation process
Summary
of
Section
Summary of Section 2
 Review the six general Types of Information Management
Systems
 Discuss their logistics-related usage in particular companies
Section 3
Electronic Commerce and Logistics
电子商务与物流
Electronic Commerce and Logistics
 Electronic Commerce: any
form of economic activity
that can be conducted via
electronic connections.
 Electronic connections
such as:
 EDI
 Internet
 电子商务是通过电子
联络进行的任何形式
的经济活动。电子联
络例如EDI和互联网。
Electronic Commerce and Logistics
Electronic Commerce and Logistics
Internet
impacts
logistics
Logistics
functions
Channel
design
 互联网影响物
流功能、渠道
Logistics
strategy
设计和物流战
略。
Electronic Commerce and Logistics
 The Internet can both reduce cost and improve service across
and within logistics function.
 Highest amount of Internet usage:
 Transportation
 Order management
Electronic Commerce and Logistics
 The Internet has profoundly
influenced logistics
management.
 For example, on-demand
software
 software that users access on
a per-use basis instead of
software they own or license
for installation.
 Avoids high capital
investment cost.
 按需软件是用户按使
用次数而不是通过拥
有或认证安装使用的
软件。按需软件避免
了高额的资金投入。
Electronic Commerce and Logistics
 The Internet has also profoundly
influenced channel design by
 互联网对企业驱动设
allowing companies to offer an
计产生了深远影响，
alternate distribution – direct
允许其提供直接渠道。
channel
 Final customer orders directly
from the producer rather than
through an intermediary.
 Direct channel can affect the
design of logistics in both the
number and location of fixed
facilities.
最终用户直接从制造
商处下订单而不通过
中间商；将同时影响
物流的固定设施和数
量的设计。
Electronic Commerce and Logistics
 Sameness between Online
retailing and in-store retailing
 Many logistical functions
occur in both, such as:
 在线零售与商店零售的
相似处：运输、仓储、
物料搬运和订单管理等
transportation, warehousing,
许多物流功能和活动都
materials handling, and order
是同时发生的。
management.
 The same time of equipment
and materials.
 使用相同的设备和材料。
Electronic Commerce and Logistics
 Differences between
Online retailing and instore retailing
 Execution of logistics
 在线零售与商店零售
的不同处：处理物流
功能和活动方面存在
functions and activities.
很大差异。在线零售
 Aspects: Smaller order
订货次数多，订货量
quantities, open-case
小，开箱拣选，到户
picking, delivering product
to the customer, return
rates.
交货的运输，退货率
高于商店零售。
Summary of Section 3
 What is e-commerce?
 How it affect logistics?
 Discuss and express your ideas.
Summary of chapter 3
1. Introduced the benefits of effective and efficient use of
information
2. Six general types of information management systems were
examined
3. Topic discussed EDI, automatic identification technologies
4. Discussion of electronic commerce and logistics
Key Terms
 Application-specific software 专门软件
 Artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能
 Communication system 通信系统
 Data 数据
 Decision support system (DSS) 决策支持系统
 Electronic commerce 电子商务
 Electronic data interchange (EDI)电子数据交换
Key Terms
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP) 企业资源计划
 Global positioning system (GPS)全球定位系统
 Information 信息
 Logistics information system (LIS)物流信息系统
 Office automation system办公自动化系统
 On-demand software 按需软件
Key Terms
 Radio-frequency identification (RFID) 无线射频识别技术
 Simulation 仿真
 Transaction processing system (TPS)交易处理系统
 Voice-based order picking 语音识别拣选
 Wireless communication 无线通信
Questions for Discussion and Review
1. In what ways can information be helpful in logistics and
supply-chain management?
2. Name the six general types of information systems, and
give one logistics application for each one that you’ve named.
3. Do you view the spreadsheet as the most relevant general
software package for logisticians? Why or why not?
4. What advances in telecommunications technology do you
view as being most beneficial to logistics management? Why?
5. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of EDI.
Questions for Discussion and Review
6. Discuss the importance of timely and accurate information
to a logistics information system.
7. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of enterprise resource
planning systems.
8. Refer back to the logistical activities listed in Chapter 1;
pick two that you are interested in and research how they
have been influenced by the Internet. Are you surprised by
your findings? Why or why not?
9. From a logistical perspective, what are some differences
between online and in-store retailing?
第三讲 物流信息技术
物 for
流Your
管 Cooperation
理 学
Thanks
Logistics Information Technology
主讲教师：张余华教授