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DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J. AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 3rd Edition
Chapter Seven
Database Processing Applications and
Business Intelligence
Chapter Objectives
• Understand and be able to set up Web
database processing
• Learn the basic concepts of Extensible
Markup Language (XML)
• Learn the basic concepts of business
intelligence (BI) systems
• Learn the basic concepts of OLAP and
data mining
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Heather Sweeney Designs:
Database Design
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Heather Sweeney Designs:
HSD Database Diagram in SQL Server 2005
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Database Processing Environment
• A database processing environment
is complicated and multi-faceted
– Multiple users
– Multiple queries
– Multiple forms
– Multiple reports
– Multiple application programs
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The Database Processing
Environment
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Queries, Forms, and Reports
Microsoft Access is being used to
create forms and reports for a
database running in SQL Server
2005 Express Edition
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Processing Constraints
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Enforcing referential integrity
Cascading deletion
Cascading modifications
Data type constraints
Data size constraints
Data value constraints
Null constraints
Uniqueness constraints
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Triggers and Stored Procedures
• A trigger is a stored procedure that is
automatically invoked by the DBMS
when a specified activity occurs
– BEFORE, AFTER and INSTEAD OF
• A stored procedure is a module
similar to subroutine or function that
performs database actions
– Stored in the database itself
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (3rd Edition)
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Internet Application Processing
• Internet Application Processing is
more complicated than traditional
application processing
• Specifically, with Internet Application
Processing …
– The network becomes an integral part
of the application
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Internet Application Processing
Environment
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APIs
• Every DBMS product has an application
program interface (API)
– An API is a collection of objects, methods, and
properties for executing DBMS functions from program
code
– Each DBMS has its own API, and APIs vary from one
DBMS product to another.
• To simplify this situation, the computer industry
has developed standards for database access
• API interface standards are used to make it
easier for programmers – they write to the
interface standard instead of the DBMS API
– ODBC – Open Database Connectivity
– JDBC – Java Database Connectivity
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OBDC and OLE DB
• The Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
standard was developed in the early 1990s
– Provides a DBMS-independent means for processing
relational database data
• OLE DB was created by Microsoft in the mid1990s
– An object-oriented interface
– Encapsulates data-server functionality
– Designed not just for access to relational databases, but
also for accessing many other types of data as well
– Readily accessible to programming languages such as
C, C#, and Java
– Not as accessible to Visual Basic and scripting
languages
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ADO and ADO.NET
• Microsoft developed Active Data Objects (ADO)
– A set of objects for utilizing OLE DB
– Designed for use by any language, including VB,
VBScript, and Jscript
• ADO has been followed by ADO.NET
– An improved version of ADO developed as part of
Microsoft’s .NET initiative
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ODBC, OLE DB, and ADO
in the Web Database Processing Environment
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N-Tier Architecture
• Tiers refers to the number of computers
involved in the Web database application
– The workstation with Web browser is the first
tier
– Two-tier architecture means that the Web
server and the DBMS are on the same server
– Three-tier architecture means that the Web
server and the DBMS are on separate servers
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Typical Web Server Setups
Microsoft
Windows
Linux or Unix
Web Server
Internet Information Apache
Server (IIS)
Scripting
Languages
(Interpreted
ASP Pages with
VBScript or JScript
(PHP also works)
PHP
Object Oriented
Languages
(Complied)
ASP.NET pages
with
VisualBasic.Net,
C#.Net or others
JSP pages with
Java
(Also see the Mono
project)
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Typical Web DBMS Servers
Microsoft
Windows
Linux or Unix
Web Server
Internet Information Apache
Server (IIS)
DBMSs
Microsoft
SQL Server
Oracle
MySQL
API Interface
Standard
ODBC
JDBC
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ODBC:
Three-tier Web Server Architecture
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ODBC Architecture
• The application program, the ODBC
driver manager, and the ODBC
DBMS driver all reside on the Web
server
• The DBMS driver sends requests to
data sources on the database server
– A data source is the database, its
associated DBMS, operating system,
and network platform
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ODBC Architecture:
The Application Program
• The application program issues requests
–
–
–
–
To create a connection with a data source
To issue SQL statements and receive results
To process errors
To start, commit, and roll back transactions
• ODBC
– Provides a standard means for each of these
requests
– Defines a standard set of error codes and
messages
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ODBC Architecture:
The ODBC Driver Manager
• The ODBC driver manager
– Serves as an intermediary between the
application and the DBMS drivers
– When the application requests a
connection, the driver
• Determines the type of DBMS that
processes a given ODBC data source
• Loads the appropriate driver into memory
(if it is not already loaded)
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ODBC Architecture:
The ODBC Driver
• A ODBC driver
– Processes ODBC requests
– Submits specific SQL statements to a given
type of data source
• There is a different driver for each data source type
• It is the responsibility of the driver to ensure that
standard ODBC commands execute correctly
– Converts data source error codes and
messages into the ODBC standard codes and
messages
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ODBC Architecture:
ODBC Data Sources
• An ODBC data source
– Is an ODBC data structure that identifies a database
and the DBMS that processes it
– There are three types of data sources
• A file data source is a file that can be shared among
database users—The only requirement is that the users
have the same DBMS driver and privilege to access the
database.
• A system data source is one that is local to a single
computer—The operating system and any user on that
system (with proper permissions) can use a system data
source
• A user data source is available only to the user who
created it
– Each created data source is given a data source name
(DSN) that is used to reference the data source.
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ODBC Architecture:
Creating an ODBC Data Source I
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ODBC Architecture:
Creating an ODBC Data Source II
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ODBC Architecture:
Creating an ODBC Data Source III
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IIS:
The wwwroot Folder
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IIS:
The IIS Management Program
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IIS:
The IIS Localstart Web Page
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Web Pages:
HTML Code for default.htm
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Heather Sweeney Designs Demonstration Pages Home Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<P align="center">
<font face="" color="#0000ff" size="6">
Database Concepts (3rd Edition)
</font>
</P>
<p align="center">
<b>David M. Kroenke (University of Washington)</b>
</p>
<p align="center">
<b>David J. Auer (Western Washington University)</b>
</p>
<hr>
<p align="center">
<font size="5">
Welcome to the Heather Sweeney Designs Home Page
</font>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Chapter 7 Demonstration Pages from Figures in the Text:</p>
<p>Example 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="ReadSeminar.asp">
Display the SEMINAR Table (No surrogate key)
</a>
</p>
<hr>
</body>
</html>
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Web Pages:
The default.htm Web Page
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Web Pages:
The ReadSeminar.asp Web Page
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
Abstractions, Objects and Collections
•
An abstraction is a generalization of something
–
•
•
ODBC interfaces are abstractions of native DBMS access methods
When we abstract something, we lose detail, but we gain the
ability to work with a broader range of types
An object-oriented programming object is an abstraction that is
defined by its properties and methods
– Properties represent characteristics or attributes of the object
– Methods are actions that the object can perform
•
A collection is an object that contains a group of other objects
– Being an object, a collection has properties and methods
– In ADO, collections are named as the plural of the objects they collect
• One of the properties of all collections is Count, which is the number of
objects in the collection.
• An important method of a collection is an iterator, which is a method that
can be used to pass through or otherwise identify the items in the collection
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
The ADO Object Model I
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
The ADO Object Model II
• The Connection object is the first ADO object to
be created and is the basis for the others
• From a connection, a developer can create one
or more RecordSet objects and one or more
Command objects
– Each RecordSet object has a Fields collection
• Each Field element corresponds to a column in the
recordset
– Each Command object has a Parameters Collection
• Contains Parameter objects which are the parameters
needed by the command
• In the process of creating or working with any of
these objects, ADO will place any errors (error
objects) that are generated in the Errors
collection
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
ADO Constants in the ADOVBS.inc File
• Isolation levels
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
ADO Constants in the ADOVBS.inc File
• Cursor types
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
ADO Constants in the ADOVBS.inc File
• Lock types
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
Referencing the ADOVBS.inc File
Adovbs.inc is referenced in this line
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
The Connection Object
The ADO adXactReadCommitted
isolation level in Adovbs.inc is
referenced in this line
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
The RecordsetObject
The ADO adOpenStatic cursor type
Adovbs.inc is referenced in this line
The ADO adLockReadOnly lock type
in Adovbs.inc is referenced in this line
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
The Fields Collection
The ADO Count property
The ADO iteration method
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Active Data Objects (ADO):
The Errors Collection
In current code:
More complete version:
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Database Processing with
XML
• Extensible Markup Language
(XML) is a standard for defining the
structure of documents and
communicating the documents
among computers
• It provides user definable tags that
can be used in Web pages and other
documents
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Sample XML document
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XML Schema Documents
• XML schema documents define
allowable tags and their relationships
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XML Document Validation
• An XML document can declare the name
and location of the schema that defines its
tags
• XML documents that conform to their XML
schemas are schema-valid documents
• XML schema documents are XML
documents, and can be validated against
their designated schema
• The “Schema of all schemas” is at
www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
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Sample XML Schema
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XML and Database Processing
• DBMS programs are incorporating
means to read and create XML
documents
• SQL Server 2005 example:
SELECT
FROM
*
ARTIST
FOR XML AUTO, ELEMENTS;
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SQL for XML Processing
SQL statement using XML
The results are in one cell
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Results of
SQL for XML Processing
The expanded results
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Text Results of
SQL for XML Processing
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XLM Web Services
• XML Webs Services allows
application functionality on one Web
server to be shared and incorporated
into Web applications on other Web
servers
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Business Intelligence Systems
• Business intelligence (BI) systems are
information systems that
– Assist managers and other professionals in the analysis
of current and past activities and in the prediction of
future events
– Do not support operational activities, such as the
recording and processing of orders
• These are supported by transactin proccessing systems
– Support management assessment, analysis, planning,
and control
• BI systems fall into two broad categories
– Reporting systems that sort, filter, group, and make
elementary calculations on operational data
– Data mining applications that perform sophisticated
analyses on data, analyses that usually involve complex
statistical and mathematical processing
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The Relationship Among
Operational and BI Applications
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OLAP and Data Mining
• OnLine Analytical Processing (OLAP) is
a technique for dynamically examining
database data
– OLAP uses arithmetic functions such as Sum
and Average
• Data Mining is a mathematically
sophisticated technique for analyzing
database data
– Data mining use mathematical and statistical
techniques
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OLAP
• OLAP uses a table called an OLAP
cube
• The OLAP cube uses inputs called
dimensions
• The OLAP cube calculates outputs
called measures
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Sample OLAP Cube
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Data Mining Techniques
• Data Mining mathematical and
statistical techniques include:
– Cluster analysis
– Regression analysis
– Time-series analysis
– Factor analysis
– Nonparametric Monte Carlo analysis
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DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J. AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 3rd Edition
End of Presentation on Chapter Seven
Database Processing Applications and
Business Intelligence