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Finding sustainability data on the Web David Leal CAESAR Systems Limited [email protected] Using emerging technologies • Identifying things by HTTP URIs – getting data about them by “dereferencing” • Data as RDF statements – readable RDF as N3 – a little bit of formality from OWL • The importance of standard RDF vocabularies – This is what will make it work – This is our task About URIs • a URI is just a string of characters – They are unique identifiers for things, which are used on the web – A thing can have more than one URI, but a URI identifies only one thing • HTTP URI – formerly called a URL – The use of an HTTP URI implies that an HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) access, e.g. from a browser, is valid – But you may be disappointed and get “error 404” – no answer was the stern reply • a URN – A URI which does not imply any form of access – used by some organisations – e.g. ISO, ISBN – urn:iso:std:iso:15926:-2 The Web is based upon HTTP URIs – don’t worry about URNs What a URI identifies Uniform Resource Identifier • a web page – http://www.iom3.org/index.htm – You can open it with your browser – data is downloaded – You can follow links to other web pages • an object – http://www.iom3.org/ – This is the organisation Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining – It has a Royal Charter – it cannot be downloaded to a browser • a formula – http://www.iom3.org/formula.n3 – This is a computer interpretable file of RDF statements about the IoM3 – It can be process by Semantic Web browser or by an application Dereferencing a URI “dereferencing” means attempting to get some data. You can only dereference an HTTP URI. • If the URI identifies a web page – you get it • If the URI identifies an RDF formula – you get it • It the URI identifies an object .... – The object could be the Eiffel Tower, or the Institute of Materials – neither can be downloaded to your browser – either you get nothing (error 404), or you are redirected to a “representation” access to http://www.iom3.org/ is redirected to http://www.iom3.org/index.htm Semantic Web technologies • RDF (Resource Description Framework) – making statements on the Web – http://www.w3.org/RDF/ • N3 (Notation 3) – a simple way of writing down an RDF statement – http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/n3/ An opportunity to: • • • record information more simply enable others to use our concepts use the concepts of others Getting started RDF diagram Janet loves John believes Jane N3 :Jane :believes { :Janet :loves :John } . Getting started identify the people namespaces @prefix people: <http://www.friends-are-us.com/registry/> . @prefix relationships: <http://www.institute-of_relationships.org/vocabulary#> . people:Janet relationship:loves people:John . identify the human relationships ….. or as XML <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [ <!ENTITY rdf "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <!ENTITY people "http://www.friends-are-us.com/registry/"> <!ENTITY relationships "http://www.institute-of_relationships.org/vocabulary#"> ]> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="&rdf;" xmlns:relationships="&relationships;"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="&people;Janet"> <relationships:loves rdf:resource="&people;John“/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> no more precise – and not as readable Clever browsers http://www.iom3.org/index.htm click to view the formula Clever browsers Suppose you want a formula • Usually redirection takes you to an HTML web page – This is good, because a person may need to know what a URI identifies – the web page can tell him or her • If an application want the formula, then there are two options: – content negotiation – the HTTP protocol allows the GET request to specify the required format – RDF can be specified – link from the HTML file – this is hidden in the header and is used by applications when required Suppose you want a formula http://www.iom3.org/index.htm <html> <head> <title>IOM3 - Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Representation" href="http://www.iom3.org/formula.n3" /> link to the formula <meta name="description" content="Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining“/> <meta name="keywords" content="IOM3, IOM, IMM, materials, world, academy, profession, science, engineering, metals, ceramics, polymers, glass, rubber, minerals, mining, plastics, institute, careers, jobs, journals, education"/> ...... Suppose you want a formula http://www.iom3.org/formula.n3 @prefix @prefix @prefix @prefix con: tabont: foaf: dc: <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#>. <http://dig.csail.mit.edu/2005/ajar/ajaw/ont#> . <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> . vocabulary about <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> . <http://www.iom3.org/> a dc:title con:phone foaf:webpage engineering organisations and events eng-sci:EngineeringInstitution ; "Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining" ; <tel:+44 (0)20 7451 7300> ; <http://www.iom3.org/index.htm> . <http://www.iom3.org/congress-2008> a eng-sci:Conference ; dc:title "Materials Congress 2008 - Materials for the Future" ; tabont:isMentionedIn <http://www.iom3.org/congress-2008/formula.n3> . ...... An individual product http://packing-machinery.cn/item/08-12345 specified as: – person readable nameplate – bar code – RFID Ruian Zhuxin Machinery Co. Ltd. manufactured by item/08-12345 type model/ML1800 An individual product http://packing-machinery.cn/item/08-12345 http://packing-machinery.cn/item/08-12345/formula.n3 @prefix @prefix rzm: iso: rzm:item/08-12345 <http://packing-machinery.cn/> . <http://www.tc184-sc4.org/vocabulary#> . iso:manufacturedBy a <http://packing-machinery.cn> ; rzm:model/ML1800 . dereference to get a formula about the model A class of product http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800 who defines the vocabularies? – an ISO or IEC committee – a trade association http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800/formula.n3 @prefix @prefix @prefix rzm: iso: packing rzm:model/ML1800 <http://packing-machinery.cn/> . <http://www.tc184-sc4.org/vocabulary#> . <http://www.packing.association.org/vocabulary#> . iso:hasMass packing:maximum_rule_length packing:speed packing:motorPower ...... [ [ [ [ scale:kilogram scale:metre scale:perMinute scale:kilowatt 14000] 50 ] 16 ] 11 ] ; ; ; ; LCA data in the formula http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800 http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800/formula.n3 • Each item of model ML1800 requires: – – – emissions of 25 kg CO2 to produce; emissions of -4 kg CO2 to dispose (negative because recycling displaces mineral extraction); emission of 0.001kg CO2 per hour to run (European electricity generation mix). LCA data in the formula http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800 actually it is more complicated http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800/formula.n3 rzm:model/ML1800 lca:unitProductionCO2emission lca:unitDisposalCO2emission lca:hourUseCO2emission [ scale:kilogram 25 ] ; [ scale:kilogram -4 ] ; [ scale:kilogram 0.001 ] . Actually it is more complicated reference output ML1800 output flow output flow material CO2 output flow flow 3 flow 2 flow 1 substance but not different in principle manufacture of 1 ML1800 item material amount destination destination substance SO2 25 kg atmosphere objects and relationships defined in ISO 14048 amount 0.01 kg Actually it is more complicated vocabulary for LCA from ISO 14048 rxm:process/ML1800 lca:hasOutputFlow [ a lca:destination lca:material lca:hasOutputFlow [ lca:destination lca:Material lca:hasOutputFlow [ lca:destination lca:Material ...... lca:ReferenceFlow ; lca:Technosphere ; [ lca:loadOf rxm:model/ML1800 ; URI for substances lca:numberInLoad 1 ] ] ; from somewhere? lca:Atmosphere ; [ a lca:amount iupac:CarbonDioxide ; [ scale:kilogram 25 ] ] ] ; lca:Atmosphere ; [ a lca:amount iupac:SulfurDioxide ; [ scale:kilogram 0.01 ] ] ] ; Making this work • Material products have HTTP URIs – A new business process • Dereferencing gives: – Web page of information about the product – Web 1.0 – RDF formula about the product – Web 3.0 • Standard vocabularies to use in the formulae – Vocabularies for product properties – Vocabularies for LCA • LCA data published using the same approach – Products have URIs, dereferencing give LCA data Navigating the supply chain supply x LCA data from analysis of supply supply 1 product LCA data from analysis of supply supply y supply 2 supply z subclass of subclass of subclass of class A class B class C class D LCA catalogues (e.g. EU LCA InfoHub) linked to industrial catalogues class D Ends