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Transcript 
Finding sustainability data on the Web
David Leal
CAESAR Systems Limited
[email protected]
Using emerging technologies
• Identifying things by HTTP URIs
– getting data about them by “dereferencing”
• Data as RDF statements
– readable RDF as N3
– a little bit of formality from OWL
• The importance of standard RDF vocabularies
– This is what will make it work
– This is our task
About URIs
•
a URI is just a string of characters
– They are unique identifiers for things, which are used on the web
– A thing can have more than one URI, but a URI identifies only one thing
•
HTTP URI
– formerly called a URL
– The use of an HTTP URI implies that an HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
access, e.g. from a browser, is valid
– But you may be disappointed and get “error 404” – no answer was the
stern reply
•
a URN
– A URI which does not imply any form of access
– used by some organisations – e.g. ISO, ISBN
– urn:iso:std:iso:15926:-2
The Web is based upon HTTP URIs – don’t worry about URNs
What a URI identifies
Uniform Resource Identifier
•
a web page
– http://www.iom3.org/index.htm
– You can open it with your browser – data is downloaded
– You can follow links to other web pages
•
an object
– http://www.iom3.org/
– This is the organisation Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
– It has a Royal Charter – it cannot be downloaded to a browser
•
a formula
– http://www.iom3.org/formula.n3
– This is a computer interpretable file of RDF statements about the IoM3
– It can be process by Semantic Web browser or by an application
Dereferencing a URI
“dereferencing” means attempting to get some data. You can only dereference an
HTTP URI.
•
If the URI identifies a web page – you get it
•
If the URI identifies an RDF formula – you get it
•
It the URI identifies an object ....
– The object could be the Eiffel Tower, or the Institute of Materials – neither
can be downloaded to your browser
– either you get nothing (error 404), or you are redirected to a
“representation”
access to http://www.iom3.org/ is redirected to http://www.iom3.org/index.htm
Semantic Web technologies
•
RDF (Resource Description Framework)
– making statements on the Web
– http://www.w3.org/RDF/
•
N3 (Notation 3)
– a simple way of writing down an RDF statement
– http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/n3/
An opportunity to:
•
•
•
record information more simply
enable others to use our concepts
use the concepts of others
Getting started
RDF diagram
Janet
loves
John
believes
Jane
N3
:Jane
:believes
{ :Janet
:loves
:John }
.
Getting started
identify the people
namespaces
@prefix
people:
<http://www.friends-are-us.com/registry/> .
@prefix
relationships:
<http://www.institute-of_relationships.org/vocabulary#> .
people:Janet
relationship:loves
people:John
.
identify the human relationships
….. or as XML
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [
<!ENTITY rdf "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<!ENTITY people "http://www.friends-are-us.com/registry/">
<!ENTITY relationships "http://www.institute-of_relationships.org/vocabulary#">
]>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="&rdf;"
xmlns:relationships="&relationships;">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="&people;Janet">
<relationships:loves rdf:resource="&people;John“/>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
no more precise – and not as readable
Clever browsers
http://www.iom3.org/index.htm
click to
view the
formula
Clever browsers
Suppose you want a formula
•
Usually redirection takes you to an HTML web page
– This is good, because a person may need to know what a URI identifies –
the web page can tell him or her
•
If an application want the formula, then there are two options:
– content negotiation – the HTTP protocol allows the GET request to
specify the required format – RDF can be specified
– link from the HTML file – this is hidden in the header and is used by
applications when required
Suppose you want a formula
http://www.iom3.org/index.htm
<html>
<head>
<title>IOM3 - Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml"
title="RDF Representation"
href="http://www.iom3.org/formula.n3" />
link to the formula
<meta name="description" content="Institute of Materials, Minerals
and Mining“/>
<meta name="keywords" content="IOM3, IOM, IMM, materials, world,
academy, profession, science, engineering, metals, ceramics,
polymers, glass, rubber, minerals, mining, plastics, institute,
careers, jobs, journals, education"/>
......
Suppose you want a formula
http://www.iom3.org/formula.n3
@prefix
@prefix
@prefix
@prefix
con:
tabont:
foaf:
dc:
<http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#>.
<http://dig.csail.mit.edu/2005/ajar/ajaw/ont#> .
<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
vocabulary about
<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
<http://www.iom3.org/>
a
dc:title
con:phone
foaf:webpage
engineering organisations
and events
eng-sci:EngineeringInstitution ;
"Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining" ;
<tel:+44 (0)20 7451 7300> ;
<http://www.iom3.org/index.htm> .
<http://www.iom3.org/congress-2008>
a
eng-sci:Conference ;
dc:title
"Materials Congress 2008 - Materials for the Future" ;
tabont:isMentionedIn <http://www.iom3.org/congress-2008/formula.n3> .
......
An individual product
http://packing-machinery.cn/item/08-12345
specified as:
– person readable nameplate
– bar code
– RFID
Ruian Zhuxin Machinery Co. Ltd.
manufactured by
item/08-12345
type
model/ML1800
An individual product
http://packing-machinery.cn/item/08-12345
http://packing-machinery.cn/item/08-12345/formula.n3
@prefix
@prefix
rzm:
iso:
rzm:item/08-12345
<http://packing-machinery.cn/> .
<http://www.tc184-sc4.org/vocabulary#> .
iso:manufacturedBy
a
<http://packing-machinery.cn> ;
rzm:model/ML1800 .
dereference to get a formula about the model
A class of product
http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800
who defines the vocabularies?
– an ISO or IEC committee
– a trade association
http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800/formula.n3
@prefix
@prefix
@prefix
rzm:
iso:
packing
rzm:model/ML1800
<http://packing-machinery.cn/> .
<http://www.tc184-sc4.org/vocabulary#> .
<http://www.packing.association.org/vocabulary#> .
iso:hasMass
packing:maximum_rule_length
packing:speed
packing:motorPower
......
[
[
[
[
scale:kilogram
scale:metre
scale:perMinute
scale:kilowatt
14000]
50 ]
16 ]
11 ]
;
;
;
;
LCA data in the formula
http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800
http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800/formula.n3
•
Each item of model ML1800 requires:
–
–
–
emissions of 25 kg CO2 to produce;
emissions of -4 kg CO2 to dispose (negative because recycling displaces mineral extraction);
emission of 0.001kg CO2 per hour to run (European electricity generation mix).
LCA data in the formula
http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800
actually it is more complicated
http://packing-machinery.cn/model/ML1800/formula.n3
rzm:model/ML1800
lca:unitProductionCO2emission
lca:unitDisposalCO2emission
lca:hourUseCO2emission
[ scale:kilogram 25 ] ;
[ scale:kilogram -4 ] ;
[ scale:kilogram 0.001 ] .
Actually it is more complicated
reference output
ML1800
output flow
output flow
material
CO2
output flow
flow 3
flow 2
flow 1
substance
but not different in
principle
manufacture of 1
ML1800 item
material
amount
destination
destination
substance
SO2
25 kg
atmosphere
objects and relationships defined in ISO 14048
amount
0.01 kg
Actually it is more complicated
vocabulary for LCA from ISO 14048
rxm:process/ML1800
lca:hasOutputFlow
[ a
lca:destination
lca:material
lca:hasOutputFlow
[ lca:destination
lca:Material
lca:hasOutputFlow
[ lca:destination
lca:Material
......
lca:ReferenceFlow ;
lca:Technosphere ;
[ lca:loadOf
rxm:model/ML1800 ;
URI for substances
lca:numberInLoad 1 ] ] ;
from somewhere?
lca:Atmosphere ;
[ a
lca:amount
iupac:CarbonDioxide ;
[ scale:kilogram
25 ] ] ] ;
lca:Atmosphere ;
[ a
lca:amount
iupac:SulfurDioxide ;
[ scale:kilogram
0.01 ] ] ] ;
Making this work
• Material products have HTTP URIs
– A new business process
• Dereferencing gives:
– Web page of information about the product – Web 1.0
– RDF formula about the product – Web 3.0
• Standard vocabularies to use in the formulae
– Vocabularies for product properties
– Vocabularies for LCA
• LCA data published using the same approach
– Products have URIs, dereferencing give LCA data
Navigating the supply chain
supply x
LCA data from
analysis of supply
supply 1
product
LCA data from
analysis of supply
supply y
supply 2
supply z
subclass of
subclass of
subclass of
class A
class B
class C
class D
LCA catalogues (e.g. EU LCA InfoHub) linked to industrial catalogues
class D
Ends
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