Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Entity–attribute–value model wikipedia , lookup
Open Database Connectivity wikipedia , lookup
Microsoft Jet Database Engine wikipedia , lookup
Concurrency control wikipedia , lookup
Relational model wikipedia , lookup
Functional Database Model wikipedia , lookup
Clusterpoint wikipedia , lookup
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition Chapter 3 Database Systems and Business Intelligence Data Management • Without data and the ability to process it – An organization could not successfully complete most business activities • For data to be transformed into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 2 The Database Approach • Traditional approach to database management – Separate data files are created and stored for each application program • Database approach to database management – Multiple application programs share a pool of related data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 3 Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 4 Data Modeling • Building a database requires two types of designs – Logical design • Abstract model of how data should be structured and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs – Physical design • Fine-tunes the logical database design for performance and cost considerations Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 5 Data Modeling (continued) • Planned data redundancy – Improves system performance • Data model – Diagram of data entities and their relationships • Enterprise data modeling – Data modeling done at the level of the entire enterprise • Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams – Data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 6 Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 7 The Relational Database Model • Relational model – Describes data using a standard tabular format – Data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, the logical equivalent of files • Domain – Allowable values for data attributes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 8 Database Management Systems (DBMS) • Group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user • Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds of purposes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 9 Overview of Database Types • Flat file – Simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another • Single user – Only one person can use the database at a time • Multiple user – Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the same database system at the same time – Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 10 Providing a User View • Schema – Logical and physical structure of the data and relationships among the data in the database – Can be part of the database or a separate schema file Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 11 Creating and Modifying the Database • Data definition language (DDL) – Collection of instructions/commands that define and describe data and data relationships in a database – Allows database creator to describe the data and the data relationships that are to be contained in the schema • Data dictionary – Detailed description of all the data used in the database Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 12 Storing and Retrieving Data • One function of a DBMS – To be an interface between an application program and the database • Concurrency control – Method of dealing with a situation in which two or more people need to access the same record in a database at the same time Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 13 Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 14 Manipulating Data and Generating Reports • Query-by-example (QBE) – Visual approach to developing database queries or requests • Data manipulation language (DML) – Commands that manipulate the data in a database • Structured Query Language (SQL) – Standardized data manipulation language – Lets programmers learn one powerful query language and use it on systems ranging from PCs to the largest mainframe computers Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 15 Database Administration • Database administrator (DBA) should: – Have a clear understanding of the fundamental business of the organization – Be proficient in the use of selected database management systems – Stay abreast of emerging technologies and new design approaches Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 16 Popular Database Management Systems • Popular DBMSs for end users – Microsoft Access and FileMaker Pro • Emerging software – Database as a Service (DaaS) or Database 2.0 – Database administration is provided by the service provider Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 17 Selecting a Database Management System • Important characteristics of databases – – – – – – Database size Database cost Concurrent users Performance Integration Vendor Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 18 Using Databases with Other Software • Database management systems are often used with other software packages or the Internet • Front-end application – Directly interacts with users • Back-end application – Interacts with applications Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 19 Database Applications • Manipulate content of a database to produce useful information • Common manipulations – Searching, filtering, synthesizing, and assimilating data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 20 Linking Databases to the Internet • Semantic Web – Developing a seamless integration of traditional databases with the Internet – Allows people to access and manipulate a number of traditional databases at the same time through the Internet Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 21 Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining • Data warehouse – Holds business information from many sources in the enterprise • Data mart – Subset of a data warehouse • Data mining – Information-analysis tool for discovering patterns and relationships in a data warehouse – Predictive analysis: combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 22 Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 23 Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 24 Business Intelligence • Gathering the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business • Competitive intelligence – Limited to information about competitors and the ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and operations • Counterintelligence – Steps an organization takes to protect information sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 25 Distributed Databases • Data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices • Give corporations and other organizations more flexibility in how databases are organized and used • Replicated database – Holds a duplicate set of frequently used data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 26 Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 27 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) • Software that allows users to explore data from a number of perspectives • Provides top-down, query-driven data analysis • Requires repetitive testing of user originated theories Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 28 Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 29 Object-Relational Database Management Systems • Object-oriented database – Database that stores both data and its processing instructions • Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS) – Programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs • Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) – Capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 30 Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems • Virtual database systems – Allow different databases to work together as a unified database system • Spatial data technology – Use of a database to store and access data according to the locations it describes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 31 Summary • Data – Organized into a hierarchy that builds from the smallest element to the largest • Traditional file-oriented applications – Often characterized by program-data dependence • Data model – Map or diagram of entities and their relationships • DBMS – Group of programs used as an interface between a database and its users and other applications Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 32 Summary (continued) • After a DBMS has been installed – It can be accessed, modified, and queried via a data manipulation language • Data warehouse – Relational database management systems specifically designed to support management decision making • Business intelligence – Getting enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 33