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Transcript 
Chapter Thirty One
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Anatomy
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Mouth
– Ingestion and Mastication
– Salivation
• Salivary glands
Figure 31-1 on page 782
• Esophagus
– Cardioesophageal Sphincter
• Swallowing
– Peristalsis
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Stomach
– Four layers of stomach wall
– Blood supply
• Celiac artery
Figure 31-2 on page 783
• Splenic vein
• Gastric vein
– Lymphatic drainage
• Ends at the thoracic duct
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Stomach
– Nerve Supply
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic Nervous System (Vagus Nerve)
– Gastric Mucus
• Prostaglandins
Figure 31-3 on page 783
• Protective Mechanisms
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Stomach
– Gastric Secretion
• 3 types of glands secrete 1500 - 3000 ml acidic
gastric juice / day
• pH is 1.0 without food
• pH 2.0 - 3.0 with food
Table 31-1 on page 784
– Gastric Motility
• Chyme
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Small Intestine
– 7 Meters Long
– 3 Divisions
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
– 4 Layers
• Villi: Increase absorptive capacity of small intestine
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Small Intestine
– Blood Supply
• Gastroduodenal Artery
• Superior Mesenteric Artery
• Superior Mesenteric Vein
– Lymph
• Ultimately drains into thoracic duct
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Small Intestine
– Nerve Supply
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic Nervous System (Vagus Nerve)
• Auerbach Plexus
• Meissner Plexus
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Small Intestine
– Intestinal Secretion
• Brunner’s Glands
• Intestinal Glands
Figure 31-4 on page 785
Figure 31-5 on page 786
Table 31-2 on page 787
– Intestinal Motility
• Peristalsis
– Digestion and Absorption
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Large Intestine (Colon)
– 90 - 150 cm Long
– 4 Layers
– Blood Supply
• Superior mesenteric artery
• Inferior mesenteric artery
• Superior mesenteric vein to the portal system
• Inferior mesenteric vein to the portal system
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Large Intestine (Colon)
– Nerve Supply
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Auerbach Plexus
– Colonic Motility
– Reabsorption
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Liver
– 1200 - 1600 Grams (3 - 4 pounds)
• Right lobe (caudate lobe)
• Left lobe (quadrate lobe)
– Blood Supply
• Hepatic artery (oxygenated blood)
• Portal vein (nutrient rich blood from GI system)
• Hepatic vein
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Liver
– Nutrient Metabolism
• Glycogen (stored form of glucose)
• Triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids
– Hematologic Function
– Detoxification and Storage
Figure 31-6 on page 788
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Liver
– Bile
• Emulsify fat globules
Figure 31-7 on page 789
Figure 31-8 on page 790
• Absorb fat soluble vitamins
– Biliary System
• Gallbladder concentrates bile
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Gastrointestinal
Anatomy and Physiology
• Pancreas
– Head, Body, Tail
• Duct of Wirsung
Figure 31-8 on page 790
– Blood Supply
• Superior mesenteric artery & celiac arteries
– Exocrine Functions
• Digestion
– Endocrine Functions
• Insulin
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
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