Download Digestion and Absorption of the Food Nutrients

Digestion and Absorption of
the Food Nutrients
Chapter 3
Part 3
GI Tract Disorders
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Factors influencing GI function
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Emotional state
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Intestinal cramping, queasy stomach
Exercise - moderate
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Reduces liver disease
Gallstones
Constipation
Colon cancer
GI Tract Disorders
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Factors influencing GI function
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Exercise – high intensity
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GERD
Hiatal hernia
Irritable bowel syndrome
Viral gastroenteritis
GI Tract Disorders
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More frequent in women
Common in young athletes
Infrequent in gliding movement sports
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Cycling
Serious medical conditions
GI Tract Disorders
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Constipation
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Defecation habits are different among people.
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Difficult or infrequent evacuation
Many causes are possible.
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Ignoring normal urges
Muscle spasms
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Slows feces movement
Certain medications and supplements
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Antacids, calcium, iron
GI Tract Disorders
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Constipation
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Colonic irrigation is the internal washing of the
large intestine and can be hazardous.
Strategies
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High-fiber diet
Increased fluids
Exercise regularly.
Respond quickly to the urge to defecate.
GI Tract Disorders
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Laxatives
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Can work on the intestinal nerve plexus or mucosal surface
Bulk producing laxatives
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Stool softeners
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Milk of magnesia
Hyperosmotic agents
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Dulcolax
Hydrating agents
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Bran
Glycerol
Draw water into the large intestine
Regular use can be harmful
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Decreases muscle action of large intestine
GI Tract Disorders
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Belching and Gas
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Strategies
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Eat slowly.
Chew thoroughly.
Relax while eating.
Watch bothersome foods.
Hiccups are triggered by eating or
drinking too fast.
GI Tract Disorders
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Hemorrhoids may be a problem.
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Swollen veins of the rectum and anus
Intense pressure and straining
Dietary recommendation:
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Fiber and fluid
GI Tract Disorders
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Diarrhea: 2009-1.5 million deaths
worldwide
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Frequent, loose, watery stools
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Irritable bowel syndrome or colitis
Infections-bacteria, viruses
Cause excess intestinal secretions
GI Tract Disorders
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Types of Diarrhea
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Secretory
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Osmotic
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Increased motility, diabetic neuropathy
Inflammatory
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Crohn’s disease (blood in bowel)
Motility related
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Lactose intolerance, high sugar solutions (particularly during ex.)
Exudative
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Increased secretion or reduced absorption of fluids
Cholera (secretes Cl- into intestinal lumen, Na+ follows)
Infections
Dysentery
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Blood in stool, caused by salmonella poisoning, for ex.
GI Tract Disorders
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Diverticulosis
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Diverticulitis
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Intestinal walls weaken and bulge. The
bulging pockets are called diverticula
Worsened condition – inflammation
Requires intervention - surgery
Increase fiber intake
GI Tract Disorders
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Heartburn
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Lower esophageal sphincter – relaxes
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Reflux
Painful
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Acid from stomach reaches esophagus and irritates
lining
GI Tract Disorders
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Heartburn and Acid Indigestion
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Strategies
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Small meals
Liquids between meals
Sit up while eating.
Wait 1 hour after eating before lying down.
Wait 2 hours after eating before exercising.
Refrain from tight-fitting clothing.
Avoid bothersome foods.
Refrain from tobacco use.
Lose weight if overweight.
GI Tract Disorders
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
(GERD)
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Backward flow of stomach contents into
the esophagus.
Exercise exacerbates GERD
> 60% athletes
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Worst in weightlifters
Mild in endurance runners
GI Tract Disorders
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Antacids and acid controllers may help
indigestion.
4 hr from evening meal to bed
Avoid exercising after eating
Avoid foods that relax sphincter
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Chocolate, peppermint, coffee, alcohol,
tobacco,
GI Tract Disorders
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Symptoms
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Cramps, bloating, increased frequency, diarrhea,
constipation
Causes
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Altered intestinal peristalsis
Decrease pain threshold
GI Tract Disorders
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Individualized treatment
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Elimination diet-dairy, gas-forming foods
(cabbage, beans), some fruit-grapes,
cherries
high fiber foods
Moderate caffeine, avoid dairy
Low-fat, small, frequent meals
Stress reduction
Choking
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Food becomes lodged in the trachea.
The larynx cannot make sounds.
The Heimlich maneuver may need to be
used.
Strategies
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Small bites
Chew thoroughly.
Don’t talk or laugh with food in the mouth.
Don’t eat when breathing hard.
Ulcers
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Peptic ulcer
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Area of GI tract eroded by gastric acid,
pepsin
Exposes nerves
15% stomach
85% duodenal
Diet
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Soluble fiber – fruits, vegetables: protective
Refined sugar: increases risk
Ulcers
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Treatment
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Antibiotics
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Helicobacter pylori
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Proton pump (H+) inhibitors
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Cause of most ulcers
Keep HCL from forming
Antacids
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Neutralize stomach acids
Vomiting
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Body’s adaptive mechanism
Dehydration is a concern.
May be self-induced as in eating
disorders