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Nutritional Health Risks
By: Kayla Calhoun
Essential Questions
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How may lifestyle or nutritional choices lead
to a chronic disease?
How does excessive alcohol and tobacco
consumption lead to or exacerbate chronic
diseases, weaken bones, cause cancer, and
damage the digestive tract?
How does tobacco affect appetite?
Obesity
Possible nutritional causes: Caloric energy
imbalance (eating too many calories and not
getting enough physical activity).
 Symptoms:
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An adult who has a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is
considered overweight.
An adult who has a BMI of 30 or higher is considered
obese.
Prevention/treatment:
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Increase physical activity.
Decrease caloric intake, especially empty calories like
alcohol.
Hypertension
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Or, high blood pressure:
Blood pressure is determined
by the amount of blood your
heart pumps and the amount
of resistance to blood flow in
your arteries. The more blood
your heart pumps and the
narrower your arteries, the
higher your blood pressure.
Hypertension, continued
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Possible nutritional causes: too much sodium, too
little vitamin D and potassium, obesity.
Symptoms:
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Dull headaches
Dizzy spells
More nosebleeds than normal
This disease may be invisible for years, so it is important
to have regular check-ups.
Hypertension, continued
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Prevention/treatment: eat a healthier diet with less salt
(DASH diet), exercise more, avoid smoking, and lose
weight.
Effects of alcohol and tobacco:
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Heavy drinking can gradually damage the heart. Consuming
more than two or three drinks at one time can temporarily raise
your blood pressure, as it may cause the body to release
hormones that increase blood flow and heart rate.
Tobacco immediately raises your blood pressure temporarily,
and the chemicals in tobacco can damage the lining of your
artery walls. This can cause arteries to narrow, increasing blood
pressure.
Diabetes
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Type 1 diabetes is less
common and
associated with a total
lack of insulin resulting
from the destruction of
the insulin-producing
cells of the pancreas by
the immune system.
Both genetic and
environmental factors
may cause this
disease.
Diabetes, continued
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Type 2 diabetes is more common worldwide. The
body’s failure to respond to insulin in the normal way
leads to the overproduction of insulin, which may
result in a partial failure of the insulin-producing cells
of the pancreas and consequently insufficient insulin
production.
– Possible nutritional causes: obesity, especially
when excess fat is stored in the abdomen, and
excess sugar intake.
Diabetes, continued
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Symptoms: blindness, kidney failure, amputation, infections,
coronary heart disease, and stroke.

Prevention/treatment:
Avoid gaining more than 10 pounds. as an adult.
– Maintain a Body Mass Index (BMI) in the range of 21-23.
– Voluntary weight loss in overweight or obese people with
higher than normal blood sugar levels.
– Engage in at least a moderate level of physical activity for at
least one hour a few days a week.
– Ensure a low saturated fat intake.
– Eat at least 20g of fiber per day, such as whole grain
cereals and certain fruits and vegetables.
 Effects of alcohol and tobacco: can accelerate
development
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Possible nutritional causes:
saturated fats, high cholesterol

Symptoms: high cholesterol levels,
stroke, heart attack
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Prevention/treatment:
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Replace saturated fats with
polyunsaturated fats like fish and
nuts.
Eat more fiber to decrease
cholesterol in the blood.
Restrict salt intake to less than 5
g/day.
Eat fish 1-2 times per week.
Exercise at a moderate level for 30
minutes per day.
Cardiovascular Disease, continued
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Effects of alcohol and tobacco:
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Tobacco increases risk of heart disease by 2 to
4 times and stroke by 2 to 4 times.
Cigarette smoking causes reduced circulation
by narrowing the blood vessels, which can
exacerbate cholesterol blockage issues.
Cancer
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Possible nutritional causes: obesity, dietary factors account
for 30% of cancers in industrialized countries.
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Symptoms (not comprehensive):
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Persistent cough or blood-tinged saliva.
Change in bowel habits.
Bloody stool or urine.
Unexplained anemia.
Persistent lumps or swollen glands.
Obvious change in a wart or mole.
Non-healing sores.
Cancer, continued
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Prevention/treatment:
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Avoid gaining more than 10 pounds as an adult.
Maintain a Body Mass Index (BMI) in the range of 21-23.
Exercise regularly.
Limit alcohol consumption to zero-two glasses of either beer,
wine or spirits per day.
Limit consumption of salt-preserved foods, preserved meats
(such as sausages, salami, bacon, ham) and salt.
Avoid eating foods contaminated by aflatoxin.
Eat at least 400 g of fruits and vegetables per day.
Cancer, continued
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Effects of alcohol and tobacco:
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Increases risk of men developing lung cancer by 23 times;
women by 13 times.
Tobacco in all forms can lead to mouth cancer, which can
impair food intake, leading to nutritional problems.
Alcohol consumption raises the risk of several cancers,
including mouth, breast, liver, and throat by acting as an
inflammatory irritant, and also slows down cell’s ability to repair
damage done by tobacco.
Osteoporosis
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Possible nutritional
causes: calcium and
vitamin D deficiencies
Symptoms:
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low bone mass and
deterioration of bone
tissue, which leads to
fragile bones and a
greater risk of fracture,
particularly in older
people.
Osteoporosis, continued
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Prevention/treatment:
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Eat at least 400-500 mg of calcium per day, such
as dairy products or certain green vegetables like
broccoli.
Eat at least 5-10 mg of vitamin D per day.
Increase physical activity, focusing on building
muscle strength.
Reduce sodium intake.
Avoid smoking.
Limit alcohol consumption.
Osteoporosis, continued
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Effects of alcohol and tobacco:
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Post-menopausal women who drink heavily
increase their risk for osteoporosis, due to
calcium deficiencies related to poor nutrition.
Post-menopausal women who smoke have lower
bone density than women who never smoked.
Liver and Pancreas Diseases
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Liver disease: The liver, which detoxifies
harmful substances, becomes overloaded
with increased alcohol use and is unable to
function adequately. While fatty liver and
hepatitis are reversible when drinking is
eliminated, cirrhosis is not. Permanent liver
disease in alcoholics is directly related to
nutritional deficiencies in the diet.
Liver and Pancreas Diseases
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The pancreas is also unable to regulate
blood sugar and fat adequately with the use
of large amounts of alcohol, and an
imbalance of fluids, calories and electrolytes
occurs resulting from impairment of both the
liver and pancreas simultaneously.
Tobacco and Weight
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Some smokers use tobacco as an appetite
suppressant to lose weight.
The nicotine in cigarettes raises the “metabolic rate” of
smokers, which increases the amount of calories
used.
This results in the heart beating 10-20 more times per
minute after a cigarette, which is one reason for the
high rate of heart disease in smokers.
There are several healthy options to lose weight
without smoking, and even to prevent weight gain after
quitting smoking.
Sources
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http://www.greenfacts.org/en/diet-nutrition/l-2/3-childhood-eatinghabits.htm
http://www.ehow.com/about_5317362_alcohol-abuse-nutrition.html
http://www.cdc.gov
http://www.smokefree.gov/pubs/FFree3.pdf
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html#cat11
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html#cat11