Download Chapter ---- Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starches and Fiber

Chapter 15
Nutrition from
Infancy to
Adolescence
Describe how feeding practices and nutritional
requirements change from infancy to childhood.
 During early infancy the main emphasis is on
appropriate breast-feeding, while during the
latter part of the first year of life, the
emphasis is in transitioning the infant to foods
that are appropriate and will not cause
allergic responses or provide choking
hazards. During childhood, the main concern
is trying to provide a variety of foods for
children and a setting that will encourage
appropriate eating behavior. In addition,
exercise needs to be emphasized so that
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What are Children in the US Eating?
More than 2x as many
children and 3x as
many teens are
overweight today as in
1980.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
As the typical American child gets older, the quality
of the diet
improves.
improves by consuming fewer sugars, but worsens by
consuming more fat.
worsens as they eat less fruit and drink less milk.
worsens as they eat less meat.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diet-Related Disease Conditions in
Children

High-kcalorie, high-saturated fat diets
combined with low-activity lifestyles can lead
to the following:


Obesity
Type 2 diabetes


Elevated serum cholesterol



Typical picture is an overweight teen age 10- mid puberty, with
a family history
children consume more than the recommended 10% of
their energy from saturated fat
Heart disease
Hypertension
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Which statement about type 2 diabetes is incorrect?
Type 2 diabetes never occurs in people under 40.
Type 2 diabetes progresses in severity the longer an
individual has it.
Little is known about type 2 diabetes in children.
the risk of type 2 diabetes is reduced by keeping weight
in the normal range and maintaining an active lifestyle.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All of the following contribute to the increase in
kcalorie consumption in American children over
the last 25 years ?:
eating more meals away from home
larger portion sizes
more snacking
low fat diets, which do not provide satiety, so
children eat more
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Monitoring
Children’s
Growth
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Monitoring
Children’s
Growth
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Over the last 25 years child and adolescent obesity
rates have
increased to 30%
increased to 16%
declined
stayed the same
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Energy and
Protein Needs
for Children
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For teens, protein requirements reach
the adult recommendation by what
age?
a)
13
b)
15
c)
17
d)
19
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Typical Meal Patterns for Infants
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Food Allergies and Food Intolerances






Food allergies are more common in infants than adults.
Exposure to an allergen for the first time causes the
immune system to produce antibodies to that allergen.
Allergy symptoms include sneezing, rash, eczema, hives,
cramps, aches, vomiting, asthma, diarrhea and many
others.
Allergy symptoms may be immediate or take up to 24
hours.
Allergy symptoms may range from mild to life-threatening.
Food intolerances do not cause antibody production.
Food intolerances create problems during digestion.
Lactose intolerance, an inability to digest milk sugar, is an
example.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
.
Infants are at greater risk for developing food
allergies because their small intestine allows
larger peptides to enter into the body which will
result in their immune systems producing
antibodies to these allergens. In the older child,
the maturity of the small intestine does not
encourage the passage of these partially digested
proteins to be passed into the blood.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Food allergies
are more common in breastfed babies than formula
fed babies.
can result when incompletely digested proteins are
absorbed from the intestine and enters the lymph
and/or bloodstream.
tend to be more common in older children than in
infants.
are not serious unless they occur in children over the
age of 6.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Which of the following can help to decrease the
risk of developing a food allergy?
breast feeding.
formula feeding.
early introduction of solid foods (around 2
months of age).
positioning infants on their backs while
sleeping.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MyPyramid for Kids
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
School lunches must provide
_____ of the RDA for protein,
energy, vitamins A and C and iron
and calcium.
a)
10%
b)
1/4
c)
1/3
d)
1/2
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Children who participate in the school
lunch program consume more of all of the
following except ___ compared to students
who did not participate in the school lunch
program.
fruit drinks
vegetables
dairy
meat or meat substitutes
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Meal Patterns for Children of Different
Ages
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Healthy Snacks for Young Children
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Nutrition and Health Concerns in
Children

A number of diet and lifestyle factors put
children at risk for illness and malnutrition.
They can include:




Dental caries
Lead toxicity
Hyperactivity
Childhood obesity
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lead causes which of the following
learning disabilities in children.
damage to the fetal nervous
system.
damage to reproductive organs
in adults.
All answer choices are correct.
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Low income children are
more likely to have elevated
levels of lead in their blood
because
they are more likely to live
in older buildings with lead
paint.
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What Can Be Done to Reduce Lead
Exposure
children absorb
lead more
efficiently
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The “Saturday Morning Pyramid”
This is the types of foods
advertised on children’s
Saturday Morning TV.
Most of them are high in
sugar, fat, salt, and low in
nutrient density.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fast food


Big Mac, large order of fries, and a large
drink =
1390 calories
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Preventing Childhood Obesity
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Which of the following statements about
breakfast is not true?
Children who skip breakfast are less likely to be
over weight.
Children who skip breakfast are less likely to get
all the vitamins and minerals they need.
Children who eat breakfast perform better
academically.
A breakfast of sugared cereal is better than no
breakfast at all.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diet and Hyperactivity





Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
 Short attention span
 High excitability, distractibility, activity.
5-10% of school age children
More frequent in boys over girls
Research has failed to link sugar consumption
with hyperactivity. Also research is inconsistent
in linking food additives, artificial colors and
flavors. Though, some children with behavioral
problems are sensitive to certain additives
Caffeine, present in sodas, could be a culprit
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lean Body
Mass in
Adolescent
Males Versus
Females
Teenage years = 11 inches
of growth and weight gain
of 53 lbs for girls and 70 lb
for boys.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Describe the growth patterns during
infancy, childhood and adolescence
for both males and females.

During infancy growth occurs very quickly up
to 1 year, then tapers off by 2 years. There is
little difference between males and females in
growth patterns until adolescence. During
childhood, there is a slow but steady growth
in height, but not much weight gain. At
adolescence, males and females each have
growth spurts, with the ultimate result that
males have more lean mass and females
have more adipose at the conclusion.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Concerns for Teenagers
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dietary Concerns for Adolescents

Adolescence is a time of independence and
changed behaviors. Dietary choices in
adolescence can lead to nutrient
deficiencies. Adolescents may be making
decisions about:






Vegetarianism
Eating for appearance and/or performance
Smoking
Alcohol use
Oral contraceptive use
Teenage pregnancy
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Some teens decide to consume a vegetarian diet.
Which of the following nutrients is most likely to
be deficient in a vegetarian diet?
iron
vitamin C
B vitamins
potassium
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Which of the following statements about
smoking is untrue?
a)
Smoking increases the risk of heart disease
and lung cancer.
b)
Many teens start smoking to promote
weight loss.
c)
Smokers have an increased requirement for
vitamin C.
d)
It has been shown that smokers do not gain
weight in the first year after quitting.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 15
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