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Chapter 3
The Rise of Greek
Civilization, 1100-387
B.C.E.
Learning Objectives: Questions to
Consider
• What was the role of competition in the
evolution of Greek society and politics?
• In what ways did the Greeks borrow from
other cultures?
• How was the Spartan social system designed
to preserve the Spartan way of life?
• How did Athenian democracy function?
• What were the consequences of the
Peloponnesian War for the Greeks?
The Development of Greek Identity,
1100-776 B.C.E.
• The Greek Dark Ages
– Evidence for the Dark Ages
• The Oral Transmission of Myths and Legends
• Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey
– The Settlement of the Dorians
– Dark Age Communities
• Rural Villages in a Subsistence Economy
• Government: from Monarchy to Constitutional
Rule by an Aristocracy and Archons
• The Rise of the Polis and Civil Loyalty
– Acropolis and Agora
The Development of Greek Identity,
1100-776 B.C.E.
• Competition and Conflict
– The Nature of Competitiveness
– The Importance of Aretē
• Gender Roles
– The Role of Women
• Subordination and Domesticity
– The Role of Men
• Male Homosocialization
The Development of Greek Identity,
1100-776 B.C.E.
• Religion and Culture
– Anthropomorphic Gods and Goddesses
• Olympian Gods
– Religious Practices
• Temples and Priests
– Ritual and Goodwill
– Oracles
– Shared Identity
• Hellenes and Barbarians
– Pan-Hellenic Festivals and Olympiads
The Archaic Age, 776-500 B.C.E.
• The Revival of Trade and Culture
– Expanding Commerce and Colonization
– The Influence of Near Eastern Culture
• The Evolution of Literature and Thought
– The Origins of Greek Literature
• Poetic Traditions: Homer, Hesiod, and Lyric
Poetry (Sappho, Pindar)
– The Development of Greek Philosophy
• Thales, Democritus, and Pythagorus
• Logos and Reason
The Archaic Age, 776-500 B.C.E.
• The Rise of Militarism
– Changes in Military Recruitment
– Hoplite Armies
• The Phalanx
• New Forms of Government
– Oligarchies, Lawgivers, and Tyrants (650-550
B.C.E.)
• Periander (7th century B.C.E.)
Sparta and Athens
• The Spartan Way
– Government: Kings and Elders
– The Good Rule of Sparta
• Lycurgus (700 B.C.E.)
– Spartan Women
– Sparta and the Helots
• Conquest of the Peloponnesus
• Slavery
• The Peloponnesian League
Sparta and Athens
• The Evolution of Athenian Government
– Draco and the Law (621 B.C.E.)
– The Reforms of Solon (6th century B.C.E.)
• The Lifting of Burdens and Constitutional Reform
– The Athenian Tyranny
• Peisistratus (d. 527 B.C.E.)
• Athenian Democracy
– Cleisthenes and the Council of 500
– The Operation of Democracy
• Thetes, Ostracism, and the Strategos
The Classical Age, 500–387
B.C.E.
• The Persian Wars
– Ionian Origins
– The First Persian Invasion of Greece
• Marathon (490 B.C.E.)
• Themistocles and the Athenian Navy
– The Second Persian Invasion of Xerxes
• Defeat at Thermoplyae (480 B.C.E.)
• Victory at Salamis (480 B.C.E.) and Plataea (479 B.C.E.)
The Classical Age, 500–387
B.C.E.
• The Rise and Fall of Athens
– The Delian League
• Tribute and Empire
– Pericles (d. 429 B.C.E.)
– The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)
– The Decline of Greece
• The King’s Peace, 387 B.C.E.
The Classical Age, 500–387 B.C.E.
• The Golden Age of Greek Culture
– The Golden Age of Athens
• Monumental Building on the Acropolis
– The Parthenon
– Greek Drama
• Tragedy and Comedy
• Greek Playwrights and Their Themes
– Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes
– The Invention of History
• Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon
– Socrates (d. 399 B.C.E.) and Plato