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Modul 7
Praktikum Perintah Command DOS
Dalam materi ini , mengenai perintah – perintah command dos prompt yang berhubungan
dengan jaringan
Command-line utilities
This section covers:
•
Viewing configuration by using ipconfig /all
•
Viewing configuration by using the Status feature
•
Refreshing configuration by using ipconfig /renew
•
Managing DNS and DHCP class IDs by using ipconfig
•
Testing connections by using ping
•
Troubleshooting hardware addresses by using arp
•
Troubleshooting NetBIOS names by using nbtstat
•
Displaying connection statistics by using netstat
•
Tracing network connections by using tracert
•
Testing routers by using pathping
Viewing configuration by using ipconfig /all
When you troubleshoot a TCP/IP networking problem, begin by checking the TCP/IP
configuration on the computer that is experiencing the problem. You can use the ipconfig
command to get host computer configuration information, including the IP address,
subnet mask, and default gateway.
Note
•
For clients running Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Millennium Edition,
use the winipcfg command instead of ipconfig.
When you use the ipconfig command with the /all option, a detailed configuration report
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is produced for all interfaces, including any configured serial ports. With ipconfig /all,
you can redirect command output to a file and paste the output into other documents. You
can also use this output to confirm the TCP/IP configuration of each computer on the
network or to further investigate TCP/IP network problems.
For example, if a computer is configured with an IP address that is a duplicate of an
existing IP address, the subnet mask appears as 0.0.0.0.
The following example shows the output of the ipconfig /all command on a computer
that running Windows XP Professional and is configured to use the DHCP server for
automatic TCP/IP configuration, and WINS and DNS servers for name resolution.
IP Configuration
Node Type . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . : No
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Host Name . . . . . . . .
DNS Servers . . . . . . .
Description . . . . . . .
Physical Address. . . . .
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . .
Autoconfiguration Enabled
IP Address. . . . . . . .
Subnet Mask . . . . . . .
Default Gateway . . . . .
DHCP Server . . . . . . .
Primary WINS Server . . .
Secondary WINS Server . .
Lease Obtained. . . . . .
10:32:13 AM
Lease Expires . . . . . .
10:32:13 AM
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
client1.microsoft.com
10.1.0.200
3Com 3C90x Ethernet Adapter
00-60-08-3E-46-07
Yes
Yes
192.168.0.112
255.255.0.0
192.168.0.1
10.1.0.50
10.1.0.101
10.1.0.102
Wednesday, September 02, 1998
. : Friday, September 18, 1998
If no problems appear in the TCP/IP configuration, the next step is testing the ability to
connect to other host computers on the TCP/IP network.
Viewing configuration by using the Status feature
An alternate method of viewing configuration is available through the Status feature of a
network connection.
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Refreshing configuration by using ipconfig /renew
When you troubleshoot a TCP/IP networking problem, begin by checking the TCP/IP
configuration on the computer that is experiencing the problem. If the computer is
DHCP-enabled and is using a DHCP server to obtain configuration, you can initiate a
refresh of the lease by using the ipconfig /renew command.
When you use ipconfig /renew, all network adapters on the computer that uses DHCP
(except those that are manually configured) try to contact a DHCP server and renew their
existing configuration or obtain a new configuration.
You can also use the ipconfig command with the /release option to immediately release
the current DHCP configuration for a host.
•
For Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Millennium Edition DHCP-enabled
clients, use the release and renew options of the winipcfg command instead of
ipconfig /release and ipconfig /renew to perform manual release or renewal of
the IP configuration lease for a client.
Repair feature
As an alternative to ipconfig you can use Repair to renew LAN or high-speed Internet
connection IP settings. Repair performs a series of commands that repair a connection.
The commands that are invoked by Repair are listed below with their command-line
equivalents:
Repair
Command-line
equivalent
Checks whether DHCP is enabled and, if enabled, issues a broadcast No command line
renew to refresh the IP address
equivalent available
Flushes the ARP cache
arp -d *
Flush the NetBIOS cache
nbtstat -R
Flushes the DNS cache
ipconfig /flushdns
Re-registers with WINS
nbtstat -RR
Re-registers with DNS
ipconfig /registerdns
Important
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•
Repair uses a broadcast renew and will cause a computer to accept any lease
from any DHCP server that is on the network. In contrast, a unicast renew
(ipconfig /renew) will only renew the existing lease from the last DHCP server
from which the client got a lease.
For more information, see To repair a LAN or high-speed Internet connection.
Managing DNS and DHCP class IDs by using ipconfig
You can also use the ipconfig command to:
•
Display or reset the DNS cache.
For more information, see To flush and reset a client resolver cache using the
ipconfig command.
•
Refresh registered DNS names.
For more information, see To renew DNS client registration using the ipconfig
command.
•
Display the DHCP class IDs for an adapter.
For more information, see To show DHCP class ID information at a client
computer.
•
Set the DHCP class IDs for an adapter.
For more information, see To set DHCP class ID information at a client computer.
Testing connections by using ping
The ping command helps to verify IP-level connectivity. When troubleshooting, you can
use ping to send an ICMP echo request to a target host name or IP address. Use ping
whenever you need to verify that a host computer can connect to the TCP/IP network and
network resources. You can also use ping to isolate network hardware problems and
incompatible configurations.
It is usually best to verify that a route exists between the local computer and a network
host by first using the ping command and the IP address of the network host to which
you want to connect. Try pinging the IP address of the target host to see if it responds, as
follows:
ping IP_address
You should perform the following steps when using ping:
Ping the loopback address to verify that TCP/IP is configured correctly on the local
computer.
ping 127.0.0.1
Ping the IP address of the local computer to verify that it was added to the network
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correctly.
ping IP_address_of_local_host
Ping the IP address of the default gateway to verify that the default gateway is
functioning and that you can communicate with a local host on the local network.
ping IP_address_of_default_gateway
Ping the IP address of a remote host to verify that you can communicate through a
router.
ping IP_address_of_remote_host
The ping command uses Windows Sockets–style name resolution to resolve a computer
name to an IP address, so if pinging by address succeeds, but pinging by name fails, then
the problem lies in address or name resolution, not network connectivity. For more
information, see Troubleshooting hardware addresses by using arp.
If you cannot use ping successfully at any point, confirm that:
•
The computer was restarted after TCP/IP was configured.
•
The IP address of the local computer is valid and appears correctly on the
General tab of the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box.
•
IP routing is enabled and the link between routers is operational.
You can use different options with the ping command to specify the size of packets to
use, how many packets to send, whether to record the route used, what Time-to-Live
(TTL) value to use, and whether to set the "don't fragment" flag. You can type ping –? to
see these options.
The following example illustrates how to send two pings, each 1,450 bytes in size, to IP
address 131.107.8.1:
C:\>ping -n 2 -l 1450 131.107.8.1
Pinging 131.107.8.1 with 1450 bytes of data:
Reply from 131.107.8.1: bytes=1450 time<10ms TTL=32
Reply from 131.107.8.1: bytes=1450 time<10ms TTL=32
Ping statistics for 131.107.8.1:
Packets: Sent = 2, Received = 2, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate roundtrip times in milliseconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 10ms, Average = 2ms
By default, ping waits 4,000 milliseconds (4 seconds) for each response to be returned
before displaying the "Request Timed Out" message. If the remote system being pinged
is across a high-delay link, such as a satellite link, responses may take longer to be
returned. You can use the –w (wait) option to specify a longer time-out.
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Troubleshooting hardware addresses by using arp
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) allows a host to find the media access control
address of a host on the same physical network, given the IP address of the host. To make
ARP efficient, each computer caches IP–to–media access control address mappings to
eliminate repetitive ARP broadcast requests.
You can use the arp command to view and modify the ARP table entries on the local
computer. The arp command is useful for viewing the ARP cache and resolving address
resolution problems.
For more information, see To view the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache and To
add a static ARP cache entry.
Troubleshooting NetBIOS names by using nbtstat
NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses. TCP/IP
provides many options for NetBIOS name resolution, including local cache lookup,
WINS server query, broadcast, DNS server query, and Lmhosts and Hosts file lookup.
Nbtstat is a useful tool for troubleshooting NetBIOS name resolution problems. You can
use the nbtstat command to remove or correct preloaded entries:
•
nbtstat –n displays the names that were registered locally on the system by
programs such as the server and redirector.
•
nbtstat –c shows the NetBIOS name cache, which contains name-to-address
mappings for other computers.
•
nbtstat –R purges the name cache and reloads it from the Lmhosts file.
•
nbtstat –RR releases NetBIOS names registered with a WINS server and then
renews their registration.
•
nbtstat –a name performs a NetBIOS adapter status command against the
computer specified by name. The adapter status command returns the local
NetBIOS name table for that computer plus the media access control address of
the adapter.
•
nbtstat –S lists the current NetBIOS sessions and their status, including statistics,
as shown in the following example:
NetBIOS connection table
Local name State
In/out Remote Host
Input
Output
-----------------------------------------------------------------CORP1 <00> Connected Out
CORPSUP1<20>
6MB
5MB
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CORP1
CORP1
CORP1
CORP1
<00>
<00>
<00>
<03>
Connected Out
Connected Out
Connected Out
Listening
CORPPRINT<20> 108KB
CORPSRC1<20>
299KB
CORPEMAIL1<20> 324KB
116KB
19KB
19KB
Displaying connection statistics by using netstat
You can use the netstat command to display protocol statistics and current TCP/IP
connections. The netstat –a command displays all connections, and netstat –r displays
the route table plus active connections. The netstat –o command displays process IDs so
you can view the owner of the port for each connection. The netstat –e command
displays Ethernet statistics, and netstat –s displays per-protocol statistics. If you use
netstat –n, addresses and port numbers are not converted to names. The following shows
sample output for netstat:
C:\>netstat -e
Interface Statistics
Bytes
Unicast packets
Non-unicast packets
Discards
Errors
Unknown protocols
Received
3995837940
120099
7579544
0
0
363054211
Sent
47224622
131015
3823
0
0
C:\>netstat -n -o
Active Connections
Proto
PID
TCP
180
TCP
TCP
364
TCP
1128
TCP
1128
TCP
908
TCP
908
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
Local Address
Foreign Address
State
172.31.71.152:1136
157.54.2.84:389
CLOSE_WAIT
172.31.71.152:2730
172.31.71.152:3110
172.31.71.99:139
157.54.2.84:389
ESTABLISHED
CLOSE_WAIT
172.31.71.152:3796
172.30.236.233:1479
ESTABLISHED
172.31.71.152:3800
172.30.236.233:1740
ESTABLISHED
172.31.71.152:3815
172.30.236.233:1479
ESTABLISHED
172.31.71.152:3819
172.30.236.233:1740
ESTABLISHED
172.31.71.152:4034
172.31.71.152:4037
172.31.71.152:4043
172.31.71.152:4044
172.31.71.152:4045
172.31.71.152:4046
172.31.71.152:4047
172.31.16.197:139
157.54.4.183:445
157.60.218.11:119
157.60.218.11:119
157.60.218.11:119
157.60.218.11:119
157.60.218.11:119
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT
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4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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TCP
TCP
TCP
172.31.71.152:4048
172.31.71.152:4049
172.31.71.152:4050
157.60.218.11:119
157.60.218.11:119
157.60.218.11:119
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT
0
0
0
C:\>netstat -a
Active Connections
Proto Local Address
TCP CORP1:1572
TCP CORP1:1589
TCP CORP1:1606
TCP CORP1:1632
TCP CORP1:1659
TCP CORP1:1714
TCP CORP1:1719
TCP CORP1:1241
UDP CORP1:1025
UDP CORP1:snmp
UDP CORP1:nbname
UDP CORP1:nbdatagram
UDP CORP1:nbname
UDP CORP1:nbdatagram
C:\>netstat -s
IP Statistics
Foreign Address
172.16.48.10:nbsession
172.16.48.10:nbsession
172.16.105.245:nbsession
172.16.48.213:nbsession
172.16.48.169:nbsession
172.16.48.203:nbsession
172.16.48.36:nbsession
172.16.48.101:nbsession
*:*
*:*
*:*
*:*
*:*
*:*
State
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED
Packets Received
= 5378528
Received Header Errors
= 738854
Received Address Errors
= 23150
Datagrams Forwarded
= 0
Unknown Protocols Received
= 0
Received Packets Discarded
= 0
Received Packets Delivered
= 4616524
Output Requests
= 132702
Routing Discards
= 157
Discarded Output Packets
= 0
Output Packet No Route
= 0
Reassembly Required
= 0
Reassembly Successful
= 0
Reassembly Failures
= 0
Datagrams Successfully Fragmented = 0
Datagrams Failing Fragmentation
= 0
Fragments Created
= 0
ICMP Statistics
Messages
Errors
Destination Unreachable
Time Exceeded
Parameter Problems
Source Quenches
Redirects
Echoes
Echo Replies
Timestamps
Timestamp Replies
Received
693
0
685
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
Sent
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
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Address Masks
Address Mask Replies
0
0
0
0
TCP Statistics
Active Opens
Passive Opens
Failed Connection Attempts
Reset Connections
Current Connections
Segments Received
Segments Sent
Segments Retransmitted
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
597
135
107
91
8
106770
118431
461
UDP Statistics
Datagrams Received
No Ports
Receive Errors
Datagrams Sent
=
=
=
=
4157136
351928
2
13809
Tracing network connections by using tracert
Tracert (Trace Route) is a route-tracing utility that is used to determine the path that an IP
datagram takes to reach a destination. The tracert command uses the IP Time-to-Live
(TTL) field and ICMP error messages to determine the route from one host to another
through a network.
How tracert works
The Tracert diagnostic utility determines the route taken to a destination by sending
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo packets with varying IP Time-to-Live
(TTL) values to the destination. Each router along the path is required to decrement the
TTL on a packet by at least 1 before forwarding it. When the TTL on a packet reaches 0,
the router should send an "ICMP Time Exceeded" message back to the source computer.
Tracert determines the route by sending the first echo packet with a TTL of 1 and
incrementing the TTL by 1 on each subsequent transmission until the target responds or
the maximum TTL is reached. The route is determined by examining the "ICMP Time
Exceeded" messages sent back by intermediate routers. Some routers silently drop
packets with expired TTLs and are invisible to the Tracert utility.
The tracert command prints out an ordered list of the near-side interface of the routers in
the path that returned the "ICMP Time Exceeded" message. If the –d option is used, the
Tracert utility does not perform a DNS lookup on each IP address.
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In the following example, the packet must travel through two routers (10.0.0.1 and
192.168.0.1) to get to host 172.16.0.99. The default gateway of the host is 10.0.0.1 and
the IP address of the router on the 192.168.0.0 network is 192.168.0.1.
C:\>tracert 172.16.0.99 -d
Tracing route to 172.16.0.99 over a maximum of 30 hops
1
2 ms
3 ms
2 ms 10.0.0.1
2
75 ms
83 ms
88 ms 192.168.0.1
3
73 ms
79 ms
93 ms 172.16.0.99
Trace complete.
Troubleshooting with tracert
You can use the tracert command to determine where a packet stopped on the network.
In the following example, the default gateway has determined that there is not a valid
path for the host on 192.168.10.99. There is probably a router configuration problem or
the 192.168.10.0 network does not exist (a bad IP address).
C:\>tracert 192.168.10.99
Tracing route to 192.168.10.99 over a maximum of 30 hops
1 10.0.0.1 reports: Destination net unreachable.
Trace complete.
The Tracert utility is useful for troubleshooting large networks where several paths can
be taken to arrive at the same point.
Tracert command-line options
The tracert command supports several options, as shown in the following table.
tracert [–d] [–h maximum_hops] [–j host-list] [–w timeout] target_name
Option
–d
Description
Specifies that IP addresses are not resolved to host names.
–h
Specifies the number of hops to allow in tracing a route to the host named in
maximum_ho
target_name.
ps
–j host-list
Specifies the list of router interfaces in the path taken by the Tracert utility
packets.
–w timeout
Waits the number of milliseconds specified by timeout for each reply.
target_name Name or IP address of the target host.
For more information, see To trace a path by using the tracert command.
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Testing routers by using pathping
The pathping command is a route tracing tool that combines features of the ping and
tracert commands with additional information that neither of those tools provides. The
pathping command sends packets to each router on the way to a final destination over a
period of time, and then computes results based on the packets returned from each hop.
Since the command shows the degree of packet loss at any given router or link, it is easy
to determine which routers or links might be causing network problems. A number of
options are available, as shown in the following table.
Option
Name
Function
–n
Hostnames
Does not resolve addresses to host names.
–h
Maximum hops
Maximum number of hops to search for target.
–g
Host-list
Loose source route along host list.
–p
Period
Number of milliseconds to wait between pings.
–q
Num_queries
Number of queries per hop.
–w
Time-out
Waits this many milliseconds for each reply.
–i
address
Use the specified source address.
–4
IPv4
Force pathping to use IPv4.
–6
IPv6
Force pathping to use IPv6.
The default number of hops is 30, and the default wait time before a time-out is 3
seconds. The default period is 250 milliseconds, and the default number of queries to
each router along the path is 100.
The following is a typical pathping report. The compiled statistics that follow the hop
list indicate packet loss at each individual router.
D:\>pathping -n server1
Tracing route to server1 [10.54.1.196]
over a maximum of 30 hops:
0 172.16.87.35
1 172.16.87.218
2 192.168.52.1
3 192.168.80.1
4 10.54.247.14
5 10.54.1.196
Computing statistics for 125 seconds...
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Hop
0
RTT
Source to Here
Lost/Sent = Pct
1
41ms
0/ 100 =
0%
2
22ms
16/ 100 = 16%
3
24ms
13/ 100 = 13%
4
21ms
14/ 100 = 14%
5
24ms
13/ 100 = 13%
This Node/Link
Lost/Sent = Pct
0/
0/
13/
3/
0/
0/
0/
1/
0/
0/
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
= 0%
= 0%
= 13%
= 3%
= 0%
= 0%
= 0%
= 1%
= 0%
= 0%
Address
172.16.87.35
|
172.16.87.218
|
192.168.52.1
|
192.168.80.1
|
10.54.247.14
|
10.54.1.196
Trace complete.
When pathping is run, you first see the results for the route as it is tested for problems.
This is the same path that is shown by the tracert command. The pathping command
then displays a busy message for the next 125 seconds (this time varies by the hop count).
During this time, pathping gathers information from all the routers previously listed and
from the links between them. At the end of this period, it displays the test results.
The two rightmost columns—This Node/Link Lost/Sent=Pct and Address—contain the
most useful information. The link between 172.16.87.218 (hop 1), and 192.168.52.1 (hop
2) is dropping 13 percent of the packets. All other links are working normally. The
routers at hops 2 and 4 also drop packets addressed to them (as shown in the This
Node/Link column), but this loss does not affect their forwarding path.
The loss rates displayed for the links (marked as a | in the rightmost column) indicate
losses of packets being forwarded along the path. This loss indicates link congestion. The
loss rates displayed for routers (indicated by their IP addresses in the rightmost column)
indicate that those routers' CPUs might be overloaded. These congested routers might
also be a factor in end-to-end problems, especially if packets are forwarded by software
routers.
Keterangan Sewaktu Kuliah:
•
c:\dir
•
C:\ dir s*.*
•
C:\dir s????.*
•
C:\dir a*.doc
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•
C:\dir h?s*.txt
•
Menampilkan file tersembunyi
•
C:\dir /ah
•
Menampilkan waktu dari direktory
•
C:\>dir /ta
•
Waktu
•
C:\>date /t && time /t
•
Mon 10/08/2007
•
10:39 AM
•
C:\>
C:\mkdir coba_folder
C:\rmdir coba
C:\cp file kefolder
C:\RMDIR COBA
C:\rmdir /S coba
D:\>rmdir /Q /S coba
D:\mkdir coba1 coba2
D:\>
•
C:\>net share
•
Share name Resource
•
------------------------------------------------------------
•
PC$
•
D$
Remark
Remote IPC
D:\
Default share
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•
ADMIN$
•
C$
•
Jarkom 1 PPT D:\Jarkom 1 PPT
•
The command completed successfully.
•
C:\>net share data_d=d:\coba
•
data_d was shared successfully.
•
C:\>
•
---
•
C:\>net share data_d /delete
•
data_d was deleted successfully.
•
C:\
•
C:\>net user
•
User accounts for \\KOMP_D408
•
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
•
__vmware_user__
•
HelpAssistant
•
The command completed successfully.
•
C:\>
•
C:\>net stop messenger
•
The Messenger service is stopping.........
•
The Messenger service was stopped successfully.
•
C:\>net start messenger
•
The Messenger service is starting...
•
The Messenger service was started successfully.
C:\WINDOWS
C:\
Remote Admin
Default share
Administrator
Guest
SUPPORT_388945a0
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•
C:\>
•
C:\shutdown –r
•
C:\shutdown –s
•
C:\shutdown –a
•
D:\>shutdown -r -t 60
•
D:\>shutdown -r -c "cuma test doing
@echo IP target : %1
@echo Net Send Bomber siap melakukan serangan ...
@pause
:serang
@net send %1 Hooiiiii %1 i was here !!!!!!
@goto serang
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PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR - UMB
Andrew Tiade ST.
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