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Bluetooth™
Technology
Manufacturer-independent information
on Bluetooth™ Technology
and its economic aspects
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
1. COPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMER
Text, graphics and other information are subject to the Copyright of rfi mobile technologies AG..
The author accepts no responsibility for the currency, correctness or completeness of the
information made available. Reproduction or quotation, in whole or in part, is permitted if
the source is named. The contents and representations have been carefully considered and
checked by the author. The author has made every effort to comply with any copyright covering
graphics and text. Should, nevertheless, any graphic or text be found within these pages that
is covered by copyright but not appropriately marked, please inform the author and we shall
correct it. We cannot guarantee that any web addresses quoted are up-to-date or accessible.
[email protected]
www.rfi.de
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
2. Table
of Contents
................................
page
2. Table of contents
...........................3
3. Foreword
..................................4
4. Introduction
..................................5
5. Technical Background
...........................7
6. RF Design/Radio
...........................8
7. Protocol and Baseband
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1 Bluetooth Network Properties
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.2 Addresses and Data Formats
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Host Controller Interface and Link Manager
. . . . . . . . . . . . 17
9. Chip Concepts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.1 Single Chip – RF and Baseband
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.2 RF chip and available Baseband controller
. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.3 DSP
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10. Profiles and Certification
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
10.1 Profiles
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2 Certification
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11. Operating System Requirements
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
12. Distinctions from other Wireless Communication Technologies. . . . . . 32
12.1 IrDA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
12.2 AIR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12.3 DECT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12.4 HomeRF
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12.5 IEEE 802.11b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12.6 HiperLAN2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
13. Economic Significance and Market Developments
. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
13.1 Rights, Licenses, Concepts, Platforms
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
13.2 Chip and Component Suppliers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
13.3 Software
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
13.4 IT Suppliers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
14. Products and Applications
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
14.1 Information Technology
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
14.2 Telecommunications
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14.3 Consumer Products: Doors, TV, Multimedia
. . . . . . . . . . . . 46
14.4 Software and Hidden Computing
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
15. Glossary
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
16. Index
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
17. Index of Graphics and Tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
18. Web-sites of Companies Mentioned
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
3. FOREWORD
The purpose of this document is, in the manner of the “white papers”,
much used in the USA, to convey manufacturer-independent information
on the Bluetooth™ technology and its economic aspects.
For those wishing to gain a quick, general idea of Bluetooth™,
we recommend that you read the chapters 4. “Introduction”,
11. “Operating System Requirements”, and 14. “Products and Applications”.
The introduction that follows gives a compact view of the individual topics
on which the later chapters go into greater detail. The sources used are listed
in appendix. Much of the information was taken from the Bluetooth™
specifications whose highly technical content was then interpreted by us
in order to render the essential facts more generally understandable.
It is possible that these interpretations do not meet with the agreement of
all the experts. We should, therefore, be most grateful for any indications and
comments and would take these into account in any future edition of the white paper.
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
4. INTRODUCTION
Bluetooth™ goes back to a proposal that Ericsson had already developed in 1994 as a
replacement for the mechanically vulnerable and inconvenient cable connections between
communications products. In order to be as independent as possible of environmental and
operating conditions, radio techniques were chosen in preference to the infrared transmission
that was, at that time, already very popular. This made connections possible through cloth,
leather and even walls, without line-of-sight contact. Having established a basic technical
concept, Ericsson approached other manufacturers of portable electronic equipment with a view
to establishing a world-wide standard. In 1998, together with Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel, the
Bluetooth™ Special Interest Group (SIG) was founded, which first went public in May 1998 and
has meanwhile attracted more than 2100 member companies through a Bluetooth™ users’
agreement.
Bluetooth™ is a short distance radio link technology, enabling the wireless connection of mobile
terminals such as notebooks, printers and mobile telephones so that they can exchange data with
one another. This overcomes two of the greatest barriers that limit, at the present, the userfriendliness of such equipment – the special cables, and the specific entries and settings that are
required to establish communication.
Every Bluetooth™ capable device can communicate with a range of other devices in a small
wireless network – a so-called piconet. All the devices maintain a logical connection with one
another that is only converted into a physical connection in the case of an actual data transfer.
Bluetooth™ operates at a frequency lying between 2,402 GHz and 2,480 GHz, the ISM
(Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band that is meanwhile free and unlicensed throughout the
world.
A fast frequency hopping technique is used, with 1600 frequency hops per second, in order to
provide for immunity to eavesdropping and interference from other radiation in this frequency
range.
The individual Bluetooth™ components are identified by a unique address, similar to the MAC
address in Ethernet networks. This is used to regulate authorisations, functions and security of
the various participants. The signalling speed is 1Mbit/s total of which 721 kbit/s are available for
speech and data.
Ericsson developed Bluetooth, holds all marketing rights and many patents.
SIG founded in 1998: Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, Intel.
Radio technology in the 2,4 GHz Band (ISM) can be used almost anywhere in the world without
license.
Security of transmission, addressability, 720 kbit/s for speech and data.
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
The maximum range of a Bluetooth™ connection is about 10 Metres, there is, however, already a
so-called 20 dB specification in preparation that will provide a range of up to 100 metres, with, of
course, a correspondingly high power consumption.
In addition to the printer solution, developed jointly by RFI and Wireless Solution Sweden
(WSS), possible uses for Bluetooth™ technology include a universal cordless hands-free system
(Bluetooth™-Headset) and a digital camera enabling pictures to be sent directly by mobile phone
without any cable connection.
Bluetooth™ is the most widely accepted and fastest growing IT and communications standard.
Cahners-Instat market researchers estimate that, in five years, there will be over 670 million
Bluetooth™ capable devices throughout the world. Ericsson expects more than 100 million
mobile phones to be equipped with Bluetooth™ in 2002. The consultants, Frost & Sullivan, are
expecting an explosive growth in the Bluetooth™ market because of the immense requirement
for low-cost wireless communication, as stated in the summary of a study published in January.
Penetration rates in applications such as mobile phones and PCs will soon reach over 50%.
Turnover in Europe should already exceed 36,7 million US$ in 2001 and grow to over 700 million
US$ in 2006.
The name “Bluetooth™” goes back to the Viking king, Harald Blåtand (Bluetooth), who, in the
tenth century, through his – for the circumstances of the time – exceptional ability to
communicate, united Denmark and Norway, introduced Christianity – and was an avid
consumer of blueberries, giving his teeth the coloration that gave rise to his sur-name. As a
symbol of understanding, success and security, and because of the historical reference to
Scandinavia, the Special Interest Group selected Bluetooth™ as its code name.
10 metres range
Extremely rapid market growth
Communicative king with a passion for bilberries
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
5. TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS
A Bluetooth™ system has three technological components:
l Bluetooth™
Radio: transmitter, receiver and analogue, rf electronics,
l Bluetooth™
Link Controller: controls and supervises the establishment of communication,
manages the link and handles errors, identification and access,
l Bluetooth™
Link Manager: packages the data and secures the communication with the terminal
in which the Bluetooth™ module is used.
Figure 1: Technical Fundamentals
Source: rfi
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
6. RF DESIGN / RADIO
In comparison with other (digital) radio technologies, a simple radio design was chosen for
Bluetooth™ in order to provide a low cost solution. Other systems, e.g. the GSM network, make
use of more complex high-frequency analogue techniques with expensive filters and amplifiers in
order to establish the most reliable possible radio link. Since it can be assumed that a
Bluetooth™ transmitter/receiver is almost always located in a microprocessor controlled device,
the control and error correction of the radio link are relocated in base band digital components.
In short, weaknesses in the analogue signal processing and resulting errors are compensated and
corrected using microprocessor hardware and suitable software.
Bluetooth™ Radio operates in the ISM (Industrial, Science, Medical) band. In most countries
this lies in the frequency range from 2400 MHz to 2483,5 MHz. A Fast Frequency Hopping
technique is used. This divides the available frequency band into 79 channels between which the
system switches, making 1600 jumps per second.
Compared with other systems, such as the DECT standard, where the frequency is changed only
about once per second, fast hopping has three major advantages:
·
greater immunity to interference – if a channel is occupied by an interference source (the
microwave is transmitting on this frequency), communication is blocked for only 1/1600
seconds and the link remains 1599/1600 intact – if it is indeed only one channel that is
affected,
·
higher security – the rapidly changing frequency and the algorithm on which it is based can
only be captured with very complex techniques and the signal is very hard to decode,
·
predominance in the presence of other radio links – Bluetooth™ can operate in the presence
of other radio links. If a DECT device encounters an occupied channel, it waits for 1 second
before jumping to the next channel. Since Bluetooth™ jumps 1600 times per second, the
likelihood that Bluetooth™ interferes with a DECT link is 1600 times higher than the
probability that DECT will interfere with Bluetooth™.
Simple HF system = low costs and robust technology
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
The use of the ISM band has the further advantage that many approval bodies have already
investigated the compatibility of radio operation in this frequency range with potentially critical
environments. Unlike mobile telephones, which operate at 900 or 1800 MHz and with
significantly higher transmitter power, it seems more than likely that Bluetooth™ products will
be allowed to be used in hospitals, power stations etc. Lufthansa became the first airline to
authorise the use of the 2.4 GHz band in flight1.
The transmitter power and thus the range of Bluetooth™ Radios is divided into three classes.
The 0 dBm specification provides, with 1 mW, for sufficient power to cover a separation of up to
10 metres and to guarantee some 5-7 metres in a typical office environment. The 20 dBm version,
with a range of up to 100 metres, is also known as “long-range Bluetooth™”. The 4 dBm
specification has, as yet, no commercial significance.
Figure 2: Dominance of Bluetooth over other 2,4 GHz technologies
source: RFI
1
At the time of going to press there was still no definitive information available, indicating whether the
authorisation will only relate to use by the crew or would also apply to use by passengers.
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
-9 © 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
ISM band can be used world-wide; soon also in aeroplanes?
The smallest mobile phones have a transmitter power of 0.8 Watt (29 dBm), some 800 times
higher so that a significant contribution of Bluetooth™ to electro-smog can be excluded. The
Bluetooth™ bit-rate is 1 Mbps (Megabit per second). After allowing for protocol and header
data, a maximum of 723 kbit/s remain available for data transport. These can be dynamically or
statically allocated (according to the application) for transmission and reception.
Although the ISM band can be used without license, national telecommunications authority
regulations must, nevertheless, be observed with regard to transmitter power, bandwidth and
other specifications.
Summary of Bluetooth™ Radio / RF design:
l 2.4
GHz ISM band, license-free, Post Office approval required (in Germany)
l Fast
Frequency Hopping, 1600 hops per second
l maximum
range 10 Meter (0 dbm specification)
l1
mW transmitter power – 800 times less than a mobile phone
l1
Mbps total / 723 kbps data transmission rate
No danger to health
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
7. BLUETOOTH™ PROTOCOL AND BASEBAND
Baseband refers to the components of the Bluetooth™ module that are required to control the
radio and to process the data to prepare them to be handed over to higher system components
(layers).
The main tasks of the Baseband are:
l administration
l packeting
l error
l data
and unpacking the data,
correction,
transmission and reception,
l administration
l speech
l Data
of the physical radio link, hopping algorithm,
of the logical links, address administration,
and audio communication,
security, identification and encryption.
The Bluetooth™ protocol supports an asynchronous data channel, up to three isochronous
speech channels or a channel in which speech and data are sent simultaneously. Each speech
channel has a (encoded) bandwidth of 64 kbit/s in both directions. The data channel has a
maximum capacity of 723.3 kbit/s with 57.6 kbit/s available simultaneously for a return channel.
This mode is particularly suitable for Internet applications and the like, making a download
speed of over 700 kbit/s second available and leaving sufficient capacity for upward
communication of requests and acknowledgements. The overall capacity can also be otherwise
divided, e.g. two channels of 172.8 kbit/s for symmetrical communication.
Possible data-rates are shown in the following table:
Data-rate
Isochronous
Asynchronous kb/s
DM1
108,8
108,8
108,8
DH1
172,8
172,8
172,8
DM3
258,2
387,2
54,4
DH3
390,4
585,6
86,4
DM5
286,7
477,
36,3
DH5
433,9
732,2
57,6
Baseband = processor
Data: asynchronous protocols
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
With these transmission capacities, Bluetooth™ is faster than any existing or proposed GSM
standard, faster than ISDN, comparable to access to a 10 Mbit/s (10BASE2/5) Ethernet (shared
Ethernet / 6-8 users in the segment) but slower than ADSL or 100 Mbit/s LAN and thus also not
suitable, for example, for the transmission of video data (MPEG2).
Before the end of 2001, most Bluetooth™ products will not offer the maximum transmission
speed of approx. 720 kbit/s, because the baseband chips and their interface controllers are not
able to process the ingoing and outgoing data signals.
With Bluetooth™, both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections are possible. The
following sketch shows the possible connection types.
Figure 3: Data-rates, Bluetooth compared to other systems
source: Merrill Lynch
720 kbit/s mostly not yet reached
Faster than ISDN, too slow for video / multimedia
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
7.1 Bluetooth™ Network Properties
More than two Bluetooth™ systems form a piconet in which one unit acts as master and the
others as slaves. A piconet can contain up to seven active slaves. Up to 255 further slaves can be
registered in the piconet in so-called park mode. These parked Bluetooth™ components cannot,
autonomously, send any data but continue to synchronise themselves with the master, which can
also bring them out of park mode by activating their normal communication mode.
In a piconet, the various members of the network communicate simultaneously with one another.
Consecutive exchanges of data with different Bluetooth™ systems are described as multipoint
connections. There will be Bluetooth™ products that offer multipoint capability but are not
piconet-capable.
Many Bluetooth™ applications, described as Profiles2, will not support piconet mode for
technical reasons: for fax transmission, a timing window must be respected, which cannot be
guaranteed at the same time as running a piconet application. Thus fax transmission takes place
exclusively over point-to-point connections.
Figure 4: Possible Bluetooth Network Structures
source: Bluetooth specification
Bluetooth can be networked
Only optional: simultaneous communication between several Bluetooth devices
2
Profiles will be dealt with in detail in chapter 10
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
Several piconets covering overlapping areas are described as a scatternet. In each piconet, only
one device can be designated as master. However, slaves can be registered in several networks.
The specifications required for the administration of a scatternet are very wide-ranging and have
not, as yet, been fully drawn up. Scatternet applications cannot be expected on the market before
the end of 2001.
Bluetooth™ uses three different techniques to ensure error-free transmission of data. Error
correction is transparent, requiring no user intervention. The necessary decisions are taken
automatically between the individual Bluetooth™ components.
According to the Bluetooth™ standard, audio data and speech can be handled according to three
compression methods: the 64 kbit/s PCM format in two versions (A-Law or µ-Law) and
CVSD (Continuous Variable Slope Delta) modulation. The quality of audio signals transmitted
by Bluetooth™ corresponds to that of modern MP-3 players and is thus also suitable for
multimedia applications and for driving loudspeakers or headphones.
7.2 Address and Data Formats
Every Bluetooth™ device is allocated a unique address, with a length of 48 bits, whose structure
is laid down in the IEEE 802 standard. The address is burnt into the hardware ROM of the
Bluetooth™ module and cannot be altered. As soon as Bluetooth™ is activated, it sends out
search signals (requests) in order to discover other Bluetooth™ devices. If a request is answered,
the two Bluetooth™ systems exchange their address information. At the beginning of
communication between the two components, the user must, usually, enter a PIN (Personal
Identification Number) in order to open the connection. This PIN can be requested only once for
this communication or for every connection set up, as desired. The Bluetooth™ modules then
exchange so-called profiles, which lay down which functions the two terminals make available to
one another over the radio link and which data or parameters are required for the purpose.
Every Bluetooth™ data packet has three sections: a 72-bit access code, a 54-bit packet header
and up to 2745 bits of payload data. The maximum packet length is thus 2871 bits, of which 96%
are available for payload (actual data transmission).
Audio transfer in MP3 quality
PIN to open the connection
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
Because a radio network is relatively open compared to a wired network, data security and
encryption occupy an important position in the Bluetooth™ standard. A key is derived from the
Bluetooth™ address and a random sequence generator by means of which the master determines
the hopping sequence that must be used by all other members of the piconet. Because of the
random sequence generator, even frequently communicating Bluetooth™ components are
allocated a new hopping sequence for each new connection. In addition, the data transmitted
over the continually changing frequency channels are coded with a 128-bit key.
The objective of the developers is to accommodate Baseband chips and Bluetooth™ Radio in
packages with the smallest possible outside dimensions (electrical components / chips), so that
Bluetooth can be integrated in the smallest devices (mobile phones, key-rings). Until the middle
of 2001, most Bluetooth™ products will use a 3-chip solution. In the second half of the year,
single-chip solutions can be expected to become available, offering Baseband and Bluetooth™
Radio in a single electronic component, smaller than a pfennig / 5p / rappe coin. The investment
required to develop a Bluetooth™ chip runs into the order of several hundred million US$, so
that only a few start-up companies are becoming involved in this risky business alongside the
chip industry’s global players (Intel, Lucent, Ericsson, Siemens/Infineon). Especially promising
examples appear to be Cambridge Silicon Radio (UK) and SiliconWave (USA).
Security through frequency hopping and 64-128 bit key
Summary of Bluetooth™ Protocol and Baseband
channel (723 kbit/s), Return channel (57 kbit/s), Three speech channels (64 kbit/s)
l Point-to-Point or Piconet (8 or 255 members)
l Automatic error correction
l MP-3 audio quality
l Unique address
l Authorisation with PIN
l 128 bit encryption
l Data
Figure 6: Ericsson Bluetooth Module
source: Ericsson
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
8. HOST CONTROLLER INTERFACE AND LINK MANAGER
On the Baseband hardware sit the lower layers of the Bluetooth™ protocol stack. The following
figure shows the schematic structure:
Communication with the higher layers and the target computer (host) in which the Bluetooth™
unit is located takes place over the Link Manager and the Host Controller Interface. Both are
part of the firmware in the Bluetooth™ module and should reside in flash memory in order to be
able to make later corrections to any errors in the firmware and add any future extensions. On
cost grounds, some Bluetooth™ module manufacturers wish to implement the firmware as a
ROM.
Figure 7: Bluetooth “Lower Layers”
source: Bluetooth Specification
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
The Bluetooth™ Link Manager is the firmware that runs on the internal processor of the
Bluetooth™ module and, with its Link Manager Protocol, looks after connection set-up, security
and communication with the terminal (via the higher layers of the ISO model). Different protocol
stacks are available for the various applications.
The following is only a short presentation of the various layers and functions; they are of no great
significance for the practical use of Bluetooth™ products and chiefly of interest to developers.
LMP:
Link Manager Protocol – connection set-up, security, identification
L2CAP:
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol – packets the data for
transmission and monitors the connection quality
Voice:
(Logical) Channel for the transmission of audio data (isochronous)
RFComm:
Control command set that, in essence, emulates one or more serial interfaces:
the most important command set for data applications
TCS:
Telephony Control Specification – lays down how speech and data calls should
be handled in conjunction with mobile telephones: especially important for
applications such as headsets and hands-off devices.
SDP:
Service Discovery Protocol – This Protocol searches for other Bluetooth™
components and services within range
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
Furthermore, the Bluetooth™ Link Manager will (in the future) also support other protocols
such as WAP and IrDA and provide corresponding software interfaces so that applications
developed for these technologies can be ported to Bluetooth™ as easily as possible.
The Link Manager is responsible for making the data available to software while parts of the
HCI (Host Controller Interface) that communicate directly with the Baseband layer look after
the electrical / physical control of the hardware interfaces through which the terminal controls
the Bluetooth™ Device. In the case of a Bluetooth™ PC card, for example, this is the CardBus
Adapter or the CardBus Controller in a notebook.
A comprehensive representation of all the components and layers participating in a Bluetooth™
connection is shown in the figure below:
Figure 8: Bluetooth Protocols
source: Bluetooth Specification
Bluetooth will, in future, be compatible with IRDA and WAP
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
Figure 9: Bluetooth End-to-End Communication Model
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
The basic design of the specification recommends that Bluetooth™ Devices should be developed
to resemble a serial or USB interface. Thus, insofar as they are not already integrated in the
target device (host), the following Bluetooth™ products are to be expected in the future:
· Control as an internal interface in the PC (similar to IrDA)
·
USB module
·
CompactFlash or PC Card, designed as a serial interface
·
Plug-in module for serial or parallel interface
·
Plug-in module for mobile phones, ISDN and modem leads
The Bluetooth™ device could then be accessed by the operating system or application via the
particular interface.
Summary, Host Controller Interface (HCI) and Link Manager
·
Link Manager: firmware for the processor of the Bluetooth™ module
·
(where possible, “flashable”)
·
connection set-up, connection quality, security, identification
·
command set similar to RS232 or USB (RFComm)
·
HCI communicates with the hardware interface of the host
·
(e.g. PC card slot)
·
Future connectivity with WAP and IrDA
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG
9. BLUETOOTH™ CHIP CONCEPTS
A Bluetooth™ interface requires an RF block (Radio, analogue), a microprocessor-based
Baseband logic block with memory for the firmware and a few passive components to complete.
In order to encourage take-up of the Bluetooth™ standard, the lowest possible cost is required
and this can only be achieved if the number of chips needed can be reduced. At present there are
three different approaches to the realisation of the Radio, Baseband and Firmware described so
far.
9.1 Single Chip – RF and Baseband
All the functions required for Bluetooth™, both the analogue Radio part and the processor, with
memory, are integrated in a single chip. A promising approach for the long-term since cost and
size can be reduced. Technically, this approach, taken for example by Cambridge Silicon Radio,
is very demanding because analogue high-frequency systems tend to require different chiptechnology from digital processor electronics and they can have an adverse influence on one
another in close proximity. It can take a great deal of time to produce a stable working chip.
9.2 RF Chip and available Baseband controller
Many terminals in which Bluetooth™ is to be integrated will already have a Baseband controller
or a processor that can be used for the purpose, e.g. GSM Telephones, some notebooks and
PDAs. In such cases, only the Bluetooth™ Radio chip need be implemented and the Baseband
software can run on the available controller or processor - insofar as sufficient free processing
and memory capacity is available for the Blue-tooth™ Firmware. Such RF chips and the
required firmware are being developed by Silicon Wave and Texas Instruments, for example.
9.3 DSP
Digianswer, a company that was acquired by Motorola in 1999 to strengthen its Bluetooth™
development, is attempting to realise all the functions in software running on a Digital Signal
Processor (DSP). This solution does, indeed, require only one chip. However, it must embody
enormous processing power and be very fast. It is likely to have a high power consumption and
price.
DSP solutions as a development platform
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The first Bluetooth™ products, to become available will, presumably, be solutions with two chips
and a memory. Their power consumption will depend on the operating mode and first
investigations have yielded the following results:
Mode
Current consumption
Operating time
Standby
< 0,3 mA
3 months
Speech
8 – 30 mA
approx. 75 hours
Data
0,3 – 30 mA,
approx. 120 hours
e.g. at 20 kbit/s, 5 mA
The operating times relate to a Bluetooth™ device powered by two normal 1,5 V Mignon cells.
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10. BLUETOOTH™ PROFILES AND CERTIFICATION
The interoperability of Bluetooth™ devices from different manufacturers is assured by so-called
profiles, which are laid down for specific application areas. When a Bluetooth™ connection is set
up, the systems exchange their profiles and thus determine which services each can make
available to the other partner and which data or commands are required for the purpose. The
headset profile, for example, requests an audio channel from a Bluetooth™ compatible mobile
telephone and uses additional data channels to control the volume.
10.1 Profiles
At the end of 1999, the following profiles had been defined:
Generic Access Profile – describes the connection set-up and status, the behaviour in standby
mode, regulates the processing of further specific profiles and the security procedures (e.g. PIN
exchange),
Service Discovery Application (SDA) Profile – lays down the manner in which a Bluetooth™
device searches for the desired service. If, for example, audio transmission is required, then the
SDA profile searches for all Bluetooth™ components within range that can offer this service and
sets up a connection which can then be used by the application.
Figure 10: Bluetooth Profiles
source: Bluetooth Specification
Profiles control functions
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Cordless Telephony Profile – audio transmission, transmission of DTMF control signals,
incoming and outgoing conversations, conference switching, caller ID (ISDN),
Intercom Profile – defines, partly as a complement to the Telephony protocol, how two
Bluetooth™ devices are controlled in intercom mode, e.g. GSM mobile telephones, that are to be
used as walkie-talkies without recourse to a service provider,
Serial Port Profile – emulates a serial cable,
Headset Profile – lays down the functions for a headset / hands-free system – audio channels and
volume control, for example,
Dial-up Networking Profile – e.g. Internet or Remote Access applications, dial-up procedures,
AT modem commands and dialling process,
Fax Profile – sending and receiving of faxes, forwarding fax files, e.g. from mobile phone to
notebook,
LAN Access Profile – LAN access by PPP or IP protocols, PC to PC connections (Peer-to-Peer),
NetBIOS support,
Generic Object Exchange Profile – the general profile, for the exchange of data objects, e.g. file
transfer and synchronisation,
Object Push Profile – with this profile, a Bluetooth™ device sends a (data) object to another
device, e.g. a notebook sending an appointment to the inbox of a mobile telephone.
File Transfer Profile – procedures for the exchange of files and folders between two systems
(notebooks PDAs) over Bluetooth™,
Synchronization Profile – (automatic) synchronisation of systems (PCs, notebooks, PDAs) and
their applications (mail, calendar, databases).
All Bluetooth™ products must support the Generic Access Profile, otherwise no communication
can possibly be established with other devices. Figure 10 also shows that certain profiles require
other basic profiles. To be able to start a fax profile, for example, the serial port profile must first
be started. For the exchange of files using the File Transfer Profile, the Generic Object Exchange
Profile, the Serial Port Profile and the Generic Access Profile are required.
Generic Access Profile is the basis
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10.2 Certification
The Bluetooth™ organisation maintains a strict control on hardware and software compatibility
in order to ensure that all systems and components described as Bluetooth™ compatible can, in
fact, work together without problems. It should thus be ensured that end users experience
Bluetooth™ as a working and reliable standard that truly simplifies communication.
Before a component or product may be described as Bluetooth™ compatible, it must be tested
and certified by an independent institution, a Bluetooth™ Qualification Test Facility (BQTF).
The costs for this certification run at around 3,000 US$ per product.
The BQTFs will start operating in the first half of 2001. In the meantime, the manufacturers of
Bluetooth™ products will have to carry out a self-certification on the basis of the specification.
If an application is to be implemented for which a Bluetooth profile exists, this must be carried
out in accordance with the profile. In so doing, it is possible to make improvements with respect
to the definition of the profile, provided that compatibility with the standard profile is
maintained.
Applications for which no profile exists can be developed and sold. However, the supplier must
then inform the market and end users that the product does not comply with the Bluetooth™
standard.
The Bluetooth™ Consortium is currently considering a number of proposals for additional
profiles. It appears that a Printing Profile and a TCP/IP Profile (for general network and
Internet applications) will be approved in the second half of 2001.
Not every Bluetooth™ device will support every profile. The Bluetooth™ Committee therefore
plans a marking – by label, for example – from which it should be clear with which profiles the
product is compatible. Details were not known at the time of going to press.
It seems likely that profiles that are not a standard part of a product package will be sold as
optional extras or that utility (third-party) manufacturers may develop and sell profiles for the
Bluetooth products of other manufacturers. If, in a few years’ time, Bluetooth™ chips become
very cheap and Bluetooth™ is integrated in many terminals, this will be a potential source of
income for integrators.
Bluetooth certification is costly
New profile in preparation
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The following table relates typical computer applications to profiles:
Application
Bluetooth™ Profile
Dial-up and data exchange with a
server/network by GSM, analogue modem or
Dial-Up Networking Profile
ISDN terminal adapter
Transmission and reception of fax files3
Fax Profile
Printing or data exchange via a parallel
Printing Profile4
interface
File exchange, backup
File Transfer Profile
LAN applications: Bluetooth™ wireless
LAN Access Profile
networking
Synchronisation between PDA and PC
Synchronization Profile
Bluetooth™ mouse, data capture,
Serial Port Profile
machine control
Summary on Bluetooth™ Profiles
·
Profiles assure interoperability of Bluetooth™ devices
·
Communication between hardware and applications
(Fax, file transfer, synchronisation etc.)
·
Not all profiles are supported (marking, possible options)
·
Applications, for which no profile exists, can be sold if described as such
·
Bluetooth™ compatible products must be certified (BQTF)
3
Worthy of note: even if the Dial-Up-Networking Profil enables data exchange, e.g. by GSM, this does not necessarily
provide fax functionality.
4
Printing Profile still in preparation (as of March 2001).
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11. OPERATING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
In order for the functionality of the Bluetooth™ technology to be fully utilised in a PC
environment, the operating system must fulfil numerous requirements. The integration of
Bluetooth in Microsoft Windows operating systems will take place in a number of steps and the
full support of all Bluetooth functions is first expected from 2004.
Operating system integration covers two main areas:
Recognition of Bluetooth hardware and establishment of the Bluetooth connection, security and
data exchange: development of the first drivers and APIs has been completed before the end of
2000. Microsoft is borrowing extensively from the IrDA functionality and many applications
operate as serial peripherals.
Extensions to Bluetooth functions such as automatic “wake-up” of a PC when a fax is received by
Bluetooth and mobile telephone and subsequent return to sleep mode. For some such services,
fundamental changes to the operating system kernel are required, which can only be considered
in a few years’ time.
Microsoft’s strategy for the inclusion of Bluetooth technology in future operating systems was
first presented to a wide, specialist public at the Bluetooth Congress 2000, which took place in
Monaco from 14 to 16 June. In integrating Bluetooth, Microsoft wishes to meet the following
targets for the user:
·
so far as possible, there should be no limit to the Bluetooth devices and interfaces with which
the PC can communicate,
·
easy installation – a new Bluetooth™ device need only be configured once and will thereafter
be automatically recognised,
·
ease of use – once installed, a Bluetooth™ device should be directly useable without further
user intervention,
·
Bluetooth™ interfaces, once configured, require no further installation when later
connections are set up,
·
the user should not be distracted by unnecessary information.
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Microsoft wishes to establish a structured, open platform, enabling third parties to develop
efficient Bluetooth™ applications.
The integration of Bluetooth™ in the operating systems will proceed step by step. In the first
stage, the following scenarios should be realised:
Scenario
Using GSM mobile telephone as modem
Transferring pictures from digital camera to
PC
Profile
Dial-Up Networking
File Transfer
Public Internet access (access points)
LAN Access
Exchange of electronic visiting cards
Object Push
Synchronisation between PC and Palms /
handheld computers
Synchronization
The Bluetooth™ device class can be in various operating states and must realise various security
functions.
Bluetooth™ operating states:
·
unknown Bluetooth™ device in range
·
known device in range, no connection
·
known device connected
·
device out of range
Depending on the state, different functions can be started, e.g. an alarm if a required peripheral
is no longer in range.
Various configurations of the security functions must also be available:
·
open model, in which connection is made to all Bluetooth™ interfaces within range,
·
closed model, in which each device must be expressly authorised,
·
security functions on the application level, e.g. visiting card exchange is always allowed, file
transfer is not.
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Furthermore, Bluetooth™ devices must be supported that do not have their own user interface
and must, therefore, be remotely configured (e.g. printers).
With the Bluetooth™ Services, Microsoft also wishes to support the Hidden Computing Model in
which processes are automatically started: for example, the synchronisation between a Palm
Organizer and a desktop PC, as soon as the former is within range of the latter.
The hardware functions of the Bluetooth™ interface can be administered in the system settings:
·
power management – different behaviour for accumulator and mains supply,
·
Call on Demand (COD) – wake the PC from sleep mode,
·
filter functions for other Bluetooth™ interfaces,
·
polling behaviour – how often will other Bluetooth™ devices be sought.
Microsoft plans to realise these functions with the following protocol stack:
The APIs (Application Program Interface), WinSock, OBEX and TAPI are already known to
software developers and will have the Bluetooth™ functions added.
Figure 11: Bluetooth™ Stack Diagram
source: Microsoft Corporation
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BthPort.sys:
implements L2Cap and HCI; hardware abstraction on such interfaces as USB
and serial, manages connected Bluetooth™ devices,
SDP:
user interface (GUI) signals new devices within range, supports the user in
connecting new Bluetooth™ devices and manages the hardware Radio
functions,
RFComm:
RFComm profile and interface to the WinSock API; no support for virtual
serial interfaces,
BthModem.sys: the Bluetooth™ modem for dial-up networking applications, which can be
accessed as a WDM modem and is thus accessible to many standard
applications without needing to change them,
OBEX.dll:
Object Exchange 1.2 with a bus-independent COM API, enabling OBEX
applications that were developed for infrared transmission to be easily adapted
for Bluetooth™.
Detailed information can be found on the Microsoft Web-site, URL:
www.microsoft.com/hwdev/bluetooth
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12. DISTINCTIONS FROM OTHER WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGIES
The following table shows a comparison between Bluetooth™ and other wireless communications
technologies on the market:
Technology
Max. total
data-rate
Range
(metres)
Max.
nodes
IrDA (infrared)
4 Mbit/s
1 / angle 15°
2
AIR (infrared)
4 Mbit/s
4–8
10
DECT
128 kbit/s
50
8
Bluetooth™
1 Mbit/s
10
HomeRF
2 Mbit/s
50
8 (+128
inactive)
>128
IEEE 802.11b
11 Mbit/s
100
HiperLAN2
54 Mbit/s
150
Around 10
per
access point
Around 10
per
access point
Main area of application
Cost, US$
initial/mass
Point-to-point data link.
Peripherals: printer, keyboard
Point-to-point data link.
Peripherals: printer, keyboard
Speech applications and
point-to-point data link.
Connectivity between terminals
and peripherals, cable replacement
Domestic data and speech
networking.
Wireless LAN for data transfer
including multimedia.
9.00 / 1.50
Further development of IEEE
802.11b for higher data-rates.
200.00 / 40.00
9.00 / 1.50
60.00 / 15.00
25.00 / 3.00
30.00 / 8.00
150.00 / 50.00
12.1 IrDA:
IrDA – based on infrared technology – is used for point-to-point links and offers a maximum
data-rate of 4 Mbit/s and a range of 1.5 metres maximum. A clear line of sight must be available
between the link terminals and the maximum off-axis angle is 15°. Although IrDA has been
installed in more than 50 million terminals, this standard has not really caught on – especially
with professional users. The reasons for this are the limitations on range and off-axis angle and
the somewhat difficult installation and configuration of the driver software. Often the drivers
delivered with the operating system were unable to communicate with the infrared hardware
installed or devices (e.g. a few mobile phones) had infrared ports that were not IrDA compatible
and could only be used for proprietary applications.
Infrared has no future
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12.2 AIR:
Area InfraRed (AIR) is a proposed extension to the existing IrDA standard. The beam angle is to
be increased to 120° and the line of sight requirement eliminated. At the same time, the range is
to be increased to 8 metres, although the data-rate for large distances will fall from 4 Mbit/s to
about 250 kbit/s. The diffuse beam will make it possible, in addition to point-to-point links, for up
to 10 AIR users to communicate simultaneously. Neither IrDA nor AIR supports speech
transmission.
12.3 DECT:
DECT is the most widespread standard for digital cordless telephones and can be regarded in
some respects as a forerunner of Bluetooth™. The priority in the development of DECT was
placed on speech transmission and only later was the specification of a DECT data standard
undertaken. The number of suppliers of DECT data solutions is limited and, although the
available bandwidth would allow a higher data-rate, currently available solutions or chips run at
about 128 kbit/s. With the competition from Bluetooth™, it seems very unlikely that DECT will
be developed any further as a data standard, especially now that the DECT technology has been
the subject of much recent discussion as a source of strong and permanent electromagnetic fields
(electro-smog).
12.4 HomeRF:
The HomeRF working group, lead by Compaq, Ericsson, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel,
Microsoft, Motorola, Philips, Proxim and Symbionics, is currently developing the Shared
Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP). Conceived as a wireless LAN, HomeRF also uses the 2.4 GHz
Band, supports data-rates up to 2 Mbit/s (with plans to increase this to 10 Mbit/s) and has a
range of up to 100 metres. Since HomeRF uses two protocols, DECT for four speech channels
and IEEE 802,11 for data, this technology will remain more expensive than Bluetooth™ and be
more difficult to implement. Some HomeRF developers are also members of the Bluetooth SIG
and are making efforts to establish interoperability of the two standards in the medium-term.
Should this succeed, then notebooks equipped with Bluetooth™ will, in the future, be able to
communicate with domestic HomeRF components. However, some observers believe that, with
the complexity arising from the integration of two protocols and the competition from the IEEE
802.11b standard and HiperLAN, HomeRF will be unlikely to survive further Bluetooth™
developments.
HomeRF and Bluetooth could coexist
DECT is no competition for Bluetooth
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12.5 802.11b:
In order to address the market for professional users, 3Com, Aironet, Intresil, Lucent, Nokia and
Symbol Technology founded the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA). The object
is to define a network standard offering up to 11 Mbit/s data-rate and 100 metres range.
11 Mbit/s, however, is only possible in relatively close proximity (10 metres) to the access point
(bridge to the wired network). At greater distances, the data-rate can fall below 1 Mbit/s. The
802.11b standard specifies no speech transmission and its power requirements are too high for
integration in mobile telephones. IEEE 802.11b also uses the 2,4 GHz frequency band. The cost of
an access point will be around 1,500.00 – 2,000.00 DM and for radio modules to equip terminals
(e.g. PC Cards) some 400,00 – 600,00 DM.
12.6 HiperLAN2
Bosch, Dell, Ericsson, Nokia, Telia and Texas Instruments are developing Hiper-LAN2
technology, partly as a further development of and partly as competition for the IEEE 802.11b
standard. HiperLAN2 should be able to work together with G3 GSM standards as a WAN and
with Bluetooth™ as a PAN (Personal Area Network) and thus bring the totally wireless network
into being. HiperLAN2 uses the license-free 5 GHz band, offers data-rates up to 54 Mbit/s and a
range of 150 metres. As with IEEE 802.11b, HiperLAN2 will use access points to provide
connection (point-to-point or point-to-multipoint) to the mobile units. Thanks to its bandwidth,
HiperLAN2 is suitable, not only for speech and data but also for multimedia content and video.
The first HiperLAN2 compatible products are expected in 2002.
HiperLAN2 a successor or further development of Bluetooth
Wireless LAN for professional users
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13. ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
The following information on the economic development and significance of the Bluetooth™
standard is partly based on investigations carried out by the analysts of Merrill Lynch the results
of which were published as “Bluetooth™ Handbook 1.0” in England and Australia. Other
sources of information are the investigations by Forrester, InStat and IDC.
The Merrill Lynch analysts assume that the Bluetooth™ market will develop according to the
Metcalfe law, according to which the value of a system is linearly proportional to the number of
system nodes as a fraction of the total number of nodes for all systems. The result is an
exponential growth, as was seen with fax machines and mobile phones, whereby the value or
usefulness for every individual user increased as more devices came into use because of the
increase in the number of people that could be contacted using the new technology.
Bluetooth™ will certainly also be influenced by Moore’s law which states that, in ever shorter
time intervals, chips become ever faster, more economical, smaller and cheaper.
Based on these theoretical considerations and against the background of its great usefulness to
the user and to industry, the following turnovers for Bluetooth™ chips are expected in the
coming years:
We concur with the view of the Merrill Lynch analysts, who, unlike other institutes, foresee a
rapid fall in chip prices to about 5 US$ by the end of 2002, making a high growth in volume
possible. Even where other market researchers expect smaller numbers with higher prices, the
market value forecasts are largely in agreement at some 3,000 million US$ in 2005. The price of
the terminals into which these Bluetooth™ chips are built will be many times the chip price.
Growth rate rises with the number of users
3,000 million US$ chip market
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Typical computer applications and their profiles
Application
Dial-up and data exchange with a
server/network by GSM, analogue modem or
ISDN terminal adapter
Transmission and reception of fax files
Printing or data exchange via a parallel
interface
File exchange, backup
LAN applications: Bluetooth™ wireless
networking
Synchronisation between PDA and PC
Bluetooth™ mouse, data capture,
machine control
Bluetooth™ Profile
Dial-Up Networking Profile
Fax Profile
Printing Profile
File Transfer Profile
LAN Access Profile
Synchronization Profile
Serial Port Profile
Frost and Sullivan foresee the following development of the European market:
13.1 Rights, Licenses, Concepts, Platforms
The licensors and platform suppliers fall into two camps. Thanks to the widespread use of its
processors amongst the mobile telephone manufacturers, ARM has a good starting point for the
realisation of Bluetooth™ solutions as additional applications on its processors. Thinking along
the same lines is the company, Parthus (founded in England / Ireland in 1993), which announced
a “zero chip” solution at the Bluetooth™ Developer Conference in Monaco in June 2000. On
particular platforms, such as mobile telephones, which already have a suitable radio section,
Parthus is seeking to integrate Bluetooth™ by an extension to the existing Bluetooth™ firmware.
This would be a very fast, easily implemented and low cost solution since only license fees would
be due to Parthus. However, there is, as yet, no clear consensus of opinion amongst experts and
developers as to the feasibility of this approach.
Bluetooth without additional hardware?
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Ericsson and SSL are pursuing concepts that implement Bluetooth™ with their own chips and
separate firmware. Ericsson appears to be concentrating on the development of radio modules,
baseband chips and the integration into mobile telephones. For PC cards that will be available in
the future as Ericsson products, a kind of call for offers has been issued in which all the major
card manufacturers have participated.
13.2 Chip and Component Suppliers
l Amtel
supplies a Bluetooth™ development kit consisting of a radio module, an ARM baseband
and flash-memory. The T2901 RF chip was supposed to reduce the component costs for a
Bluetooth™ integration to less than 17 US$ at the end of 2000. In 2001, Amtel intends to
demonstrate a single-chip solution with 20 dBm transmitter power and 100 metres range.
l Cambridge
Silicon Radio (CSR) is a start-up company in England, in which Intel made an
investment at the beginning of the year. According to the opinion of many market watchers, CSR
could be one of the first to offer a working single chip solution.
l Infineon
has presented a roadmap for Bluetooth™ chips and should, thanks to its market
position ad experience with DECT, be in a position to become an important supplier.
l Intel
has announced the “Ambler” module, a solution based on the Ericsson module with
antenna and software for Windows 98 and Windows 2000. Furthermore, the Intel Venture
Capital Department has invested in Bluetooth™ start-ups such as Cambridge Silicon Radio,
Silicon Wave and Philsar.
l Lucent
will bring a two-chip solution to market which requires no external RF components and
whose Baseband is based on the ARM7 Processor. Lucent will also supply the software stack
(firmware) and thus is taking the same approach as Rockwell took with analogue modems.
Rockwells dominant position in the modem chip market is based on the delivery of the firmware
with the chips, considerably reducing the customer’s development effort.
l National
Semiconductor has developed the LMX3162 RF chip, which includes the entire
transmitter and receiver functions for Bluetooth™ and will be priced at 5,60 US$ in quantities of
1000 or more. Baseband and memory are not included in this price.
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l in
1999, Motorola took over the Danish company, Digianswer, which was the first to have
developed a DSP-based software baseband. Motorola plans to integrate the Digianswer
technology in its own product lines such as PC cards, USB adapters and the wireless/home
networking activities.
l Silicon
Wave is working on a Bluetooth™ Radio Modem Control (RMC) IC, a single-chip
solution. Microsoft will use the Silicon Wave RMC as reference hardware for the development of
Bluetooth™ solutions. The chips should be available in the second quarter of 2001.
l VLSI,
a company in the Philips Concern, has a Bluetooth™ Core license from Ericsson and is
developing the “Blueberry” Baseband chip around the ARM7 Processor. VSLI and Ericsson may
possibly offer pin-compatible Blue-tooth™ chips. Manufacturers of Bluetooth™ products such
as PC cards would then have a second source in case of shortage.
13.3 Software:
l Enea,
a Swedish software company that also developed the real-time operating system for
Ericsson mobile telephones, is offering an adapted version for Bluetooth™ Baseband Controllers.
l Extended
Systems Inc. in USA has developed numerous infrared protocol stacks and is using
this as the basis for an entry into the Bluetooth™ market. Palm Computing has ordered a
Bluetooth™ stack from Extended Systems, which it is intended should be integrated in future
Palm Computer models.
l IBM
is concentrating on software that discovers Bluetooth™ devices, sets up connections and
provides transmission security. IBM will integrate Bluetooth™ in many of its future products but
use the hardware solutions of other OEM manufacturers.
l IVT
Corporation offers a Bluetooth™ software development environment and the “Bluelet”
protocol stack free of charge. If the products developed with them go into mass production,
license fees become due.
l At
the end of 1999, Microsoft became a member of the Bluetooth™ Promoters’ Group and will
provide the necessary conditions in the Microsoft operating systems for PCs to become
Bluetooth™-capable.
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13.4 IT Suppliers:
All the major manufacturers of notebooks and standard PCs will integrate Bluetooth™ in their
products in the future and in so doing will resort to specialist manufacturers. To our knowledge,
the following partnerships had been formed at the time of going to press:
PC Manufacturer
Bluetooth™ Partner
Compaq
Xircom
Dell
Psion
IBM
TDK
Toshiba
Digianswer
Hewlett Packard
AnyCom (RFI)
Sony
AnyCom (RFI)
AnyCom is the brand name under which rfi, Mönchengladbach markets PC cards and
Bluetooth™ products. rfi works together with its technology partner, Wireless Solutions Sweden,
on new Bluetooth™ profiles to support printing and data backup. At CeBIT 2000, rfi presented
the Bluetooth™ Printing Module, BPM, and, in June 2000, became the first company in the
world to deliver production Bluetooth™ products to final customers. rfi also develops
Bluetooth™ infrastructure with which Bluetooth™-capable terminals can communicate via, for
example, the Internet or HomeLAN.
l PSION
was selected by Dell as Bluetooth™ partner at the end of May 2000. The Digianswer
hardware-based solution shown at CeBIT has an antenna hidden in the casing that pops out
when the PC card is pressed.
l Socket
is working closely with Cambridge Silicon Radio and, on the basis of the single-chip
solution, will presumably be the first to offer a compact flash Bluetooth™ card. Socket’s long
experience of the Windows CE market should place it in a position to develop mature, low
current solutions for the palm computing market.
l TDK
Systems will offer PC cards and OEM modules in the second half of 2001, based on the
Silicon Wave chip. For the beginning of 2002, TDK plans Network Access Points and 10/100
Ethernet / Bluetooth™ combo PC cards.
IT Suppliers are not, themselves, developing
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l Xircom
has developed a PC card and a CF-Card on the basis of the Ericsson radio module and
the VLSI Baseband. These will first be marketed as OEM products then, from May 2001, as
Xircom products.
Apart from 3Com, about whose activities no reliable information was available at the time of
going to press, we believe that all other suppliers of Bluetooth™ PC cards, CF-Cards and USB
adapters are OEM customers of one of the companies already named. We shall update this
presentation in future issues of the white paper and on the Internet at www.rfi.de/Blue-tooth™.
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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14. PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS
According to the information currently available to us, the following Bluetooth™ products are to
be expected in the coming 12 to 24 months:
14.1 Information Technology
Adapters as PC cards, CompactFlash cards (CF cards) or in the mini-PCI format, the internal
slot that is being increasingly used in notebooks.
PCs or PDAs that are equipped with this adapter can then communicate with other Bluetooth™
systems. The extent of the possible functions and services depends, amongst other things, on the
software with which the Bluetooth™ interface is controlled.
USB Adapters represent, possibly, the fastest and simplest possibility of equipping an existing
desktop PC with Bluetooth™. A USB Bluetooth™ Adapter will not, incidentally, be able to
replace a USB connection. The data rate is not sufficient and the protocols are not, in themselves,
compatible. By way of example, it will not be possible to connect a low cost (passive) USB ISDN
adapter to a Bluetooth™ USB adapter and then establish an ISDN connection via a Bluetooth™capable notebook.
Figure 12: AnyCom Blue PC Card
source: RFI
Mobile Computing:
PC Cards, CF Cards and mini-PCI
USB with limitations
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Serial modules can be connected to the RS232 interface in order to equip a computer with
Bluetooth™. The limitations that apply to serial modules are similar to those for USB adapters.
Serial modules are likely to pave the way for Bluetooth™’s entry into the industrial environment
with applications such as data-capture and machine control, where they can be used as a
replacement for vulnerable cables and connectors.
Printer modules, such as the Bluetooth™ compatible Printing Module (BPM) of RFI Elektronik
(Mönchengladbach)5. The BPM also offers the possibility of connecting other products that use
the parallel interface, such as scanners, by Bluetooth™.
Figure 13: AnyCom Bluetooth™ USB Adapter
source: RFI
Printer solutions already available
Serial mainly for industrial applications
5
Profile still in preparation (as of March 2001).
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Ethernet access points enable access to Ethernet networks. Two concepts have been announced: a
simple solution with shared bandwidth and a more complex solution making full Bluetooth™
bandwidth available to a number of users. In the simple solution, a single Bluetooth™ module in
the access point interfaces with the Ethernet node, making a total data capacity of some 720
kbit/s available. For greater capacity, the access point must be equipped with a number of
Bluetooth™ modules.
Figure 14: AnyCom BPM printer module
source: RFI
Network solutions
Notebooks / PDAs: Up to the end of 2001, Bluetooth™ will presumably only be integrated in a
few high-end notebooks since the Bluetooth™ component prices will lie above 50 US$. For
standard notebooks and PDAs, this would increase the price by 100 € to 300 €. This would be
unacceptably damaging to their competitivity for customers who do not wish to use Bluetooth™.
Hard disks, such as recently demonstrated by Ericsson, represent, for example, a particularly
user-friendly backup facility. As soon as the hard disk recognises a Bluetooth™ connection from
the authorised notebook, the data that have changed since the last Bluetooth™ connection are
automatically backed up.
GPS: A GPS receiver that forwards the received GPS data to a target system by Bluetooth™ can
be very practical. In a car, this can save initialisation procedures and avoid cumbersome cables
between notebook and GPS receiver. The GPS receiver can be a fixed installation and as soon as
the notebook is within range, the satellite data can be transferred and the GPS application
started (GPS-Blue from RFI).
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Access Protection: A Bluetooth™ based transmitter that allows access (to a PC, for example)
only when the authorised user is near the system.
Figure 15: TDK Bluetooth™ Access Point
Source: TDK Systems
Bluetooth™ integrated as standard in notebooks and PDAs only after 2001
Applications such as GPS stimulate business
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14.2 Telecommunications:
(Mobile) telephone: It is certain that Bluetooth™ will be integrated in its greatest numbers in
mobile telephones in the coming 24 months. Developments here are following three directions:
first, hands-off devices (such as the headset that has already been announced by Ericsson),
especially universal built-in versions for cars6; second, standardised methods for data transfer
from notebooks and PDAs via GSM and third, a telephone that operates at home as a wired
network terminal and, on the move, as a GSM terminal or, additionally, as a “walkie-talkie”.
ISDN, V.90 adapters: they can be fitted directly in the appropriate telephone socket and make
Internet, remote access etc. available to all Bluetooth™ systems. The ISDN adapters will be
relatively expensive (€ 300 – € 500) since, unlike the current passive ISDN controllers that leave
the protocol processing to the PC, they must be designed as active interfaces with their own
processors.
Mobile telephones are the largest Bluetooth market
6
Motor and mobile telephone manufacturers fear that laws and regulations could strictly limit or totally forbid
telephoning while driving. Bluetooth™ could so far simplify the operation and use of mobile telephones that such systems
could be excluded from the restrictions.
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
- 44 © 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
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14.3 Consumer Products: Doors, TV, Multimedia
There is a great variety of consumer applications and some developers have shown themselves to
be quite visionary – adventurous, even astonishing. It seems that almost anything can be done
with Bluetooth™ for which cable and/or an authorisation is needed at present. Following are a
few examples:
Universal remote controls can be used for the stereo system, TV, video, garage door or any other
remote controlled device. This brings into being a market for remote control software, which in
addition to communicating the desired functions could also (using the Internet) display the day’s
TV programmes in the virtual remote control window on the notebook.
A Bluetooth™ cash card that can be used for automatic payment to drinks dispensers, theatre
box-offices or in shopping centres and can be reloaded by simply walking past a cash point.
Automated check-in at, for example, airports or car hire companies.
Figure 16: Ericsson R520m Mobile Telephone: Bluetooth & GPRS
source: Ericsson
Bluetooth™, an infrastructure for mobile commerce
Consumer applications still a long way off
Shoe-soles (!) that, when jogging, send data to a training recorder or
on entering a hotel, automatically transmit customer requirements (non-smoking room with
Bluetooth™ ISDN connection, payment by company credit card, company address for billing).
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Digital cameras that can send pictures to a PC or directly to a photo printer without a cable
connection.
14.4 Software and Hidden Computing
In the following section, a few applications are presented with indications of the software
required.
Telephone: telephone numbers are automatically synchronised between the PC, the fixed
network phone and the GSM phone; as soon as the user with his mobile moves away from the
fixed network phone, calls are automatically diverted to the mobile.
Location dependent applications: if the owner of a Bluetooth™ - capable mobile telephone
allows, the ringing tone can be automatically switched off or changed to vibration alarm on
entering a given room that is equipped with the corresponding Bluetooth™ terminal, e.g. a
church, museum or a disco (where ringing would certainly be inaudible).
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15. GLOSSARY
ADSL
Abbr. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. A Digital Subscriber Line System (DSL) to carry out
broadband data connections via the conventional copper cable connection network.
ADSL systems are manufactured without exception for bidirectional transmissions with both
flow directions (downstream and upstream). Unlike the SDSL systems (Symmetric DSL) the flow
directions of the ADSL do not have the same band breadth. The downstream channel in the
direction of the subscriber (participant) comes as a broad band (e.g., 6 Mbits/s), whereas the
upstream channel in the opposite direction (back channel) comes as a relatively narrow band
(e.g., 16 kbits/s) and is primarily meant to transmit control messages. This is why the concept of
asymmetry is used. In this manner, ADSL can be used for the transport of multimedial data in
the connection area of the telephone network/ISDN. Connection of the terminal devices
(television set, control devices, etc) is provided via a special decoder device, the Set Top Box.
API
Abbr. Application Program Interface. Interface for application programs for access to already
defined routines such as standardised communication services.
AT Modem Commands
Abbr. Attention. A control sign with the North American Hayes Standard for modem
communication, which is found at the beginning of nearly all commands (Hayes command set).
For this reason the standard is also often called ’AT Standard’. The globally introduced industry
standard has in the meantime become the object of an ITU recommendation under the
designation ITU-T V.25ter.
CE Market
With Windows CE, Microsoft has adapted its operation system Windows to small PCs (handheld
PCs). It contains pocket versions of Word, Excel, Outlook, Internet Explorer and Powerpoint. A
Window variant that is to be applied in board computers and set-top-boxes as an integrative
program.
CF Card
With this card all handheld and pocket PCs with Compact Flash Slot can be extended by the
BluetoothTM function – and can communicate and cooperate with other BluetoothTM components
such as printers or mobile phones.
DECT
Abbr. Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication, formerly: Digital European Cordless
Telecommunication. Digital ETSI standard for cordless phones, wireless TK installations and
wireless LANs. DECT features: first-class speech quality, highly bugproof, identification of
subscribers, no unauthorised usage, dynamic channel selection, handling channel balance
disturbances, possibility of setting up cellular networks, very high contact density, interruptionfree switching between channels (Seamless Handover), rapid connection established within 50
ms, data transmission, flexible data rate allocation, interworking with the public telephone
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network (analogue/ISDN), GSM and X.25 networks, telepoint operation, use in private and
business areas.
DTMF
Multiple frequency tone transmission.
The transmission of multiple frequency tones (DTMF) on an existing connection allows for the
control of various counterparts. The most frequent applications are the input of passwords to call
up answerphones/mailboxes as well as the so-called Call-Back and Call-Through processes for
the usage of different telephone providers. But even for frequent dialling of menu-controlled
telephone installations or the phoning of services with selection options, it can be very helpful to
store the required DTMF sequence together with the call number.
Electro smog (EMV)
Abbr. Electromagnetic compatibility. Unspecific description of the influences of electric and
magnetic fields (radiation) upon technical systems and nature, including living things; at the
same time measure ment for the acceptance of electromagnetic radiation in/within electrical and
electronic devices, systems and installations.
GPS
Abbr. Global Positioning System. Also used under the name of NAVSTAR-GPS global satellite
system (NAVSTAR, „Navigation Star“) within the area of responsibility of the US Ministry of
Defence (Department of Defense, DoD) for high-precision localisation, navigation and time
allocation. Usage of this system by civilians, including non-authorised users is guaranteed by
consent of the DoD within the frame of the Standard Positioning Service (SPS). GPS works with
24 orbiting satellites (NAVSTAR satellites) - 21 operational and three spare satellites – on 6
orbits with a path height of ca 20,180 km. The NAVSTAR satellites emit radio signals on the
frequency 1.57542 GHz, that contain time information (world time with a precision of 2 x 10-13
seconds) and path information through which the corresponding signal times can be ascertained
very precisely. In case the GPS receiver receives simultaneously the radio signals from min. three
GPS satellites, the receiver will be able to determine exactly on the basis of the running times of
the individual signals the coordinates of his position to 10 m up to 100 m.
GSM
Abbr. Global System for Mobile Communications. Initially a European mobile radio concept,
based on the GSM Standard, when the CEPT workgroup „Groupe Special Mobile“ (GSM) took
up its development in 1982, the work of whom being continued since 1989 by ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards Institute). Nowadays the digital Standard GSM embodies the
internationally most successful cellular mobile radio concept. More than 110 countries with over
200 network providers have opted for GSM. Globally there are by now 120 millions of
subscribers using GSM, and first forecasts for the year 2000 predict ca 250 million GSM
subscribers. The biggest GSM market worldwide is China.
IEEE 802
Standard (series) of the IEEE workgroup 802 with specifications (techniques for linking up to the
cable network, access procedures, security protocols etc) for LANs and comparable long distance
networks.
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IEEE 802 is structured into the following sections: IEEE 802.1, IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.3, IEEE
802.4, IEEE 802.5, IEEE 802.6, IEEE 802.7, IEEE 802.8, IEEE 802.9, IEEE 802.10, IEEE 802.11,
IEEE 802.12, IEEE 802.13
IP
Abbr. Internet Protocol. An important internet protocol (RFC 791) from the TCP/IP protocol
family of the internet layer (layer 3 of the OSI reference model, accordingly) with functions for
connecting path and flow control. The connectionless (Connectionless Mode) and unsecured
protocol allows for a network-crossing package-orientated data exchange between terminal
systems addressed via 32-Bit-IP addresses. Each package – so-called IP datagramme – is
provided with a sending and a receiving address with the aid of which the datagrammes can
reach their target station from router to router, independently of their previous path. The IP
carries out a best-effort delivery service: the network tries by all means to deliver the
datagrammes, but without guaranteeing that they will be delivered or that they are correct. The
future will also see Integrated Services (IS, RFC 1633) which are to carry out guaranteed services
such as band breadth guarantees. An IP network is the sum of all addresses with an equal
network share. This is written as 128.29.0.0 or 128.29 (host-bits set to 0). In the broadcast address
of a network all host-bits are set to 1, e.g., 128.29.255.255. A disadvantage of the class division is
the inefficient usage of the address store.
IrDA
Abbr. Infrared Data Association. Association dealing with specifications of infrared data
transmission.
ISDN
Abbr. Integrated Services Digital Network. Communication concept on the basis of path
provided 64-kbits/s connections (N-ISDN - Narrowband ISDN) for public mass communications
and local appliations that are to replace gradually the existing analogue telephone networks. The
trend for higher band breadths is expressed by present efforts for a broadband ISDN (B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network). In Germany the national ISDN is part of the
official telephone network of Deutsche Telekom. The designation of ISDN is limited here to the
connection area (ISDN connections) and the services available (ISDN services or service
features).
Mini PCI
Mini PCI is a slot integrated in the notebook, that allows for the internal connection of additional
components such as a modem or network cards. The advantage is that the limited PC-Card
connections are left free for further components and thus a higher flexibility is maintained.
MP3 Player
1. Software allowing for playing MP3 files (MPEG-1 Layer 3) on a multimedia computer.
2. Portable playing device for MP3 files.
MPEG2
Abbr. Motion Pictures Expert Group. MPEG is the standard group that deals with animated
pictures (such as TV or film material). Video compression standards MPEG1 and MPEG2 were
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given their names after the industry group. These procedures save storage space by storing only
data that have changed with the next picture.
Multipoint:
Point to Multipoint Distribution: data transmission from one transmitter to several receivers.
NetBIOS
Abbr. Network Basic Input/Output System. IBM development of OSI layers 3 to 5. NetBIOS
describes the interface with the application software on any transport systems, without further
specifying the layer protocols. Most important communication interface for DOS-PCs.
Obex
Support of various transport protocols and media. Since wireless networks use different
transport protocols and media, the protocol must work smoothly and efficiently via: HTTP1 (i.e.,
the Internet), WSP (Wireless Session Protocol, part of the WAP protocols), OBEX (i.e.,
Bluetooth, IrDA and other local connections).
PC Card (PCMCIA)
Abbr. Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. Originally association of
memory card producers, founded to further compatibility of memory cards (storage extension)
and development of corresponding conventions (standards). The PCMCIA standard currently
valid comprises, besides determining memory cards, also and for the first time indications for
Input and Output so that by now even telefax modems, network adaptors (e.g., ISDN adaptors)
and hard disks can be produced in PCMCIA format.
PCI
Abbr. Programmable Communication Interface. Application interface for ISDN PC-Cards in
accordance with ITU-T recommendation T.611, which integrates the experiences of the national
telecommunication interface APPLI/COM version 1.0. Unlike the widespread interface CAPI
which covers only the three lower layers of the OSI architecture, the PCI is located within the
same architecture at a very high place and and covers all communication tasks as the interface
between application programs and communication sofware. An application programmer can
therefore easily convert his program into a communicating one and does not need to have expert
knowledge of communication services, communication protocols or registration procedures.
Piconet
A Bluetooth network is composed of individual bubbles, so-called piconets, that can receive a
maximum of eight devices each time. To make sure more subscribers can share wireless
communication, up to ten piconets of a receiving area establish contact between themselves. The
founder of a part network, that is, the device establishing the first connection, assumes among the
other subscribers a primary position and sets up the jump sequence used within the piconet. To
enable the other devices to keep pace, the master sends out synchronisation signals.
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PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
A relatively new type of small mobile computers. They are used as appointments diaries,
encyclopedias and for capturing small data quantities. Sending and receiving faxes is also
possible in conjunction with a radio telephone.
PPP
Abbr. Point-to-Point Protocol. Bit-oritentated communication protocol (RFC 1661) of OSI layer
2, to provide network protocols such as TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, DECnet or AppleTalk via Point-toPoint connections. Similar in its functioning to Frame Relay, the PPP supports transmission
speeds up to 2 Mbit/s and consists of three components. Typical PPP applications: LAN-LAN
coupling (Router, Bridge) via the official network, connection between host and workstation,
internet access via Dial-in/Dial-out connections.
Sleepmode
Energy saving mode. Transition to a sleepmode (»clicking shut«)
Scatternet
Piconets with overlapping areas are called Scatternet.
TAPI
Abbr. Telephony Application Program Interface. Interface defined by Microsoft, with the aid of
which telephone functions can be controlled from any Window application.
TCP/IP
Abbr. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. A family of protocols (De-facto
Standard) designed for data exchange between computers, which is highly flexible, scalable and
robust. TCP/IP protocols are set up for almost all calculators and operating systems and are run
via most of the network technologies such as Ethernet, Token Ring, ISDN and ATM. They are
applied at speeds of a few bits per second up to the gigabit area.
USB
Abbr. Universal Serial Bus. Interface system for personal computers for connecting peripheral
devices. This interface which was initiated in 1995 by Intel and standardised in 1997 is to replace
in the medium term the conventional connection systems such as the familiar parallel and serial
data interface or even the special connections for keyboard and bus-mouse.
WAP
Abbr. Wireless Application Protocol. A frame standard designed in mid-1997 by companies
Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Unwired Planet (http://www.wapforum.com) for access to
information and services of the internet with the aid of the mobile radio phone. The standard is
meant to create a uniform basis for the development of wireless IP services (IP, Internet
Protocol) and was conceived independently of the actual radio interface. With regard to the
technical prerequisites for internet communication, a several-line long text display, access to a
mobile radio network and a micro browser should be sufficient.
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The required adaptations to the respective radio carrier or the mobile radio network are carried
out in the transport layer so that developing services can be pursued independently of the
applications above.
WinSockets
Abbr. Windows Sockets. A standard API package (Application Program Interface) for accessing
network functions and the Internet under MSWindows.
Sources:
Interest Verlag:
http://www.interest.de/online/tkglossar/index.html
aetka Communication Center AG
http://aetka.de/support/lexikon.asp
BR-Online:
http://www.br-online.de/wissenschaft/wimfs/treff/tr9905.html)
Nokia:
http://www.nokia.at/german/technocorner/sync_eigenschaften2.html
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16. INDEX
BluetoothTM Radio
BluetoothTM Link Controller
page
7, 21, 36, 37
7
BluetoothTM Link Manager
7, 17, 18
Fast Frequency Hopping
8
ISM Band
9
Transmitter Power
Baseband
BluetoothTM Protocol
9
10, 21, 36
11
Data-rate
11
Piconet
13
Multipoint
13
Audio Data
14
PIN
14
Encryption
15
Data Security
Chips
15, 28
15, 21, 34
BluetoothTM Protocol Stack
16, 29
Link Manager
16
Host Controller Interface (HCI)
18
Cambridge Silicon Radio
21
Current Consumption
BluetoothTM Profiles and Certification
22
23, 25, 26
Headset
24
Fax
24, 35
LAN Access
24
Printing Profile
25, 35, 38, 41
Dial-Up Networking Profil
26, 28, 30, 35
Operating System Requirements
27
Wireless Communication Technologies
31
IrDA
31
AIR
32
DECT
32
HomeRF
32
802.11b
33
HiperLAN2
33
Motorola
37
Microsoft
37
USB Adapter
40
Access Points
42
(Mobile) Telephone
44
Ericsson
45
ISDN
46
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17. INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES
FIGURES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1: Technical Fundamentals
page
.............................7
Figure 2: Dominance of Bluetooth over other 2,4 GHz technologies
Figure 3: Data-rates, Bluetooth compared to other systems
Figure 4: Possible Bluetooth Network Structures
Figure 5: Bluetooth Data Packet
...9
. . . . . . . . . . 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 6: Ericsson Bluetooth Module
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Figure 7: Bluetooth "Lower Layers"
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 8: Bluetooth Protocols
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 9: Bluetooth End-to-End Communication Model
Figure 10: Bluetooth Profiles
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 11: Bluetooth™ Stack Diagram
Figure 12: AnyCom Blue PC Card
. . . . . . . . . . 20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Figure 13: AnyCom Bluetooth™ USB Adapter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Figure 14: AnyCom BPM printer module
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figure 15: TDK Bluetooth™ Access Point
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 16: Ericsson R520m Mobile Telephone: Bluetooth & GPRS . . . . . . . . 46
TABLES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
page
Summary of Bluetooth™ Radio / RF design:
10
Data-rate - Isochronous - Asynchronous kb/s
11
Summary of Bluetooth™ Protocol and Baseband
15
Summary, Host Controller Interface (HCI) and Link Manager
20
Mode - Current consumption - Operating time
22
Summary on Bluetooth™ Profiles
26
Scenario - Profile
28
comparison between Bluetooth™ and other wireless communications
technologies
31
Typical computer applications and their profiles
35
PC Manufacturer - Bluetooth™ Partner
38
Web-pages of companies mentioned
50
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18. FURTHER INFORMATION
Web-pages of companies mentioned
3COM
http://www.3com.dk/press/press_991207.html
Atmel
http://www.teledotcom.com/news1199/news110999_1.html
AnyCom
http://www.rfi.de; www.lintec.de/news/news-2k0223.html
Cahners In-Stat Group
http://www.instat.com/pr/1999/mm9910bw_pr.htm
Cambridge Silicon Radio
http://www.cambridgesiliconradio.com/newsroom
Enea
http://www.enea.com/PRESS/press_releases/archive.htm
Ericsson
http://www.bluetooth.ericsson.se/default.asp
Extended Systemes Inc.
http://www.extendedsystems.com/press/2000/000222.html
Frost & Sullivan
http://www.frost.com/pdf/reports/IT/rp371174.pdf
IBM
http://www.pc.ibm.com/europe/pcnews/bluetooth_technology_no_stri1.html
Infineon
http://www.infineon.com/news/events/vorlage_art.htm
Intel
http://www.intel.com/mobile/bluetooth/
IVT Corporation
http://www.ivtcorporation.com/press.htm
Lucent
http://www.lucent.com/micro/bluetooth/
Microsoft
http://www.microsoft.com/winhec/presents/Mobile/Mobile4.htm
Motorola
http://www.motorola.com/bluetooth/
National Semiconductor
http://www.national.com/news/
Nokia
http://www.nokia.com/phones/bluetooth/step.html
Parthus
http://www.parthus.com
Psion
http://www.psion.com/news/dacom_bluetooth.asp
Siemens
http://www.siemens.ch/news/presseinfos/pressemitteilungen/003018.htm
SIG Group
http://www.bluetooth.com/text/bluetoothguide/whois/whois.asp(Story)
SiliconWave
http://www.siliconwave.com/news.html
Socket
http://www.socketcom.com/press/pr000228a.htm
TDK
http://www.tdksys.com/bluetooth/
Thoshiba
http://www.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/bluetooth.html
VLSI
http://www-us.semiconductors.com/vlsi/
Xircom
http://www.xircom.com/pr/detail/0,1311,1_695_Z1_13-122Z,00.html
Bluetooth Whitepaper – www.rfi.de
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© 2001, rfi mobile technologies AG
Bluettoth is a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to rfi mobile technologies AG