Download SUB: BIOLOGY CLASS: VIII ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION

SUB: BIOLOGY
CLASS: VIII
ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION
Classification: Grouping of similar objects according to their common features.
Species
(lowest Level)
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom(Highest Level)
Species: Organisms of a particular kind whose members can interbreed among themselves to
produce fertile young ones. E.g. all mankind belong to the same species (Homo sapiens)
[Crossing / interbreeding can occur between two closely related species however the
offspring are invariable sterile e.g. Mule is a cross between a donkey (male ) and a
horse (female) however it is sterile and cannot reproduce]
Genus: Similar species constitute the next higher category called genus. E.g. The Hill Crow and
the House crow are two different species but the two kinds of crows belong to the same genus
Corvus.
Family: A group of genera with certain common characteristics form a family. E.g. a larger cat
family (Felidae) comprises of genus of lion, tiger and domestic cat.
Order: A group of related families make an order. E.g. the cat family and the dog family possess
some common features so they make an order “Carnivora”
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Class: Related orders make a class. .E.g. the orders of different animals like dogs, cats, bats,
whales have some common features such as Milk glands and hairy skin. They form a Class
“Mammalia”
Phylum: Related classes constitute a phylum. E.g. the classes of different animals like mammals,
birds, reptiles, frogs, fishes etc. together constitute the phylum Chordata
Kingdom: The kingdom is the largest division of living beings. E. g Animalia
The five kingdoms under the recent scheme of classification are:
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
Five Kingdom Classification
Organisms
Prokaryotes (Unicellular, unorganized nucleus)
1. Kingdom MONERA (bacteria)
(Unicellular & Prokaryotic)
Unicellular
2. Kingdom PROTISTA (Unicellular & Eukaryotic)
(Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium)
With Cell Wall
Eukaryotes (Organized nucleus)
Multicellular
Without Cell-wall
Do not perform photosynthesis Perform Photosynthesis
5. Kingdom ANIMALIA
3. Kingdom FUNGI
4. Kingdom PLANTAE
(Multicellular, Eukaryotic &
(Multicellular, Eukaryotic &
(Multicellular, Eukaryotic &
Heterotrophic)
Saprophytic)
Autotrophic)
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ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION
Scientists have divided the Animal Kingdom into two main groups:
1. Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)
2. Invertebrates (animals without a backbone)
Difference between Vertebrates and Invertebrates
Features
Internal skeleton
VERTREBRATES
They have an internal skeleton
INVERTEBRATES
No internal skeleton
Back bone
A back bone is present
Backbone is not present
Tail
A tail is usually present
Tail is absent
Heart
Heart is on ventral side of the
body
Heart when present, is on the
dorsal side of body
Spinal cord
Spinal cord is on the dorsal side
Spinal cord is on the ventral side
Limbs
They have two pairs of limbs
They have three or more pairs of
limbs, if present
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin in red blood cells
Haemoglobin, if present,
dissolved
INVERTEBRATES
1. Phylum PORIFERA ( pore bearers[sponges])
- Simple multicellular animals
- Body consist of hollow tube
- No single mouth but many pores or canal are present in the body
- Through these the water enters the body and also the food
- Mostly sponges are found in sea
- Example : Sycon, bathsponge
SYCON BATHSPONGE
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2. Phylum CNIDARIA ( Sac like animals)
- Have two layered body wall which encloses a single cavity in which digestion takes
place
- Cavity opens by a mouth at one end only
- They have tentacles to catch the food organisms
- Found mostly in sea
- Examples : Hydra, Jellyfish, Corals
Jellyfish
Sea Anemone
Hydra
3. Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES ( Flatworms)
- These are small, soft, flattened, unsegmented worms, without body cavity
- Alimentary canal has only one opening, the mouth
- Most of them live as parasites, few are free, living in fresh water or sea
- Examples : Parasites --- Liverfluke, Tapeworm
Free living --- Planarian
Tapeworm
Planarian
Liverfluke
4. Phylum NEMATODA( Roundworms)
- They are long, cylindrical and unsegmented, without body cavity
- Alimentary canal opens at two ends, mouth and anus
- Mostly parasitic, some live free in the soil
- Examples : Hookworms and Ascaris in man, Eelworms in potato plants
Hookworm
Ascaris
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Eelworms of potato
5. Phylum ANNELIDA ( segmented or ringed worms)
- Their body is cylindrical and divided into ringlike segments
- Has well developed digestive system
- Alimentary canal opens at both ends, mouth and anus
- They have a true body cavity, the coelum
- Examples : Earthworms, Leeches and Nereis
Earthworm
Nereis
Leeches
6. Phylum ARTHROPODA ( Jointed-legged animals)
- These animals have jointed limbs, one pair on some or an all body segments
- Exoskeleton made of chitin
- They cast off their exoskeleton during growth in early life, which is regrown
- Casting off and the regrowing of the exoskeleton is collectively called moulding
- Examples : Crayfish, Crabs, Millipede, Centipede, Insects, Scorpions, Spiders
Millipede
crab
Centipede
Spider
7. Phylum Mollusca
- These animals have soft unsegmented body, with hard calcareous shell
- have a muscular foot to help locomotion and also to act as weapon in some cases
- Examples: Snails, Slugs, Oysters, Octopuses, Squids, Mussels
Snail
Slug
Mussel
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Sepia
8. Phylum Echinodermata (Spiny- skinned animals )
- Echinoderms are unsegmented, marine animals
- Have an exoskeleton and spiny surface
- Move by means of tube-feet
- They have similar parts arranged regularly around central point
- Examples : Starfish, Brittle-stars, Sea-Urchins
Starfish
Sea Urchin
Brittle star
VERTEBRATES
All chordates possess a notochord which is a rod like structure present in the mid dorsal axis of the
body which later is replaced by a backbone or vertebral column. The chordates possess a backbone
and are called vertebrates.
- These animals have head, a trunk and two pair of appendages
- Gill slits are present at some time in their life
- Vertebrates are divided into five classes
Pisces ( Fishes)
Amphibia ( Frog)
Reptilia ( Lizards)
Aves ( Birds)
Mammalia ( Hairy quadrupeds)
1. Class Pisces :
-
Sharks
This class includes all fishes
They are completely adapted to aquatic life
They have two chambered heart
Breathe by means of gills
Cold blooded or poikilothermal ( their body temperature fluctuates directly with
the temperature of the environment)
Their body is covered with scales
They have fins but no limbs
Fishes are of two types
Cartilaginous fishes ( Sharks, Dogfish, Skates)
Bony fishes ( Roaches, Herrings, Trouts, Carps)
Dogfish
Carps
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Trouts
2. Class Amphibia
-
Amphibians live partly on land partly in water
Eggs are laid in water
In early stages( larvae), they breathe by means of gills
Their adults breathe by means of lungs
They have smooth, non-scaly, slimy skin
Three chambered heart, cold blooded
Five fingered( pentadactyl) limbs
Examples: Frog, Toad, Salamander, Newt
Salamander
Toad
Frog
3. Class Reptilia:
-
Reptiles are completely adapted to life on land
Their eggs have a leathery shell
Breathe by means of lungs right from birth
Three chambered heart, cold blooded
Rough horny scales on the skin
Examples: Lizards, Snake, Tortoise, Turtle, Crocodile, Alligator, Ghariyal
Lizard
Snake
Tortoise
Crocodile
4. Class Aves:
-
All birds belong to this class
Breathe by means of lungs
Streamlined body to facilitate flying
They have exoskeleton of feathers
Forelimbs are modified into wings
Warm blooded or homeothermal
Scaly legs and four chambered heart
Lay eggs with calcareous shells
Examples :Sparrow, Pigeon, Crow, Duck, Penguins, Ostrich, Owl
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Penguin
Crow
Pigeon
Duck
5. Class Mammalia:
-
Most highly developed animals on land
Some of them live in water ( whales, porpoises)
Bats fly in air
Give birth to living ones except Australian Spiny ant-eater and Duckbilled
platypus( lay eggs)
Warm blooded, have hair on their skin
Four chambered heart , breathe by means of lungs
Have pair of external ears( pinnae)
External testes contained in scrotum
Examples: Cat, Dog, Cow, Sheep, Rat, Bat, Monkey, Apes
Cow
Monkey
Rat
Australian Spiny ant-eater
(Egg laying mammal)
Australian ant
eater
Duckbilled Platypus
(Egg laying mammal
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Question Bank
Animal Classification
1.
2.
Name the five kingdoms of classification
Match the names of groups in column I with the names of animals in column II
Column I
Column II
(Group)
(Animals)
Annelida
Pigeon
Porifera
Snake
Mollusca
Earthworm
Reptilia
Sponge
Amphibia
Octopus
Pisces
Trout
Mammal
Rabbit
3.
What are the name of the following groups/ Phylums of animals?
a. Animals with backbone__________
b. Animals with feathers____________
c. Animals with hairy skin_____________
d. Animals with three pair of legs__________________
4.
State the phylum for each of the following invertebrates
Animal
5.
6.
Phylum
a. Leech
b. Tapeworm
c. Paramecium
d. Roundworm
e. Scorpion
f. Centipede
g. Butterfly
h. Ascaris
Which of the following animals are inverbrates?
Housefly, Silverfish, Jellyfish, Whales, Penguin, Lizard, Sponge
Given below is a list of animals each followed by three terms or features?
Underline the term which does not match with the animal.
I. Amoeba------- Nucleus, tentacle, food vacuole, Animalia
II.
Fish----- Gills, Paired fins, Ear drum
III.
Earthworm------ Invertebrates, Annelida, Insecta
IV. Whale-----Gills, mammary glands, fat under skin
V. Pigeon ----- Feathers, wings, hair
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7.
Mention the class of vertebrates against each.
I. Crocodile : ____________________
II.
Penguin : _____________________
III.
Toad : ________________________
IV. Shark : _______________________
V. Bat : _________________________
VI. Whale : ______________________
VII.
House Lizard : _________________
8.
Listed below are characteristics in column I and the classes of Chordates in
column II. Match at least two characteristics with the class.
I.
Column I
(Characteristics)
Three chambered heart
a.
Column II
( Classes)
Pisces
II.
Feathers
b.
Amphibia
III.
Two chambered heart
c.
Reptilia
IV.
Ear drum in a pit
d.
Aves
V.
Scales
e.
Mammalia
VI.
External ears
VII.
Gills
VIII.
Moist skin
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