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Project Organised Problem Based Learning (POPBL) Agenda • Communication • Oral presentation • P0 experience exchange 5: Communication and group dynamics + P0-experience exchange Master of Science – Introductory Semester (E7) Lecturer: Lars Peter Jensen E7 Intro - E07 Communication 1 E7 Intro - E07 2 Ways of communication - a definition - from ancient Latin: communis - ”common” One-on-one Few-on-few One-on-many Two-way ’Multi-way’ One-way Discussion Group discussion Presentation Working papers Notes for a course - sharing, making commonly known Participants Merriam-Webster: ( www.m-w.com ) a: to convey knowledge of or information about : make known <communicate a story> b: to reveal by clear signs <his fear communicated itself to his friends> to transmit information, thought, or feeling so that it is satisfactorily received or understood c: E7 Intro - E07 Characteristic Oral Written 3 Letters, e-mail E7 Intro - E07 4 Two means of human communication: Dialogue Dialog versus diskussion Dialogue and Discussion Dialogue is an expansive process - your knowledge is increased. How is the ’mind map of the world’ for the others?? Discussion is a narrowing process - you agree on a collective ’mind map of the world’ E7 Intro - E07 5 • The objective is to understand what others understand – understand their ’mind map of the world’ • The means are: listening – passively and actively. • The characteristics are: to be curios; open minded; eager to learn. • Cultural sensitivity requires dialogue !! E7 Intro - E07 6 1 Positive communication Discussion How to achieve positive communication to support learning? • The objective is to agree upon a decision – a common ’mind map of the world’ • The means are: shift between listening, reflecting, developing ideas and speaking • The characteristics are: holistic judgements (see it as a whole) and reasonable decisions E7 Intro - E07 7 Positive dialogue E7 Intro - E07 8 Active Listening Aktiv lytning Active Listening Builds on the ability to: Coding Decoding • ’Mirror’, (repeat with your own words) what the other person says • Communicate on the other person’s premises • Show understanding and respect for the other persons opinion • Interpret – not judge or condemn. E7 Intro - E07 9 E7 Intro - E07 10 Body language of a listener Passive Listening A listening person: Has eye contact Builds on the ability to: Has an open posture • Be silent • Express acknowledgement • Invite others to go into details using encouraging words: ”Yes”,”No”,”I see”,”Hmmm” and • openers: ”Tell more”, ”How would you” etc. E7 Intro - E07 Is leaning slightly forward Nods at intervals Is conscious of own and receiver’s body language 11 E7 Intro - E07 12 2 Positive discussion Contributions furthering discussion • • • • • • Positive discussion Contributions improving ’climate’ climate’ Make proposals Search for information via questions Give information Summing up the discussion Elaborate and further develop ideas Test own and others’ understanding of the topic under discussion E7 Intro - E07 • • • • • • Praise and encourage others Support others in being listened to Follow and support ideas of others Openly express change of opinion Show openness Listen actively 13 E7 Intro - E07 Negative discussion Contributions blocking discussion 14 Positive communication When you have to make a decision… 4 phases involved: • • • • • Disagree without constructive alternatives Attack proposals of others Defend own proposals aggressively Speaking all the time without listening Talk about other subjects 1. 2. 3. Making suggestions – ’drawing different maps’. Elaborating, explaining – ’understanding the maps’. Developing further, comprehensive assessment – ’heading for a better map’. Deciding – ’drawing the (best) collective map’ 4. Phase 1 – 2 is the dialogue. Phase 3 – 4 is the discussion. E7 Intro - E07 15 E7 Intro - E07 Positive communication Reflexive writing and ‘marking rounds’ • • • • Positive communication Reflexive writing and ‘marking rounds’ Can be used before, during and after a decisionmaking process: ..are good tools in team work because they: Five minutes ’time-out’, where All speaking in the group is forbidden and Each student spontaneously writes down his or her thoughts about the form of the discussion and the issues discussed at the moment After 5 minutes take a ‘marking round’ where everyone explains their thoughts • • E7 Intro - E07 16 • 17 Give those who have ’dropped out’ of the discussion a possibility to come back in. Give everybody a possibility to put forward their views and opinions. Make the communication process open and visible because of the writing. GOOD ADVICE: Let the less speaking student start!! E7 Intro - E07 18 3 Positive communication Constructive feedback Positive communication A good advice to remember !! Feedback must: • • • • • • • • Describe behaviour – not interpret motives Express your own feelings directly – not indirectly Be specific – not general Only address issues which can be changed Make room for change Be non-judgmental Only be given when asked for/agreed upon – not uninvited Be motivated by a wish to help others – not to hurt E7 Intro - E07 • Be towards others as you wish them to be towards you!! 19 E7 Intro - E07 Oral presentation 20 Group discussion Watching the video • To make a ’do’ list for making oral presentation • To make a ’donot’ list for making oral presentation E7 Intro - E07 21 E7 Intro - E07 Break for 10 minutes 22 The short presentation plan 1. 2. 3. Tell them what you are going to tell them! Tell them! Tell them what you have told them! Deadline is deadline ! E7 Intro - E07 23 E7 Intro - E07 24 4 The longer presentation plan- 2 The longer presentation planplan- 1 Things to think about: !Content - message, structure Questions to ask: • • • • • • • Who is to know? What is my point? Why do I want to tell? How much do I know? How should I tell it? Where/when to tell? How do I behave? Receiver, code, power Message Motivation Competence Focus, media Situation Attitude !Appearance - confident, open, lively (eye-contact, hands) !Articulation - clear, fluent, correct terminology (write) !AV-aids - blackboard, OHP, PowerPoint, posters, film !Time-management - organise, message !Group collaboration - organise, message Plan - rehearse - evaluate – review – rehearse etc. E7 Intro - E07 25 E7 Intro - E07 Oral presentations - body language Body language Elements in body language • eyes • facial mimic • gesture • posture • position • dressing E7 Intro - E07 Superior and selfconfident; don’t turn your back to the audience Signals defence and insecurity despite the smileE7 Intro - E07 26 • Be aware of your body language – often there is a contradiction between what you say and what your body tells • Some examples which may well be culturally biased?? 27 Confident, committed and confidence-inspiring 29 E7 Intro - E07 Defensive and keeping his distance A little nervous; holding a pencil or a pointing device will look more natural E7 Intro - E07 28 Aggressive, determined 30 5 Nervousness . . . . . . .Everyone is nervous, insecure and/or exited the only thing that helps is practice. • Prepare • Rehearse •In front of friends Open and honest Insecure, holding his own hand Cautious and a little insecure E7 Intro - E07 31 Lecture: On reflection and learning •In front of mirror • Write introduction + conclusion E7 Intro - E07 32 WHAT is reflection? Examples of reflection: 1. 2. 3. 4. A student is reflecting when: • She notices that important information is missing in a text, thinks about possible reasons for leaving out the info and looks up the info in other places. • She realises that the given math exercise is different from the standard exercises in the book, identifies the difference and knows what to do differently. • He looks back at an overruled time plan, identifies the time-consuming activities and makes allowances for these kinds of activities in the next time schedule. WHAT is reflection? WHY use reflection? HOW to reflect? Introduction to cross-group work E7 Intro - E07 33 34 WHY use reflection? WHAT is reflection? Oxford English Dictionary The action, on the part of surfaces, of throwing back light or heat (rays, beams, etc.) falling upon them; But also • The action of turning (back) or fixing the thoughts on some subject; meditation, deep or serious consideration. Engineers of today need methodological competencies, such as: Flexibility and capacity for change. Such competencies are closely connected with ’lifelong learning’ which can be achieved through awareness about learning processes. Awareness about learning processes can be achieved through reflection upon learning processes. From the examples: • Notice • Think about • Look back at • Identify • Plan based on experience E7 Intro - E07 E7 Intro - E07 35 E7 Intro - E07 36 6 Introduction to cross-group work HOW to reflect? Make conscious observations by asking questions: 1. WHAT went well in P0? … and WHY did it go well? WHAT went wrong in P0? and WHY did it go wrong? The reflection is embedded in the WHY? questions Reflection as a tool for development and improvement of methodological competencies can be used in connection with learning processes within all areas of engineering but in the POPBL course we focus upon learning processes in the area of project organised group work. E7 Intro - E07 37 Start out with a round of presentation, giving name, P0-project topic and supervisor 2. Do a series of rounds describing how your project group organised the following: Project management, team work, co-operation with your supervisor. 3. Do a series of rounds of analysing and assessing your project process, taking your point of departure in the questions: WHAT went well in P0? … and WHY did it go well? WHAT went wrong in P0? and WHY did it go wrong? E7 Intro - E07 38 Introduction to cross-group work (cont.) 4. From the answers to the above questions generalise in the following format: …and now the cross-group work! ! What we will continue to do in P1 ! What we will do differently and better in P1 5. Give ’Good advice’ to yourself and your fellow students (and possibly also to your supervisors) aimed at improving the project work process in P1 6. Write down the ’Good advice’ on a slide (e.g. Power Point) and prepare a short presentation in room B2-109. At 3 p.m. the presentation starts – please select one member from each cross group to present your slides. E7 Intro - E07 E7 Intro - E07 39 40 Deadlines for personal portfolio • A first version of the personal portfolio should be sent to Lars Peter Jensen: [email protected] not later than november second (2/11-2007) • The final version of the personal portfolio should be sent to Lars Peter Jensen: [email protected] not later than december 13th (13/12-2007) E7 Intro - E07 41 7