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Read Naturally Level 8.0 Answer Key for Comprehension Questions Note: The list of answers for some of the questions may not include all the possibilities. 1 2 Sputnik and the Space Race 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. Possible answers: it made many Americans feel less technologically inferior and more powerful than the Soviet Union; it showed that the United States was also capable of a major feat in space exploration 6. a. 3, b. 5, c. 4, d. 1, e. 2 7. atmosphere, elliptical, communist, subside, collaborate 8. Possible answers: it fueled competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by making people in the United States feel technologically inferior and fearful about the use of weapons 9. Possible answers: they were competing to be the most powerful nation; they were trying to outdo each other militarily, politically, and technologically; they were concerned about the use of weapons EA: Milestones may include the following: Sputnik II; U.S. attempts to launch Vanguard; U.S. launch of Explorer I; Yuri Gagarin becoming the first person in space; Neil Armstrong walking on the moon; Apollo missions to the moon; or Mir Space Station. Cuban Missile Crisis 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. Possible answers: the Soviet Union agreed to end construction on the missile sites in Cuba 6. a. 2, b. 4, c. 5, d. 1, e. 3 7. 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 8. Possible answers: the Soviet Union could have fired the missiles on the United States from Cuba, and nuclear war could have followed; the United States could have decided to fire missiles at Cuba or the Soviet Union, and nuclear war could have followed 9. Possible answers: Castro allowed Soviets to install missiles in Cuba that could reach the United States; Soviet Union installed missiles in Cuba; United States had missiles in Turkey, a neighboring country to the Soviet Union; United States ordered Cuba quarantined; United States had spy planes over the Soviet Union; U.S. spy plane was shot down over Cuba Copyright © 2012 Read Naturally, Inc. Read Naturally Encore, Version 1.0.1 55 EA: The Cold War was between the United States and the Soviet Union; it ended with a United States/capitalist victory and the collapse of the Soviet Union. 3 Mir Space Station 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. Possible answers: people lived and worked together in outer space; they had challenging and rewarding experiences together in outer space 6. a. 2, b. 3, c. 1, d. 5, e. 4 7. witness, research, accommodate, collaborate, specific 8. Possible answers: they observed the beauty of Earth from above; they dozed while suspended upside down; they filmed a commercial; they flew around on a vacuum cleaner one New Year's Eve 9. Possible answers: they conducted experiments; they repaired and maintained the space station; they practiced for future projects; they rearranged the station's modules; they did research EA: Similar: both space stations were built for experiments and research; both were built for people to live and work in space. Different: the International Space Station is much bigger than Mir; International Space Station involves more countries. 4 Greenbrier Bunker 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. Possible answers: the government felt it was necessary to have continuity of government in the event of a nuclear war 6. a. 2, b. 3, c. 5, d. 1, e. 4 7. continuity, relocation, fulfilling, exposed, maintained 8. Possible answers: the public would have been experiencing nuclear war or a nuclear emergency; many may not have had a safe place to go 9. Possible answers: the bunker had a chamber for the Senate; it also had a chamber for the House; there was a hall for joint sessions; radio communications room enabled contact with military installations; a television studio allowed leaders to address the public; the bunker had facilities to keep members of Congress healthy Sequenced Level 8.0 Answer Key for Comprehension Questions Answer Key for Comprehension Questions, Continued was accused of accepting money from a secret political fund, so he gave a speech to the public insisting that the only gift he'd accepted was a dog named Checkers. The speech was a success in that the public believed Nixon, and he was still allowed to run for vice-president. EA: The Greenbrier is a national historic landmark that opened in 1778. Many U.S. Presidents and other famous people have stayed there. It was used as a military headquarters during the American Civil War and as an army hospital in the 1940s. Its golf course was the home course of the famous golfer Sam Snead. 5 6 Leonardo da Vinci 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. Possible answers: Leonardo was a genius; he contributed great things to art and science; he used innovative techniques; he was a Renaissance man 6. a. 3, b. 5, c. 1, d. 4, e. 2 7. aptitude, surpassed, disciplines, convey, embodies 8. Possible answers: used his artistic abilities to make sketches of human anatomy and scientific inventions; dissected corpses to help him draw more accurate sketches 9. Possible answers: gifted artist, architect, engineer, inventor, and scientist; everyone thought he was a genius; created artistic masterpieces; made important scientific discoveries; techniques he introduced became the basis for modern scientific illustration; his work has left a lasting impression on the world EA: Answers will vary but may include her eyes (she appears to be looking at you regardless of the angle from which you view her) and her smile (sometimes it looks like she is smiling, and other times it does not). Watergate 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. Possible answers: Woodward and Bernstein may not have had enough information to connect Watergate and the White House 6. a. 3, b. 1, c. 5, d. 2, e. 4 7. 4, 2, 5, 1, 3 8. Possible answers: so they could record the conversations that took place in the Democratic headquarters; they were hoping to spy on the other party during the Presidential election 9. Possible answers: McCord worked for Nixon's re-election committee; money from Nixon's reelection committee financed bugging devices; Nixon had knowledge of the attempt to conceal the connection between Watergate and the White House EA: When Nixon was running for vice-president, he Copyright © 2012 Read Naturally, Inc. Read Naturally Encore, Version 1.0.1 56 7 Michelangelo 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. Possible answers: he was surrounded by great art; he got to observe talented artists at work; art was commissioned there; he became acquainted with Lorenzo de Medici, the ruler of Florence 6. a. 2, b. 1, c. 5, d. 3, e. 4 7. 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 8. Possible answers: took Michelangelo under his wing; introduced him to Italy's most famous artists; thought Michelangelo had great potential 9. Possible answers: Michelangelo was a talented sculptor, painter, and architect; Michelangelo created many important works of art. EA: David is a biblical character who uses a slingshot to fight Goliath; Michelangelo's sculpture depicts David with his slingshot before he encounters Goliath. 8 Impeachment in the U.S. 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. Possible answers: government authorities called his integrity into question; he was involved in a scandal; the House of Representatives planned to impeach him; he resigned 6. a. 4, b. 1, c. 5, d. 3, e. 2 7. 2, 1, 5, 4, 3 8. Possible answers: many steps in process; House of Representatives must vote against the President; two-thirds of the Senate must agree to convict the President 9. Possible answers: the House impeached Johnson, but the Senate acquitted him; the House impeached Clinton, but he was found not guilty; the House planned to impeach Nixon, but he resigned first EA: Congress is unique in having the power to assess and collect taxes; regulate commerce; coin money; establish post offices; establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court; declare war; raise and maintain an army and navy; and propose amendments to the Constitution. Sequenced Level 8.0 Answer Key for Comprehension Questions Answer Key for Comprehension Questions, Continued 9 Dolly the Cloned Sheep 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. Possible answers: premature aging; arthritis; lung disease; short lifespan 6. a. 3, b. 2, c. 5, d. 1, e. 4 7. 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 8. Possible answers: some people were delighted because they envisioned scientific advancements; some people were appalled because they feared misuse of the technology 9. Possible answers: she showed signs of premature aging; she developed arthritis; she displayed signs of lung disease; she lived a shorter life than most sheep EA: Identical twins develop when a single embryo splits into two during the very early stages of its development. Because they come from the same original cells, identical twins have the same DNA and physical features. 10 Indira Gandhi 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. Possible answers: she knew what life was like without it; she worked for independence with her parents in her youth; her childhood experiences taught her the importance of independence; she did not want to be treated like a second-class citizen 6. a. 1, b. 4, c. 5, d. 3, e. 2 7. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 8. Possible answers: helped the Congress party; helped the nationalist movement; probably good spies because the British didn't think to be suspicious of children; children worked hard stuffing envelopes and delivering messages 9. Possible answers: initiated the Monkey Brigade when she was younger; helped her father when he was prime minister; was president of the Congress party; was prime minister of India; said she'd be proud to die for the service of the nation; endured prison and a beating to help bring about her country's independence EA: Mahatma Gandhi organized peasants and laborers to protest against land-tax and discrimination; worked to ease poverty, expand women's rights, and improve the status of people in the "untouchable" caste; helped free the Indian people from British rule through nonviolent resistance; and worked to increase India's economic self-reliance. Copyright © 2012 Read Naturally, Inc. Read Naturally Encore, Version 1.0.1 57 11 The Cloning Controversy 1. c 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. Possible answers: cloning members of an endangered species would increase the population of that species 6. a. 2, b. 5, c. 4, d. 1, e. 3 7. asexually, grafting, genetic, controversy, manipulates 8. Possible answers: people could choose to make all people alike by making certain traits very common and trying to get rid of other traits; we could end up making a trait common that actually lessens our chances of survival; we could end up eliminating a trait that gave us an advantage for survival 9. Possible answers: Some people think cloning could be beneficial, but others think it could cause problems. EA: Answers will vary. 12 Golda Meir 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. Possible answer: she was in the public eye and never let her suffering be known; she accomplished a great deal even though she was struggling with a serious illness; she was prime minister while she struggled with a fatal disease 6. a. 4, b. 1, c. 3, d. 5, e. 2 7. 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 8. Possible answers: she remembered the terror of her childhood and did not want other Jews to have to experience something similar; she believed Jews would risk being victims again if they could not be masters of their own fates, and she believed having a sovereign nation would enable them to accomplish this goal 9. Possible answers: she initiated the American Young Sisters Society to help raise money for students' school-books; she ran away from home to avoid marriage and continue her education; she raised money, recruited people to live in Palestine, and moved to Palestine herself; she served in the government in many roles; she came out of retirement to lead the government of Israel EA: By the 1800s, Hebrew had long ago fallen out of use as a spoken language. Jews had been scattered around the world for centuries and generally spoke the languages of their countries of residence. Eliezer Ben Yehuda believed that reviving Hebrew as a spoken language could help unite Jews around the world. He emigrated from Sequenced Level 8.0 Answer Key for Comprehension Questions Answer Key for Comprehension Questions, Continued Europe to Palestine in 1881. There he wrote the first modern Hebrew dictionary and helped found the Academy of the Hebrew Language. As a result of his efforts, Hebrew became a spoken language once more, and it is the national language of Israel. 6. a. 1, b. 3, c. 5, d. 2, e. 4 7. despair, philosophy, stabilize, improvise, assured 8. Possible answers: they were reassuring to the public in a time of crisis; they helped Americans regain their hope for the future; when people were more hopeful, they were likely to try harder to make the changes work; it made people ready to try something else if a change was not successful; when people felt reassured, they were more willing to take part in the economy by spending, trading, and hiring workers, which helped the economy recover 9. Possible answers: he helped stabilize the economy; helped create jobs; improved working conditions and wages; managed the food supply; reassured the public; provided strong and optimistic leadership during the war; worked with the British prime minister to develop a plan for world peace EA: Answers will vary but may include the following: Social Security Act established pensions, benefits, and insurance for both employed and unemployed groups; Works Project Administration put unemployed workers back to work on public projects; Civilian Conservation Corps was an environmental program that put people to work maintaining and restoring forests, beaches, and parks. 13 The Great Depression 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. Possible answers: had gotten used to economic prosperity; had experienced years of widespread success; were used to rapidly increasing stock values; felt confident in their investments; preferred to remain optimistic 6. a. 2, b. 4, c. 5, d. 3, e. 1 7. 4, 3, 5, 2, 1 8. Possible answers: when the stocks crashed, there was a chain reaction of unpaid debts; businesses failed, and workers lost their jobs; without jobs, people didn't have money to spend, so companies lost business; people lost their money when banks closed 9. Possible answers: unemployment numbers crept upward; consumers spent less money; stocks were overvalued; the market experienced significant dips EA: Fraud is less likely now since the creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1934. The Federal Reserve now regulates requirements. Congress now plays a role in Federal Reserve Board's management of money and the economy, and banks are now federally insured. 16 14 Dumb Laws 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. Possible answers: it would be difficult to prove that the burp was intentional and not accidental 6. a. 5, b. 3, c. 4, d. 1, e. 2 7. recurring, legislation, legitimate, apparent, breach 8. Possible answers: most are outdated; many have no rhyme or reason 9. Possible answers: Even though dumb laws exist, people do not always abide by them. EA: Answers will vary. 15 Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. Possible answers: he initiated substantial changes in America; not everything he tried worked, but he continued to improvise and make changes Copyright © 2012 Read Naturally, Inc. Read Naturally Encore, Version 1.0.1 58 The Making of a U.S. Law 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. Possible answers: to make sure the bill is feasible; to make sure the bill is in the best interests of constituents; to know the associated costs; to make informed decisions on whether to release, revise, or table it 6. a. 2, b. 4, c. 1, d. 3, e. 5 7. constituents, feasible, table, drafts, veto 8. Possible answers: a super-majority (two-thirds of the Senate and two-thirds of the House) can vote in favor of it 9. Possible answers: lawmakers research bills; they debate bills; they negotiate modifications to bills; they vote on bills; bills go through a detailed procedure in both the Senate and the House; many people and steps are involved EA: Article I of the United States Constitution states that every act of law must be signed by the President. It gives the President the authority to approve bills, or veto them by sending them back to Congress. Sequenced Level 8.0 Answer Key for Comprehension Questions Answer Key for Comprehension Questions, Continued terror," which included a U.S. attack on Afghanistan. 17 Polio 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. Possible answers: polio can paralyze the limbs and make it hard to breathe, so it is amazing that a polio survivor was strong enough to win a gold medal 6. a. 3, b. 5, c. 1, d. 4, e. 2 7. contracted, symptoms, warrant, vaccine, eliminated 8. Possible answers: serious illness; highly contagious; could cause paralysis and even death; incidence was random; most common in children; spread throughout the world; no vaccine 9. Possible answers: polio usually results in a fever, nausea, and muscle pains, but in some cases it attacks the central nervous system; some polio victims do not even realize they're sick, but in other cases the disease results in paralysis or death; sometimes polio paralyzes the limbs, and other times it paralyzes the muscles that control breathing EA: Answers will vary but may include the following: FDR was a great U.S. President who suffered from polio; Joni Mitchell, a famous singer, survived polio and post-polio syndrome; Jack Nicklaus, a famous golfer, had a mild case of polio; Wilma Rudolph was an Olympic track star who was once unable to walk unassisted because of polio. 19 20 The Dawn of the Atomic Age 18 Attack on Pearl Harbor 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. Possible answers: they would have inflicted more damage; both countries would probably have endured more losses; U.S. soldiers might have been able to fight back more than they did during the initial attack 6. a. 4, b. 1, c. 5, d. 3, e. 2 7. 1, 5, 4, 3, 2 8. Possible answers: The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor to eliminate the U.S. Navy from the Pacific so that the United States couldn't interfere with Japan's efforts to claim more land and access to natural resources. 9. Possible answers: intercepted messages; sightings of unidentified submarines; appearance of unidentified aircraft on radar screen EA: September 11, 2001, was the date on which terrorists attacked the United States by hijacking planes and crashing into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon; these events led to the "war on Copyright © 2012 Read Naturally, Inc. Read Naturally Encore, Version 1.0.1 The Iron Lung 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. Possible answers: severe polio paralyzes the breathing muscles, so the iron lung helped these people stay alive by helping them breathe 6. a. 3, b. 1, c. 4, d. 5, e. 2 7. device, air pressure, ventilated, adapted, essential 8. Possible answers: the polio vaccine prevented people from getting polio, which in turn reduced the number of people who needed iron lungs to breathe 9. Possible answers: doctors used iron lungs to treat polio patients; people's lives depended on iron lungs; artificial respiration has remained essential to medical technology; within a few years of its invention, the iron lung was in use in hospitals worldwide EA: CPR stands for cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. It is used when someone's breathing and heart have stopped working. A person who is giving CPR presses up and down on the victim's chest to squeeze the victim's heart so that it pumps blood through the body, and may also blow air into the person's lungs through mouth-to-mouth breathing. 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. Possible answers: first nuclear weapon ever used; took a huge human toll; demonstrated how much more deadly weapons had become; caused the Allied forces to win World War II 6. a. 3, b. 2, c. 5, d. 4, e. 1 7. initiated, ultimatum, confront, inflicted, rubble 8. Possible answers: the destruction that the atomic bomb could inflict 9. Possible answers: experts disagreed about what was best; war could have lasted another year, resulting in the loss of many lives; war could have ended more quickly, with fewer lives lost; an atomic bomb had never been used before; use of the bomb would cause devastation and kill countless Japanese citizens EA: J. Robert Oppenheimer directed the Manhattan Project. It was led by the United States and had support from the United Kingdom and Canada. 59 Sequenced Level 8.0 Answer Key for Comprehension Questions Answer Key for Comprehension Questions, Continued 6. a. 4, b. 3, c. 1, d. 2, e. 5 7. engaged, conflict, unprecedented, ultimately, peril 8. Possible answers: by that time, more people knew about the virus, its odd tendencies, and how deadly it was; the virus was contagious and spreading around the world 9. Possible answers: it afflicted people in nearly every country; it killed more people than the war did; it seemed to prefer healthy adults with strong immune systems; it killed 20 to 40 million people EA: Answers will vary but may include the following: HIV was an epidemic that arose in the late 20th century; the first cases in North America appeared in 1980 and 1981; HIV can lead to a terminal illness called AIDS; this virus is still present around the world today. 21 A 14th-Century Disaster 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. Possible answers: antibiotics have diminished the danger; we know more now about the plague and its origin 6. a. 2, b. 5, c. 1, d. 4, e. 3 7. documented, bacterium, transmit, lymph glands, proliferated 8. Possible answers: improved the standard of living and social structure; surplus of goods reduced prices; feudal lords lost power; peasants had greater selection of jobs at higher wages 9. Possible answers: people lived in constant fear of the plague; people thought it was a punishment from God; people produced morose art and literature; the plague changed the standard of living and social structure EA: Answers will vary. 24 Stephen Hawking 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. Possible answers: he did not let the disease prevent him from living his life; he lived much longer than his doctors predicted; he learned to communicate with the help of technology; he remained curious about the origins and mysteries of the universe; he taught; he made important contributions to science; he had a family; he was a best-selling author; he became one of the world's most renowned physicists 6. a. 4, b. 5, c. 2, d. 1, e. 3 7. affliction, synthesizer, chair, contributions, renowned 8. Possible answers: Hawking and Galileo were both renowned for their contributions to science; both were curious about the mysteries of the universe; both studied stars 9. Possible answers: he taught at Cambridge; he became a renowned physicist; he made discoveries about black holes; he wrote books; he spoke to many people about his studies, theories, and hopes EA: Lou Gehrig was a great baseball player who was the Yankees' first baseman for years before his ALS finally prevented him from playing; like Hawking, he was an inspiration to others. 22 Albert Einstein 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. Possible answers: the Manhattan Project dealt with creating the first atomic bomb; the use of such a bomb went against Einstein's pacifist ideals 6. a. 5, b. 3, c. 2, d. 1, e. 4 7. genius, theories, refining, eclipse, colleagues 8. Possible answers: accomplished violinist; pacifist and supporter of Jewish state; Israel offered him presidency; his letter to Roosevelt influenced the President to initiate the Manhattan Project 9. Possible answers: he discovered the theory of relativity; he won the Nobel Prize for his paper on the photoelectric effect; his thinking was not limited by conventional postulates; he came up with many important theories; he was influential in areas beyond science EA: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics. The prize was awarded to him in 1901 for his discovery of Xrays. 23 The Pandemic of 1918–1919 1. b 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. Possible answer: the world was already concerned with the hazards of war and probably saw the war as a bigger threat; people had seen influenza in the past and might not have expected at first that this new influenza virus was going to be as bad as it was Copyright © 2012 Read Naturally, Inc. Read Naturally Encore, Version 1.0.1 60 Sequenced Level 8.0 Answer Key for Comprehension Questions