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Psychology Introduction What is psychology? The range Divisions and major schools Disciplines Conclusion Bonn, 25.08.2008 YRG @ Department of Epileptology University of Bonn Medical Centre, Germany * [email protected] www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de What is this thing we call „psychology“? • Science of the mind; Science of behavior • Biological mechanisms and psychological phenomena → •Brain stimulation response (behavioral and/or sensory) • Chicken or the egg: nature or nurture? • Goal: what holds true for all humankind www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 1 The Range Ambiguity • Reversible figures www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A.J., & Reisberg, D. (2000). Basic Psychology, 5th Ed. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, NY The Range Previous experiences www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A.J., & Reisberg, D. (2000). Basic Psychology, 5th Ed. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, NY 2 The Range Biological equipment • Depth perception www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A.J., & Reisberg, D. (2000). Basic Psychology, 5th Ed. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, NY The Range Communication and social behavior www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 3 The Range Multi-sided contributions Psychologists Anthropologists Philosophers Physicists Biologists Computer Scientists Sociologists Neurologists Physicians Psychiatrists Linguists www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Schools-Mechanics Rene Descartes • Brain as a machine • Action: response to outside world • Reflex • Central switchboard • Cogito ergo sum 1596-1650 www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 4 Divisions Schools-Empiricism John Locke • “Blank slate” • Knowledge acquired by experience • Primary and secondary qualities 1632-1704 www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Schools-Experimental Psychology Wilhelm Wundt • The founding father • Leipzig laboratory (1879) • Völkerpsychologie 1832-1920 www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 5 Divisions Pragmaticism William James • Belief and truth • Stream of consciousness • James-Lange theory of emotion 1842-1910 www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Schools-Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov • Pavlov‘s dog • Salivary response • Conditioned reflex: •US (food) UR (salivation) •CS (bell) No response •Training: CS + US •CS (bell) CR (salivation) • Example: drug addiction 1849-1936 www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 6 Divisions Schools-Behaviorism Edward Thorndike • Puzzle Box • Response Latency 1874-1949 • Law of effect www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Schools-Behaviorism John B. Watson • Analysis of behavior: •Evolutionary Continuism •Reductionism •Determinism •Empiricism • “Little Albert” • “Pre-programming” infants 1878-1958 www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 7 Divisions Schools-Behaviorism B.F. Skinner • Radical Behaviorism • Operant Behavior/Instrumental conditioning • “Skinner Box” • Reinforcement • Schedules of Reinforcement: 1904-1990 • Ratio reinforcement • Interval reinforcement www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Schools-Psychodynamic theory Sigmund Freud • Psychoanalysis • Id, Ego, Superego • Defense mechanisms: •Displacement •Reaction formation •Rationalization •Projection •Isolation 1856-1939 • Stages of development www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 8 Divisions Schools-Behaviorism vs. Psychoanalysis Comparative www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A.J., & Reisberg, D. (2000). Basic Psychology, 5th Ed. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, NY Divisions Schools-Psychodynamic theory Other big names Carl Jung Alfred Adler Erik Erikson 1875-1961 1870-1937 1902-1994 • Collective Unconscious • Inferiority Complex • Psychosocial Development www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 9 Divisions Schools-Psychodynamic theory Erikson’s Psychosocial stages of Development • Trust vs. Mistrust (0 – 12 months) • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 – 3 years) • Initiative vs. Guilt (3 – 5 years) • Industry vs. Inferiority (6 – 10 years) • Identity vs. Role Confusion (11 – 18 years) • Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 – 34) • Generativity vs. Stagnation (35 – 60 years) • Ego Integrity vs. Dispair (60 years – death) www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Schools-Cognitive psychology (Gestalt) Berlin School Max Wertheimer Wolfgang Köhler Kurt Koffka 1880-1943 1887-1967 1886-1941 “The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts” www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 10 Divisions Schools-Gestalt Psychology Berlin School cont. Reification Emergence Invariance www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Schools-Gestalt Psychology Multistability • Reversible figures www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 11 Divisions Schools-Gestalt Psychology Berlin School cont. Law of Similarity Law of Closure Law of symmetry Law of Proximity www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Schools-Gestalt Psychology Berlin School cont. Law of Continuity Law of Common Fate Law of prägnanz www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 12 Divisions Schools-Cognitive Psychology Jean Piaget •Child development •Four stages of intellectual growth: •Sensory-motor (object permanence): 0-2 years •Preoperational (conservation and egocentrism): 2-7years •Concrete-operational: 7-11 years •Formal (abstract thoughts): 11-adulthood 1896-1980 www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Schools-Cognitive Psychology Jean Piaget-Object permanence www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 13 Divisions Schools-Humanistic Psychology Abraham Maslow • Hierarchy of needs Self-actualization Esteem Love Safety 1908-1970 Physiology www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Disciplines Some definitions • Abnormal psychology • Biological psychology • Cognitive neuroscience • Developmental psychology • Forensic psychology • Industrial organizational psychology • Personality psychology • Social Psychology www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 14 Divisions Disciplines Psychometrics-IQ tests •Stanford-Binet •Wechsler (WAIS) Alfred Binet David Wechsler 1857-1911 1896-1981 www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Divisions Disciplines Psychometrics-other assessments • Beck Depression Inventory • Personality assessments: •“The Big 5” •MMPI • Rorschach inkblots www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de 15 Divisions Disciplines Rorschach example www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de Work group: Christian Hoppe Jelena Stojanovic Christian E. Elger YRG @ Department of Epileptology University of Bonn Medical Centre, Germany * [email protected] Funded by Karg-Stiftung für Hochbegabtenförderung www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de (Frankfurt/M.) 16