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Psychology
Introduction
What is psychology?
The range
Divisions and major schools
Disciplines
Conclusion
Bonn, 25.08.2008
YRG @ Department of Epileptology
University of Bonn Medical Centre, Germany
* [email protected]
www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de
What is this thing we call „psychology“?
• Science of the mind; Science of behavior
• Biological mechanisms and psychological phenomena
→
•Brain stimulation response (behavioral and/or sensory)
• Chicken or the egg: nature or nurture?
• Goal: what holds true for all humankind
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The Range
Ambiguity
• Reversible figures
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Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A.J., & Reisberg, D. (2000). Basic Psychology, 5th Ed. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, NY
The Range
Previous experiences
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Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A.J., & Reisberg, D. (2000). Basic Psychology, 5th Ed. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, NY
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The Range
Biological equipment
• Depth perception
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Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A.J., & Reisberg, D. (2000). Basic Psychology, 5th Ed. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, NY
The Range
Communication and social behavior
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The Range
Multi-sided contributions
Psychologists
Anthropologists
Philosophers
Physicists
Biologists
Computer Scientists
Sociologists
Neurologists
Physicians
Psychiatrists
Linguists
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Divisions
Schools-Mechanics
Rene Descartes
• Brain as a machine
• Action: response to outside world
• Reflex
• Central switchboard
• Cogito ergo sum
1596-1650
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Divisions
Schools-Empiricism
John Locke
• “Blank slate”
• Knowledge acquired by experience
• Primary and secondary qualities
1632-1704
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Divisions
Schools-Experimental Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
• The founding father
• Leipzig laboratory (1879)
• Völkerpsychologie
1832-1920
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Divisions
Pragmaticism
William James
• Belief and truth
• Stream of consciousness
• James-Lange theory of emotion
1842-1910
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Divisions
Schools-Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov
• Pavlov‘s dog
• Salivary response
• Conditioned reflex:
•US (food)
UR (salivation)
•CS (bell)
No response
•Training: CS + US
•CS (bell)
CR (salivation)
• Example: drug addiction
1849-1936
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Divisions
Schools-Behaviorism
Edward Thorndike
• Puzzle Box
• Response Latency
1874-1949
• Law of effect
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Divisions
Schools-Behaviorism
John B. Watson
• Analysis of behavior:
•Evolutionary Continuism
•Reductionism
•Determinism
•Empiricism
• “Little Albert”
• “Pre-programming” infants
1878-1958
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Divisions
Schools-Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner
• Radical Behaviorism
• Operant Behavior/Instrumental
conditioning
• “Skinner Box”
• Reinforcement
• Schedules of Reinforcement:
1904-1990
• Ratio reinforcement
• Interval reinforcement
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Divisions
Schools-Psychodynamic theory
Sigmund Freud
• Psychoanalysis
• Id, Ego, Superego
• Defense mechanisms:
•Displacement
•Reaction formation
•Rationalization
•Projection
•Isolation
1856-1939
• Stages of development
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Divisions
Schools-Behaviorism vs. Psychoanalysis
Comparative
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Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A.J., & Reisberg, D. (2000). Basic Psychology, 5th Ed. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, NY
Divisions
Schools-Psychodynamic theory
Other big names
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson
1875-1961
1870-1937
1902-1994
• Collective Unconscious
• Inferiority Complex
• Psychosocial Development
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Divisions
Schools-Psychodynamic theory
Erikson’s Psychosocial stages of Development
• Trust vs. Mistrust (0 – 12 months)
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 – 3 years)
• Initiative vs. Guilt (3 – 5 years)
• Industry vs. Inferiority (6 – 10 years)
• Identity vs. Role Confusion (11 – 18 years)
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 – 34)
• Generativity vs. Stagnation (35 – 60 years)
• Ego Integrity vs. Dispair (60 years – death)
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Divisions
Schools-Cognitive psychology (Gestalt)
Berlin School
Max Wertheimer
Wolfgang Köhler
Kurt Koffka
1880-1943
1887-1967
1886-1941
“The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts”
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Divisions
Schools-Gestalt Psychology
Berlin School cont.
Reification
Emergence
Invariance
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Divisions
Schools-Gestalt Psychology
Multistability
• Reversible figures
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Divisions
Schools-Gestalt Psychology
Berlin School cont.
Law of Similarity
Law of Closure
Law of symmetry
Law of Proximity
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Divisions
Schools-Gestalt Psychology
Berlin School cont.
Law of Continuity
Law of Common Fate
Law of prägnanz
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Divisions
Schools-Cognitive Psychology
Jean Piaget
•Child development
•Four stages of intellectual growth:
•Sensory-motor (object permanence): 0-2 years
•Preoperational (conservation and egocentrism): 2-7years
•Concrete-operational: 7-11 years
•Formal (abstract thoughts): 11-adulthood
1896-1980
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Divisions
Schools-Cognitive Psychology
Jean Piaget-Object permanence
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Divisions
Schools-Humanistic Psychology
Abraham Maslow
• Hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love
Safety
1908-1970
Physiology
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Divisions
Disciplines
Some definitions
• Abnormal psychology
• Biological psychology
• Cognitive neuroscience
• Developmental psychology
• Forensic psychology
• Industrial organizational psychology
• Personality psychology
• Social Psychology
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Divisions
Disciplines
Psychometrics-IQ tests
•Stanford-Binet
•Wechsler (WAIS)
Alfred Binet
David Wechsler
1857-1911
1896-1981
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Divisions
Disciplines
Psychometrics-other assessments
• Beck Depression Inventory
• Personality assessments:
•“The Big 5”
•MMPI
• Rorschach inkblots
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Divisions
Disciplines
Rorschach example
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Work group:
Christian Hoppe
Jelena Stojanovic
Christian E. Elger
YRG @ Department of Epileptology
University of Bonn Medical Centre, Germany
* [email protected]
Funded by Karg-Stiftung für
Hochbegabtenförderung
www.hochbegabung-und-gehirn.de
(Frankfurt/M.)
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