Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Using Information Resources In this test, you are asked to look at some reference materials and then use the materials to answer some questions. Research Topic: Managing Money Suppose you wanted to write a report about managing money. You want to learn more about how to manage money effectively. Seven different sources of information about managing money are given in this section of the test. The information sources are listed below. Skim all of the resources to become familiar with the information they contain. Remember that these are reference sources, so you do not need to read every word in each source. Once you have skimmed the sources, answer the questions that follow. Use the information sources to help you answer the questions. As you work through the questions, go back and read the sections that will give you the information you need. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Internet Web Site Information: DollarDuck.com Glossary from a Book, Knowing the Stock Market Table of Contents from a Book, The Wild World of Investing Excerpt from a Book, A Student’s Guide to Budgeting Chapter from a Book, Let It Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors Excerpt from a Magazine Article, "Understanding the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)" Information Shown on a Check, "Checks and Balances" Model Parenthetical Citations Model Bibliographic Entries Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 1. Internet Web Site Information: DollarDuck.com Why checks? Well, maybe you don’t want to carry around X amount and change when you head off to the electronics warehouse to buy a new computer or scanner or printer or Web cam or whatever. And landlords and utility companies take a dim view of getting their money in cash via the postal service. Whoa, there! Before you start… Before you get into the driver’s seat of a car, you must know how to accelerate and where the brake pedal is. Before you get those nice little checks in the mail, the ones with Daffy Duck (our favorites) or rainbows & kittens, make it your business to know what you are getting into. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Do you know how to: ♦ balance a checking account? ♦ write checks? ♦ fill out a deposit slip? ♦ read a bank statement? Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 1. Internet Web Site Information: DollarDuck.com (continued) Did you know that banks charge fees for the privilege of holding your stash of cash? Did you know you can avoid these fees by keeping a certain amount of money in your account? Or that you can get a low-fee ATM account? Or that a box of those really flashy checks can cost $30? If you’re not careful, you’ll end up paying through the beak for your ignorance, so learn as much as you can before you open your checking account. Go to a bank and ask for someone who handles new accounts. Pick up every brochure they offer, and ask about services and fees. It’s about balance . . . . Balancing your checking account is like doing the laundry. If you do it regularly, it’s easy as pie. If not, you can plan on spending the weekend at it. To keep your balance, use your check register to: ♦ record all your ATM transactions ♦ record every check you write ♦ record every deposit you make to your account ♦ keep a running balance Don’t rely on your memory! Keep your transaction receipts. Then, once a month, sit down with your check register, your bank statement, and your receipts. Make popcorn if you like. Then take this simple approach to achieving balance: 1. verify checks that have been paid and transactions that have been completed as of the date on the statement Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 2. add all of the outstanding negative transactions (checks, ATM withdrawals, other withdrawals) that are not listed on the statement 3. subtract this amount from the ending balance on your statement 4. add all of the outstanding positive transactions (deposits) that are not listed on the statement 5. add this number to the number you got after performing #3 6. be sure to subtract any monthly bank fees, ATM fees, fees for checks, etc. 7. the number you have after #6 should match the running balance in your check register Even if you have trouble reconciling your checkbook, you should be okay as long as you don’t get in the nasty habit of writing checks for more money than is in your account. If you knowingly write checks for money you don’t have, you are committing a crime: check fraud. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 1. Internet Web Site Information: DollarDuck.com (continued) Bounce! Not all bad checks are the result of fraud; sometimes you write a check assuming that your friend Fred will pay you back on Friday like he said he would. When Fred reneges, the damage to your account is done. Luckily, merchants are more interested in getting their money than sending you to jail. If your check bounces back to your bank because of NSF (non-sufficient funds), your bank will cover it if you have overdraft protection (it goes without saying that your bank will also charge you a hefty fee for floating you this loan). If you don’t have overdraft protection, expect an impatient call from the merchant, who is also allowed to charge you another set of fees to pay for his trouble in tracking you down and getting his money. It’s good to be you! Banks often give good deals to students, so look around. Some banks even offer free checking accounts to students. Requirements for qualifying for free checking accounts may vary from bank to bank. Sometimes you have to flash your student ID card (the one with the great picture) or you may have to show or other proof of current school registration. There may be an age requirement: generally, independent student checking accounts are not available to those under the age of eighteen. However, some banks provide joint accounts with parents of minors, allowing them to open checking accounts at an earlier age. Go ahead, as long as you’re sure you can trust your parents not to run off to Tahiti with your life savings! Send thoughts, suggestions, ideas, questions, and links to [email protected]. To get daily dollarduck news, click here. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 2. Glossary from a Book, Knowing the Stock Market bankruptcy: term describing the legal process companies must undergo when unable to meet financial obligations buy-and-hold: strategy in which the money set aside for stock investments is always invested buy and sell orders: intent to buy or sell a security callable bond: bond that can be officially repaid by the issuer prior to its maturity date capital gain: an increase from the purchase price to the selling price of common stock or any other capital asset; may also be the profit from sales of investments or other property capital loss: a decrease from the purchase price to the selling price of common stock or any other capital asset; as with capital gains, capitol loss may also be a loss from sales of investments or other property certificate of deposit (CD): an interest-bearing bank receipt for a specified amount of money in a certain period of time (CDs usually mature between three months and three years; the interest rate depends on the amount of money and length of time of the deposit) depreciation: decrease in value due to wear and tear, decay, decline in price, or other factors— for example: a new car purchased at $20,000 may depreciate to $5,000 in five years diversification: process of investing in multiple arenas, e.g., in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and CDs, or in purchasing different types of stocks, e.g., from different industries, of varying risk levels, or from different companies, in order to reduce the loss from a possible company- or industry-specific loss of business dividend: a sum of money, determined by a company's directors, paid to shareholders of a corporation out of the company’s earnings Dow Jones industrial average (DJIA): an indicator showing the general health of the stock market; determined by averaging the prices of 30 industrial stocks trading in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) earnings per share: earnings found by dividing the net income of the company by the number of shares of stock that are owned face value: the value printed on the face of a stock, bond, or other financial document. financial strength: a company's financial condition as seen by analysts (Value Line rates financial strength on a scale from A++ to C.) Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 3. Table of Contents from a Book, The Wide World of Investing Contents vii Introduction Part One: The Stock Market Choosing a Broker 15 Researching the Individual Stock: How to Recognize a 45 Good Deal When to Buy 63 When to Sell 71 A Note on Timing the Market 77 Day Trading: Are the Risks Worth It? 80 Mutual Funds 83 Cautionary Tales: Troubles You Can Avoid 97 Part Two: Real Estate Location, Location, Location 109 Maximum Value for Minimum Investment 125 Timing is Everything: Studying the Market Pays Off 135 Conclusion 151 Recommended Reading 157 Index 163 Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 4. Excerpt from a Book, A Student's Guide to Budgeting Why Budget? The concept of budgeting is simple: by tracking your income and expenditures, you can figure out how to spend less money than you make or avoid overspending your income. Because many students have few regular expenses, careful budgeting may not seem important. But a budget can be a helpful tool for anyone who would like to: • save more • spend less • spend wisely • stay out of debt A budget can be a good habit to cultivate; the more money you earn and the more expenses you accumulate, the more important it is to keep close track of your money. One of the major incentives to keeping a budget is setting aside money for personal spending. This includes both short and long-term goals that you might have after you have paid for necessary expenses, such as food, rent, and bills. Short-term goals may include smaller items that you would like to purchase, but don’t need, such as particular items of clothing or music CDs. Since the items that make up your short-term goals don’t cost a lot of money, saving for them is easier and takes less time. Saving to meet long-term goals takes more commitment and planning, and money for these purchases is saved over time. Saving, as well as spending, is a crucial element of a budget. If you have a long-term goal for your budget, such as buying a car or saving up for college, consider starting small so you don’t get overwhelmed early on and quit altogether. Saving small amounts of money over a long period of time can make the purchase of a new car (or any other large goal) seem manageable. If you are able to put away $100 a month, by the end of a year you will have saved $1200, which is a big step toward reaching your goal. Setting Goals A primary purpose of creating and sticking to a budget is that you want to meet goals that you set for yourself. If you never spend any money on anything, then you have nothing to worry about and this book is not for you. Don’t worry about spending money. Trying not to spend any money is unrealistic. Everyone must spend some money in order to live. People need food and clothes; they need a place to live. Frequently we need transportation to school or to work. And then there is recreation. People like to go to concerts and movies or buy CDs and books. If you want to keep a budget, though, it is necessary to keep track of how much you spend and what your expenditures are. When you start setting goals, you can review your expenditures and your income, and figure out how to meet your goals. Keep in mind that setting unrealistic goals early in the process will Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 4. Excerpt from a Book, A Student's Guide to Budgeting (continued) hinder, not help, your progress. For example, if you are unemployed, but you want to save $3,000 by next year in order to buy a car, you need to re-evaluate your budget. You can do this in two ways: • change your goal • obtain income (i.e., get a job) Moving Out and Moving On If you are still living at home, then chances are that your parents are taking care of the majority of the budgeting details around the house. You may not even be aware of all of the expenses you incur because everything you need simply appears when you need it. Learning to budget will probably be of greater concern to students who are living independently or who are planning to do so in the near future. There will be food to buy, clothes to replace, rent to pay every month, and school expenses, such as books and tuition. The more independent you become, the more useful you will find budgeting. The ready availability of checking accounts, check and ATM cards, and credit cards makes it easy to spend more money than you have. Overspending has its downside: debts incurred in your student days can come back to haunt you on your credit record, with garnished paychecks, or as unpleasant, threatening letters and telephone calls from a collection agency. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 5. Chapter from a Book, Let It Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors Chapter One: The Basics What is investing? Every day, we invest time, money, and energy into a variety of endeavors and hope that eventually we will be repaid with more than we put in. If we are talking about financial investing, this is a process in which we put our money to use in a way that will enable our money to grow in value. The means of growth may be interest, returns, dividends, or a variety of other ways in which we, the investors, make a profit—and come out ahead. Investment Methods Because temperaments vary from sanguine to highly excitable, it’s a good thing that there are as many different ways to invest money as there are human temperaments. There are seven basic types of investments, each with its own advantages and disadvantages: • bank savings accounts • bonds • stocks • real estate • commodities • collectibles • mutual funds To help you understand your options as a potential investor, here is a brief description of each investment: Bank Savings Accounts Considered a safe investment, savings accounts are very secure, but the amount of money you can earn on the interest is limited and may not be enough to compensate for inflation. Money invested in savings accounts may occasionally decrease in value if interest rates do not keep pace with inflation. Bonds Bonds are basically loans. You lend a certain amount of money, which buys you a bond with a given ‘face value.’ In a given number of years, you will be paid back the face value of the bond you bought, along with any accrued interest. The interest rate on the bond is fixed at the time of purchase. Bonds may be good investments for the long term. However, if you find you need your money, you will suffer a loss by selling the bond before it matures to face value. Bonds may also carry risk; in the worst-case scenario, the issuer of the bond could face bankruptcy, in which case you might not be able to recoup your original investment, let alone receive interest. The latter is less likely to occur if you purchase only reliable bonds. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 5. Chapter from a Book, Let It Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors (continued) Stocks Stocks are an excellent long-term investment and have a high growth potential. Buying stock means that you are actually purchasing ownership of part of the company. Stocks are purchased in units, or shares. The price of the share fluctuates, depending on the company’s financial success and other factors. When the price of the share increases, you make money. When the price of the share decreases, you lose money. The motto of investing in the stock market is “Buy low, sell high.” When you are fortunate enough to sell your shares at a higher share price than you paid for the stock, you would make money. Some companies also pay dividends. Dividends are a percentage of the company’s profit. Generally speaking, it is best to view the stock market with an eye to the future. Holding stocks for a long period of time will usually pay off. However, there are no guarantees in the stock market, and loss is always possible, even when you are investing in solid companies. Investing in stocks is a wise strategy for long-term investors who can bear a certain amount of risk and who take advantage of other investment methods in addition to stocks (this is also known as diversification). Real Estate Investing in real estate means purchasing a house or other residential building or land. Many investors are drawn to real estate because land will always have value, making real estate a lowrisk proposition. The disadvantage is that real estate is frequently expensive and so may be out of reach for the novice investor. Commodities A commodity is a thing. Investors purchase commodities, such as gold, silver, oil, farm products, or currency from another part of the world. As with stocks, the motto is to “Buy low and sell high.” What makes following this motto difficult is that the prices of commodities fluctuate according to supply and demand. Because predicting these fluctuations is difficult, making money from commodities may be beyond the skills of the novice investor. Collectibles Collectibles may be baseball cards, dolls, antiques, or anything else that appreciates in value. Although your hope as an investor is that your collectibles will increase in value over time, it is wise to buy only collectibles that you enjoy regardless of their investment potential. Mutual Funds Investors may pool their money in order to make larger investments than would be possible for the vast majority of individual investors. A mutual fund is a pool of money, put together by investors and managed by a professional money manager who is in charge of handling that fund. Mutual funds may be invested in multiple investment types. The growth potential of a mutual fund depends a great deal on the experience, knowledge, and skill of the fund managers. While these are the seven basic investment methods, each method will be covered in its own chapter in order to describe more fully the risks and benefits, as well as the different categories of each method. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 6. Excerpt from a Magazine Article, "Understanding the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)" Understanding the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) You may already know how to buy and sell stock as an individual: look up prices, buy stock from a company when the price is low, and sell stock when the price is high. It is a simple process for the individual; simply call up a stockbroker and make the buy or sell order, and wait for a return phone call with the costs and profit. But what actually goes on from the time you request a transaction to a call from your broker? The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is one of several stock exchanges in the country, larger than both the National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotes (NASDAQ) and the American Stock Exchange (AMEX). The NYSE is the most famous of the three exchanges. Any time you have viewed scenes, in a movie or on the news of a huge floor with thousands of people yelling to trade stocks, you’ve witnessed the daily grind at the New York Stock Exchange. From a distance, this process seems so chaotic that it is hard to believe anything ever gets done, but the process is much more organized than its appearance would lead you to believe. Stock prices are based on supply and demand. The trading floor of the NYSE mimics these trends. The trading floor spans 36,000 square feet and houses 20 trading posts. At each post are specialists who deal with the trading of specific stocks. Each specialist may be in charge of a variety of different stocks. However, if a specialist is in charge of one very active stock, then he or she may also be in charge of only one other (very inactive) stock. Trading at the NYSE is limited to these posts. There are also 15,000 trading booths along the perimeter of the trading floor. Booths are where orders to buy and sell are received by floor brokers. When a floor broker, who represents individual traders and/or brokerage firms, gets an order to buy or sell a stock, the floor broker runs to the trading booth where that particular stock is traded. A lot goes on at these trading booths. Above the booths are listed the current market prices of the stocks being traded. The market price is determined by supply and demand; there are offers to buy and sell, and when these offers coincide at one price, that price becomes the market price. If supply does not meet demand, resulting in low trading traffic, then the specialist dealing with that stock will trade against the market. If there is too much stock getting sold, the specialist will buy some stock, and if there is too much purchased but not sold, the specialist will sell. In this way the specialist helps maintain a balanced market, one in which the prices increase and decrease, but do not jump around erratically. These trades are financed by the company that employs the specialist, and make up about 10% of daily trades. The specialist also acts as an auctioneer to help catalyze trading. Yelling out current market prices, the specialist tries to encourage trading. When brokers buy and sell, they do so by yelling out what they have to trade, how many shares, and at what price. If a broker wishes to take an offer, the broker shouts, “Take it!” The chaos of the floor of the NYSE results in part from all the yelling and shouting offers of all kinds simultaneously. While it seems frenzied and disorderly, this wild trading is the essence of supply and demand. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 7. Information Shown on a Check Checks and Balances You can record all transactions with your checking account in a check register. This allows you to keep an accurate running balance of your checking account. The transaction records provide important verification when you review your bank statement and balance your checkbook each month. A. C. B. E. F. G. I. H. D. Checks are used to pay for items in place of cash. The money is drawn from a checking account.7 A. Name of account holder. This is the person who opened the checking account and who is authorized to write checks on the account. You may open a joint checking account, in which case there are two account holders, and both account holders are authorized to make transactions on the joint checking account. B. Driver’s license number, used by retailers to verify account holder’s identity. C. Unique check number, used by both the bank and the account holder. The account holder uses the check number to keep track of checks written on the account. When the account holder receives the monthly bank statement, the account holder can refer to the check number to make sure the correct amount of money was charged to the account. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 7. Information Shown on a Check (continued) D. Unique checking account number for Claudine Devereaux’s checking account. E. When the owner of Marianne’s Bakery presents the check to the bank, the owner receives the amount indicated on the check. F. Amount of money to be paid to the owner of Marianne’s Bakery from Claudine Devereaux’s checking account. G. Written amount serves as verification of the amount of money to be charged to the checking account. H. Account holder’s signature. Checks must be signed. The signature provides additional verification that the person who is writing the check is the account holder. I. Memo line allows the account holder to note the purpose, category, or type of the expenditure, or any other note to serve as a reminder when it is time to balance the checkbook. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Model Parenthetical Citations The following samples are based on formats from the MLA (Modern Language Association) Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. They show acceptable formats for parenthetical citations of both quoted and paraphrased information. Parenthetical Citations for Paraphrased Information A Work by a Single Author The point of the argument is that quality is more important than quantity (Keller 6567). A Work with Two or More Authors The point of the argument is that quality is more important than quantity (Keller and Leer 65-67). Two or More Works by the Same Author with Author’s Name in Text The point of Keller’s argument is that quality is more important than quantity (Business Facts 65-67). A Work by a Corporate Author The point of the argument is that quality is more important than quantity (North American Business Group 65-67). A Work from a Web Site with a Known Author The point of the argument is that quality is more important than quantity (Doe, screen 1). Parenthetical Citations for Directly Quoted Information A Work by a Single Author “Quality is more important than quantity” (Keller 65-67). A Work with Two or More Authors “Quality is more important than quantity” (Keller and Leer 65-67). Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Model Bibliographic Entries The following sample bibliographic entries are adapted from the MLA (Modern Language Association) Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. They show some acceptable formats for bibliographic entries. A Book by a Single Author Harris, Celia. Interesting Habitats. Chicago: Grayson, 2002. (Author) (Title of work) (City) (Publisher) (Year) A Book by More Than One Author Baraty, Joseph, and Rosa Garcia. Marsh Birds. New York: Wenday, 2006. (Authors) (Title of work) (City) (Publisher) (Year) An Encyclopedia Entry “Dwarfed Trees.” Encyclopedia Americana. 1999. (Title of article) (Name of encyclopedia) (Year) A Magazine Article Chen, David. “Floating Down the River.” Our Wildlife 9 July 2006: 120–25. (Author) (Title of article) (Name of publication) (Date of issue) (Page numbers) A Book Issued by an Organization Identifying No Author National Wildlife Group. Swamp Life. Washington: National Wildlife Group, 2005. (Name of organization) (Title of work) (City) (Publisher) Louisiana Department of Education (Year) Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 1 Using Information Resources: Managing Money 1. 2. If an investor wanted to invest a large sum of money, which source would be the most helpful? A. Let It Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors B. “Checks and Balances” C. DollarDuck.com D. Glossary from Knowing the Stock Market What is the purpose of the source “Checks and Balances”? A. to explain how to invest money B. to prove how easy it is to save money C. to show how to write a check and record checking information D. to give checking information about someone who has saved money Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 2 Using Information Resources: Managing Money 1. 2. Which source gives information about the special banking opportunities for students? A. Let It Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors B. “Checks and Balances” C. DollarDuck.com D. Glossary from Knowing the Stock Market Which two sources explain the meaning of “diversification”? A. A Student’s Guide to Budgeting and DollarDuck.com B. Let it Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors and “Checks and Balances” C. DollarDuck.com and What Money Means D. Knowing the Stock Market and Let it Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 3 Using Information Resources: Managing Money 1. 2. In The Wide World of Investing, what page would you look under to find information about investing a small amount of money? A. Page 45 B. Page 77 C. Page 97 D. Page 125 If your research paper was titled “A Day in the Life of a Stock Broker,” which source would you use the most? A. Let It Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors B. “Checks and Balances” C. DollarDuck.com D. “Understanding the New York Stock Exchange” Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 4 Using Information Resources: Managing Money 1. 2. Which source gives the most information about how to use an ATM machine? A. A Student’s Guide to Budgeting B. DollarDuck.com C. “Checks and Balances” D. The Wide World of Investing If you used Let It Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors as your major source, which would be the most logical thesis statement of your research paper? A. Financial investing provides people with a variety of ways to make money. B. Stocks and bonds are the best way to invest your money. C. There are many simple ways to invest money. D. Look into the different ways of investing, including stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 5 Using Information Resources: Managing Money 1. 2. In the DollarDuck.com Web site, which heading should you click on first if you wanted to find information about financial institutions? A. Home B. Newz C. Budget D. Links According to the Model Parenthetical Citations, which is the correct way to paraphrase information from DollarDuck.com? A. According to The DollarDuck.com Web site, “Banks often give good deals to students”(Jones). B. Banks often give good deals to students (Jones, Screen 1). C. The DollarDuck.com Web site states that “Banks often give good deals to students.” (www.dollarDuck.com) D. In 1911, according to The DollarDuck.com Web site, Banks often give good deals to students” (The DollarDuck.com Web site). Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 6 Using Information Resources: Managing Money 1. Using information from Let It Grow: Investment Strategies for New Investors, explain the difference between bonds, stocks and commodities. 2. If your research paper focused on student banking, what are three major areas of focus that you would develop in your paper? Base your response on the sources. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 6 (continued) Using Information Resources: Managing Money 3. Using the bibliographical models provided, write a bibliographical entry for DollarDuck.com. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Using Information Resources In this test, you are asked to look at some reference materials and then use the materials to answer some questions. Research Topic: Planning a Trip Suppose you wanted to write a report about aspects of planning a trip. You want to learn more about how to effectively plan a trip. Seven different sources of information about planning a trip are given in this section of the test. The information sources are listed below. Skim all of the resources to become familiar with the information they contain. Remember that these are reference sources, so you do not need to read every word in each source. Once you have skimmed the sources, answer the questions that follow. Use the information sources to help you answer the questions. As you work through the questions, go back and read the sections that will give you the information you need. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Library Catalog Search Results Worksheet from a Book, Ready, Set, Go! Table of Contents from a Book, Getting There: How to Have the Best Vacation Ever Appendix from a Book, Getting There: How to Have the Best Vacation Ever Excerpt from a Louisiana Travel Guide Excerpt from a Travel Agent's Brochure Web Site for Travelers Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 1. Library Catalog Search Results City of Williams Public Library Your search for the keyword “travel” yielded 7,718 results. You may view results, browse titles, refine your search, or start a new search. If you would like to view all results, click here: View All If you would like to view batched results, click one: View results in batches of: 6 12 Click on the type of records you would like to view: Complete Condensed If you would like to browse titles only, click on the BROWSE button: [insert “BROWSE” button] If you would like to refine your search, type in additional keywords and click on the SEARCH button: SEARCH Start a new search—You can start a new search by subject, author, title, keyword, or by a combination of these categories. Type in the subject, author, title, or keyword and press ENTER or click on the SUBMIT button. Author Title Keyword SUBMIT Need help with your search? HELP www.williamscitylibrary.org Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 2. Worksheet from a Book, Ready, Set, Go! The amount of planning needed for a trip will vary, depending on the length of the trip, how far you are traveling, the number of travelers in your party, whether you will stay with friends, go camping, or choose to stay at a hotel, and so on. Likewise, your budget may depend on similar variables. Budgeting for your trip is important because a budget will help you determine how much you want to spend on your vacation. A vacation budget will also help you figure out what your priorities are so that you can make sure you get to do exactly what you want to do while traveling. In order to help you create a budget for your trip, here is a worksheet that includes common vacation expenses. You may list any additional expenses on the spaces provided at the end of the worksheet. Budget Write the amount of money you have set aside for your trip: $ Expenses The expenses are broken down by category—transportation, meals, leisure, etc. Once you have done your pre-planning research, you’ll know how much each item costs. Write the costs in the spaces provided. Transportation Roundtrip Transportation 1. Write the cost of your air or railroad tickets to & from your destination: Other Transportation (cab fare, subways, trains, buses, rental car): What is your estimated cost per day for transportation while on vacation? 2. Write the cost per day of getting around your destination: $ $ $ $ 3. Write the number of days you will need transportation: 4. Multiply the cost per day by the # of days and write the resulting number here: $ 5. Add your roundtrip transportation cost, if any, to the number in line 4 and write the sum here: $ This is your total transportation cost: Accommodations 6. Write the # of nights for which you will need accommodations: Louisiana Department of Education $ Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 2. Worksheet from a Book, Ready, Set, Go! (continued) 7. Write the cost per night (including any taxes or surcharges) for the accommodations: $ 8. Multiply the # of nights by the cost per night and write the resulting number here. This is your total accommodations cost: $ Meals You can determine an average meal cost by looking at the restaurant sections of travel guidebooks for your destination. $ 9. Write the average meal cost: 10. Write the number of meals you will need to include: 11. Multiply the average meal cost by the number of meals and write the resulting number here. $ This is your total meals cost: $ Leisure Sightseeing (museums, monuments, parks, etc.) 12. Write the sightseeing tours you plan to take, or the museums, monuments, or other places you plan to visit, along with any admission fees. Add all of the sightseeing costs for your total sightseeing cost. Sightseeing tour or destination Cost $ $ $ $ $ Total sightseeing cost: Sports (snorkeling, scuba, hang-gliding, parasailing, skiing, etc.) 13. Write the sports and other activities you plan to do, such as scuba diving, snorkeling, snowboarding, horseback-riding, etc.), along with the costs, including the price of lessons and/or equipment rentals. Add all of the sports costs for your total sports cost. Sport or activity Cost (including lessons or equipment rental) $ $ $ $ Total sports cost: 14. Add your total sightseeing cost and your total sports cost. $ Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 2. Worksheet from a Book, Ready, Set, Go (continued) This is your total leisure cost: $ Miscellaneous Expenses These are expenses that may or may not apply to your trip. Add any additional expenses to the spaces provided below. Souvenirs/gifts 15. Write the amount you plan to spend on souvenirs or gifts: $ Telephone 16. Write the amount you will most likely spend on telephone charges: $ Postage/shipping 17. Frequently travelers ship gifts, souvenirs, and other purchases home in order to avoid transporting extra baggage. Write the amount you will most likely spend on shipping or any other postage costs: $ Additional Expenses 18. Here you can list any other expenses that you know you will undertake on your vacation. Additional Expenses Cost $ $ $ $ Total additional expenses: $ 19. Now add the costs for souvenirs/gifts, telephone charges, postage/shipping, and additional expenses. This is your total miscellaneous cost: $ Total Cost of Trip Now add the total costs for transportation (line 5), accommodations (line 8), meals (line 11), leisure (line 14), and miscellaneous expenses (line 19). This is your estimated total cost of your trip: Louisiana Department of Education $ Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 3. Table of Contents from a Book, Getting There: How to Have the Best Vacation Ever CONTENTS viiii Introduction Your Travel Personality—Which Trip Is Right for You? 13 Choosing a Vacation Destination 27 Trip or Trap? Avoiding Travel Scams 41 Planes, Trains, and Automobiles: How to Get There and 45 Back The Good Guest: Staying with Friends and Relatives 73 The Paying Guest: Finding Good Accommodations 79 The Clever Guest: Finding Bargain and Alternative 81 Accommodations Seeing the Sights: How to Be an Exemplary Tourist 87 Notes on International Travel 95 Avoiding Trouble in Any Culture 109 Notes on Domestic Travel 121 Regional Attractions 135 Student Specials—Making the Most of Your Student Travel 149 Experience Conclusion 161 Appendix I: Popular Tourist Trips 173 Appendix II: Tips for Airline Travel 181 Appendix III: Packing Dos and Don’ts 185 Appendix IV: The Classic American Road Trip 199 Appendix V: Additional Resources 211 Index 217 Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 4. Appendix from a Book, Getting There: How to Have the Best Vacation Ever US Airways www.usairways.com 800 428-4322 Airlines Alaska Airlines, Inc. www.alaskaair.com 800 252-7522 United Airlines www.united.com 800 241-6522 America West Airlines www.americawest.com 800 235-9292 American Airlines-American Eagle www.aa.com 800 433-7300 Dollar Rent a Car 800 800-4000 Continental Airlines www.continental.com 800 523-3273 Enterprise Rent a Car 800 736-8222 Delta Airlines www.delta.com 800 221-1212 Hertz 800 654-3131 Frontier Airlines www.frontierairlines.com 800 432-1359 Lufthansa www.lufthansa-usa.com 800 645-3880 Northwest Airlines-KLM www.nwa.com 800 225-2525 Southwest Airlines www.southwest.com Greyhound Bus Lines 800 231-2222 Travel Agencies AAA Travel 800 922-8228 Mexicana Airlines 800 531-7921 Qantas Airlines 800 227-4500 National Car Rental 800 227-7368 Other Transportation Amtrak 800 872-7245 Horizon Air 800 547-9308 Philippine Airlines 800 435-9725 Car Rentals Avis Rent a Car 800 831-2847 Hawaii Travel Service 800 833-4565 Mexico Travel Service 800 833-4565 Suntrips A Destination 800 825-3287 Trav-L-Aire 800 764-8747 Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 5. Excerpt from a Louisiana Travel Guide Here is an excerpt from a Louisiana travel guide: Steeped in history and lore, Louisiana has many landmarks you won’t want to miss. After the party in New Orleans, turn your eyes toward Bayou Country, where you’ll find museums, restored plantations, beautiful churches and buildings dating back to the 1700s and more. Thibodaux Bayou Country Tour Laurel Valley Village-Museum (504) 446-1187 2 miles south of Thibodaux on Route 308 Napoleonville Madewood (504) 369-7151 Route 308 Morgan City Turn of the Century House 715 Second Street (504) 385-6159 Franklin Grevemberg House (318) 828-2092 Sterling Road Jeanerette Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana Preservation Museum (318) 828-0434 Irish Bend Road LeJune’s Bakery 1510 West Main Street Jeanerette Opera House 1334 West Main Street Jeanerette Museum (318) 276-4293 500 East Main Street New Iberia Tabasco factory (318) 365-8173 Avery Island Broussard House (318) 364-7242 1400 East Main Street Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 5. Excerpt from a Louisiana Travel Guide (continued) Shadows-on-the-Teche (318) 369-6446 317 East Main Street Saint Martinville Longfellow-Evangeline State Commemorative Area (318) 394-3754 1200 North Main Street Lafayette Lafayette Museum (318) 234-2208 1122 Lafayette Street Charles Mouton House (318) 233-7816 338 North Sterling Street Acadian Village (318) 981-2364 south of Route 342 Grand Coteau Academy of the Sacred Heart (318) 622-5275 1821 Academy Road Opelousas Jim Bowie Museum (318) 948-6263 Route 190 Estorge House (318) 948-4592 427 Market Street Washington Washington Museum and Tourist Center (318) 826-3626 Main and Dejean Streets Arlington House (318) 826-3298 Route 103 Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 6. Excerpt from a Travel Agent's Brochure At Polite Travel, we know how to get you where you want to go. For help with all of your travel needs, call Polite Travel! • • • • • • • • • • Domestic and international travel Tour groups Vacations Business travel Weddings abroad Hawaiian weddings Sunshine trips Holiday cruises Adventure trips Family and group plans Special rates for: • students (with student ID) • seniors (age 55 and over) • honeymooners • groups of ten or more • families of four or more Experience customer service the way it should be at Polite Travel. At Polite Travel, your comfort is our priority. We provide: • 24-hour emergency travel assistance • assistance with lost luggage • rebooking for missed or canceled flights Toll-free customer services hotline: 1-800-555-1342 International customer services hotline: 1-800-555-1671 Polite Travel is online at www.politetravel.com Book your own flights with our interactive site and save! Check the weather of any destination in the world at the Polite Travel Weather Station! Check for current news about your destination! Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 7. Web Site for Travelers Trip Planner Big Red’s 6 easy steps to planning a trip: 1. Decide where to go. 2. Do your research. 3. Create an itinerary. 4. Make your arrangements. 5. Go! Where in the world First, read about possible vacation destinations and decide exactly where you want to go. Here are some questions to help you narrow the possibilities: • Do you want adventure or do you need to rest? • How important is sightseeing? • Do you want to visit historical sites? Museums? Attend cultural events? • Do you want to experience the hustle and bustle of a big city, or do you want to get back to nature? • Are you planning to travel with a tour guide, a travel buddy, or are you going solo? You can click on the locations below to find out more about different destinations: Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 7. Web Site for Travelers (continued) Europe Asia/Pacific Rim Africa Australia/New Zealand Middle East North America South America FactFinder Research can make the difference between a dream vacation and a nightmare! Don’t plan a trip to Jamaica during hurricane season! Also, if you’d like to save money, plan your trip off-season and get special deals and rates. Hawaii in January can be twice as expensive as Hawaii in June. Here are some facts you’ll want to check while planning your vacation: • What will the weather be like during the time of your trip? • What is the local exchange rate (if traveling out of your home country)? • When is tourist season? • What cultural events, festivals, fairs, exhibits, etc. will take place around the time of your trip? • What activities or sports can you participate in? • What transportation methods are available to get there? • Once at your destination, what transportation methods will you use? • What are the options for accommodations? • Will you need vaccinations? • Will you need a passport (if traveling out of your home country)? • What kinds of tour packages are available and are any of them right for you? Make it easy to come home! Before you leave for a long trip, make sure to: • stop your mail or arrange to have it picked up. • lock doors and windows. • unplug electrical appliances. • turn off the gas and water. • put lights on timers. • arrange for someone to mow and water the lawn. • get a pet sitter or take the cat to the kitty hotel. • take out the garbage! Express yourself to [email protected]. Who are you? Big Red would like to know. Fill out our survey and enter to win a trip to Maui! If you’d like to get a cheerful, personalized email from Big Red each morning, reminding you to plan your next vacation and including information about special discounts and travel packages, click here to complete our survey. © 2000 BRS, Inc. All rights reserved. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 7 Using Information Resources: Planning a Trip 1. 2. Which source offers information about Louisiana attractions? A. the travel guide excerpt B. the Williams library results C. the travel planning worksheet D. the Web site for travelers On which page of Getting There: How to Have the Best Vacation Ever would you find information on traveling inexpensively? A. Page 27 B. Page 45 C. Page 81 D. Page 95 Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 8 Using Information Resources: Planning a Trip 1. 2. The appendix of Getting There: How to Have the Best Vacation Ever is primarily focused on A. airlines. B. bus lines. C. train lines. D. travel agencies. Under which heading of the Web page will you find tips for keeping your house safe while you travel? A. Big Red Suitcase’s 6 easy steps to planning a trip B. Where in the world C. FactFinder D. Make it easy to come home! Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 9 Using Information Resources: Planning a Trip 1. Which is the best example of the use of persuasive language in the travel brochure? A. “For help with all of your travel needs, call Polite Travel.” B. “At Polite Travel, your comfort is our priority.” C. “Polite Travel is online at www.politetravel.com.” D. “Check for current news about your destination!” 2. Based on the travel planning worksheet, which expense could most easily be avoided? A. shipping B. transportation C. sightseeing D. meals Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 10 Using Information Resources: Planning a Trip 1. 2. Which appendix in Getting There: How to Have the Best Vacation Ever offers practical advice for before you travel? A. Appendix I B. Appendix II C. Appendix III D. Appendix IV The excerpt from the Louisiana travel guide would be most useful to students writing a research paper on A. most frequently visited spots. B. historical places. C. state and federal buildings. D. Southern architecture. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 11 Using Information Resources: Planning a Trip 1. According to bigredsuitcase.com Web page, which two links would you click on if you could not spend much money and liked unusual places? 2. Which source offers information on international customs? 3. In what city is Shadows-on-the-Teche located? ________________________________________________________________________ Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Using Information Resources In this test, you are asked to look at some reference materials and then use the materials to answer some questions. Research Topic: The Brain Suppose you wanted to write a report about the brain. You want to learn more about the brain and how it functions. Six different sources of information about the brain are given in this section of the test. The information sources are listed below. Skim all of the resources to become familiar with the information they contain. Remember that these are reference sources, so you do not need to read every word in each source. Once you have skimmed the sources, answer the questions that follow. Use the information sources to help you answer the questions. As you work through the questions, go back and read the sections that will give you the information you need. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Book Chapter, "Memory: The Long and Short of It" Index from Book, Mindworks: The Workings of the Human Brain Appendix from Book, Mindworks: The Workings of the Human Brain Diagram of Human Brain Magazine Article, "One Brain, Two Hemispheres" Web Page from Mountain Research Institute Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 1. Book Chapter, "Memory: The Long and Short of It" --------------------------------Chapter 11-------------------------------- Memory: The Long and the Short of It What if you had to re-learn how to tie your shoes every day? Or if you never could remember how much money you need for bus fare? Some information is so automatic and so much a part of your day-to-day life, you probably don’t even think of it as information that you need to remember. Your long-term memory holds all of that information that you take for granted—and more. In fact, scientists hypothesize that humans have an unlimited capacity for information storage. Your brain is not like a filing cabinet that only has four drawers, with only a certain number of filing folders that can hold only a certain number of documents. Your brain can hold as much information as you are willing to learn. The reason your brain has this seemingly miraculous storage capacity is that memories are not documents or objects. Memory is a process, and memories are actually events of neural activity. Something that you see stimulates neurons in your visual cortex to fire up, communicating with neurons in your associative cortex. Triggering memories, or retrieving information that is stored in your longterm memory, is like turning on a string of lights. Your short-term memory and long-term memory not only work together to help you learn new skills, ideas, and information, but also to help you function in your life. Short-term memory lasts about half a minute. Short-term memory can hold only limited amounts of information, up to 7 or so discrete units—which is why telephone numbers are only 7 digits long. If you want to remember that telephone number, you’re going to have to repeat it to yourself until your brain files the information in your long-term memory. Emotions and Memory What triggers memories? Emotions can play a significant role in what you remember. If you experience a truly inspiring or tragic event, that event will become what is called a flashbulb memory and will remain very clearly in your memory. An interesting note about flashbulb memories is that the person who experiences the event will not necessarily have an accurate memory of what happened. The flashbulb memory version is the memory of the person’s perception of the event, rather than a factual record. In addition, if the event is one that is simultaneously experienced by others, or one that is widely reported in the news and on television, your memory will begin to supplement your own memories with those of others and the information you receive from the news, until your memory becomes a collage, with news facts, details from others’ experiences, and your own memories of your perceived experience all mixed up together. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 1. Book Chapter, "Memory: The Long and Short of It" (continued) Strong emotions may also have a negative effect on the memory. Have you ever had a very emotional conversation with someone, positive or negative? Chances are that you probably remember few specific details of the conversation, even though you recall the main points and one or two highlights (or lowlights, as the case may be). The miracle of photographic memory is not so rare—approximately ten out of a hundred people are born with this capacity, but, unfortunately, most seem to lose the capacity as they mature, so fewer adults have photographic memory than children. Improving Your Memory There are a variety of methods that may be used to help improve memory, including practice, changing environmental cues, levels of participation, organization strategies, and even nutritional supplements. It should come as no surprise that, with memory, as with most skills, practice makes perfect. The more you use your memory, the better your memory will be. Any kind of memorization that you may undertake just for fun, such as memorizing a poem or the lyrics to your favorite song, or even memorizing sports trivia, will improve your ability to retrieve information when you need it. To understand how your environment affects your memory, you need to understand how memory works. Your brain processes information and stores memories differently, depending on your emotional state and the input your brain receives from your surroundings, or your consciousness of your surroundings, a phenomenon known as “state-dependent learning.” Where you are, how you feel, and what you sense from your environment will affect your ability to retrieve the information later. If you learn a fact while you are riding in a car, you’ll remember that fact best later when you are in a car. If you like to study late at night while listening to loud music, it may be more difficult to remember what you studied when you are in a quiet classroom in the early morning. The conclusion? If you need information for a specific purpose, such as for a test, you want to create a learning environment that matches the environment in which the test will occur. Use environmental cues to help you retrieve the information you need when you need it. How actively you participate in the learning process will also influence your ability to remember the material. If you actively participate in class discussions, you will Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper remember more than if you sit back and listen passively. Taking notes helps you become active in the process, too. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 1. Book Chapter, "Memory: The Long and Short of It" (continued) Creating an environment that will help you retrieve information is important, but just as important is the way you organize the information. Remember, long-term memory is like an immense library of information that is constantly interacting. If you can organize the information you receive, you will find it easier to remember. There are many organization strategies, or mnemonic devices, and you can select the strategy that best meets your need or purpose. Some of these strategies are listed below: • Acrostics—you can make an acrostic by taking the first letter of each word in a series in order to create a memorable sentence. If you are a musician, you probably know this sentence: “Every good boy deserves fun.” This acrostic helps you remember the musical notes EGBDF that fall on the lines of the treble clef. Acrostics can also be poems, like this one: Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November. All the rest have thirty-one, Save February, But in leap year, twenty-nine. • Acronyms—an acronym is similar to an acrostic, but shorter. An acronym is a made-up word that holds the information you want to remember. ROY G. BIV is an acronym for the colors in the visual spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. • Rhymes—Rhymes tend to stick with us, like this one: I before E except after C and except as in A, like neighbor or weigh. You can also use rhymes as mnemonic devices to remember names: Christy lives where it is misty or Mark likes to walk in the park. • Visual Imagery— You can remember names by associating funny or otherwise memorable visual pictures with the names. For example, when you meet someone named Margaret, visualize Margaret with a large magnet attached to her back. Let’s say that you want to take your memory capacity even further. You can try nutritional supplements. No nutritional supplement will ever completely eliminate the need to study. But there is some evidence that nutritional supplements, such as gingko biloba and ginseng, can help improve memory. Although ginseng is achieving a new wave of popularity as a memory-booster, ginseng was traditionally used as a nutritional supplement to enhance memory in ancient China. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 2. Index from Book, Mindworks: The Workings of the Human Brain Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Index Gage, Phineas, 287 ganglion cells: vision, 80 genetic engineering, 300 genetics. See inheritance gestures, 50 gingko biloba: effects on improving memory, 251 ginseng: effects on improving memory, 251 gray cells, 15 habits. See reflexive memory hearing: brain development, 100 hemoglobin, 16 hindbrain, 31, 38, 40 hippocampus: aging and, 169-171 functions of, 30, 31 memory, 243-245 Hippocrates, 21 hypnotism, 319 See also mind/body connection hormones: biological clock, 180-182 brain function and, 25, 26 stress, 190 homunculus, 25 hypothalamus, 93 imagination, 201 immune system, 81 inheritance. See also DNA environment and, 160-167 experience and, 154 vision, 91 intelligence: measures of, 221 childhood, 14 language, 21, 39, 58-60 and cerebellum, 67 learned fear, 51 left brain, 138, Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper and right brain, 139 light, See also photon biological clock, 180 perception of, 91 photon, 90 limbic system, 125 long-term memory, 250-255 and emotion, 251 triggered by trauma, 250 lucid dreaming, 15, 387 lying, 11 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 330 mapping. See brain mapping membranes. See cell membranes memory: and amnesia, 246 brain and, 245-247 early, 244 hippocampus, 243 improving, 251 long-term, 255 loss, 249 photographic, 254 for names, 253 retrieval, 256 short-term, 257 for skills, 258 storage, 250, 258 vision and, 251 working, 247 mnemonic devices, 256 mind/body connection, 319 brain and, 319-321 contemporary research on, 321-322 historical ideas about, 323-325 Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 3. Appendix from Book, Mindworks: The Workings of the Human Brain The following list is provided for readers who would like more information about the brain, its development and functions, and how it works. Suggested Further Reading Ackerman, Sandra. Discovering the Brain. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992. Alkon, Daniel L. Memory’s Voice: Deciphering the Brain-Mind Code. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992. Brown, A. G. Nerve Cells and Nervous Systems. London: Springer-Verlag, 1991. Czerner, Thomas B., M.D. What Makes You Tick? The Brain in Plain English. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001 Chopra, Deepak. Perfect Health. New York: Harmony Books, 1991. Crick, Francis. The Astonishing Hypothesis. New York: Touchstone Books, 1994. Frazer, A. Biological Bases of Brain Function. New York: Raven Press, 1994. Funston, Sylvia, and Ingram, Jay. It’s All in Your Brain. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1994. Gopnik, A. The Scientist in the Crib, Minds, Brains, and How Children Learn. New York: William Morrow, 1999. Hubel, David H. Eye, Brain, and Vision. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co., 1995. Kotulak, R. Inside the Brain. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McNeel Publishing, 1996. Penfield, W. The Cerebral Cortex of Man. New York: Macmillan, 1950. Powledge, Tabitha M. Your Brain: How You Got It and How It Works. New York: Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Macmillan, 1994. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 4. Diagram of Human Brain cerebral cortex hippocampus cerebellum spinal cord medulla oblongata pons pituitary amygdale thalamus Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 5. Magazine Article, "One Brain, Two Hemispheres" by A.D. MacNeill The two hemispheres of your brain, separated only by a cable called the corpus callosum, are two different worlds. One is a word of practicalities and logic; the other, a world of fanciful flights of fantasy. In the left hemisphere, the side of the brain that is dominant in the majority of folk (even people who are left-handed), everything is orderly, precise, and repetitive. The left hemisphere may be considered the domain of details. Left-brainers are good at math and science, making lists and schedules, and getting places on time. On the other side of the brain, things get a little fuzzier, because the right side of the brain is oriented toward possibilities and random events, rather than orderly sequences and reality. Rightbrainers love to wrestle with abstract concepts. The right side of the brain is more interested in overall impressions and the big picture, and is much less concerned about petty details. Although numbers come readily to the left side of the brain, the left side also plays an important role in language for over 90% of humans. (A minority uses the right brain for speech and language, usually as a result of an early childhood injury to the left hemisphere that forced the right hemisphere to take on the extra work of controlling language.) In the majority of people, reading, writing, and speaking abilities are all affected when there is damage to the left hemisphere of the brain. This appears to be true for sign language as well. In most people, the only task of the right hemisphere when it comes to language is to color it with emotion, or to recognize and interpret emotion when others are speaking. Here’s an example that shows the differences between how your left brain and right brain work: You have just completed a large jigsaw puzzle. The left side of your brain lets you figure out how many pieces are in the puzzle, while the right side of your brain allows you to see how the pieces fit together to create a scene. As tempting as it is to identify ourselves as “left-brain” or “right-brain” in our orientation toward life, how we use our brains just isn’t always that simple 1 . All of us use many different parts of our brains at any given moment, and both hemispheres are constantly working together. However, it does appear that people do tend to be drawn toward using one hemisphere more than the other, or at least experience a preference between the two hemispheres 2 . Roger Sperry, the 1981 Nobel Prize winner, suggested that schools (and indeed, our culture) tend to place a greater 1 To see which side of your brain really is dominant, you can take an online quiz, the “Hemisperic Dominance Inventory” on the Middle Tennessee State University website: http://www.mtsu.edu/~devstud/advisor/hemispheric_dominance.html 2 Or you can take this online quiz of ten questions, located at the website sponsored by the University of Lincoln: http://www.achieversinexcellence.org.uk/effective%20learning/hemispheres/rightbrain_leftbrain _quiz.htm Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 5. Magazine Article, "One Brain, Two Hemispheres" (continued) emphasis and value on left-brain skills. As a result, children enter kindergarten full of imagination (and may even be accompanied by imaginary friends), but exit high school with minds more concerned with logic and practicalities than creativity and intuition. If you feel that your left brain could use a rest and your right brain could use a workout, there are plenty of things you can do in order to practice your right-brain skills. (You might want to check out Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain by Betty Edwards.) One way to exercise your right brain is to shut off the sensory intake. Lie down in a quiet room, dim the lights, close your eyes, and try to empty your mind. (Warning: this is much more difficult than it sounds!) Deprived of input, the left brain may surrender the floor to the right brain, and you can let your imagination soar. LEFT BRAIN RIGHT BRAIN logical, analytical, detail-oriented controls the right side of the body emotional, intuitive, global controls the left side of the body Left-brain skills include: Right-brain skills include: • • • • • • • • intentional, skilled movements, especially those requiring repetition compiling detailing computation figuring out math problems performing science experiments figuring out sequences, order, and patterns planning strategies • • • • • • • recognizing some kinds of sounds, including music grasping the big picture or overall concept interpreting emotional content of language interpreting and expressing nonverbal communication and emotion in facial expressions interpreting concepts beyond literal meaning imagining and daydreaming spatial perception artistic endeavors Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 6. Web Page from the Mountain Research Institute Mountain Research Institute Home Archives Journal Studies Departments Directory SEARCH [insert captureresponse box] Sleep → Stages of Sleep → Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep continued 1 2 3 When does rapid eye movement sleep occur? Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs in the fifth phase of sleep, the last phase in the sleep cycle. The sleep cycle is repeated FIND approximately 5-7 times each sleeping period, with each cycle lasting [format as up to 90 minutes. search What happens during REM sleep? button] The first characteristic of REM sleep is, not surprisingly, the movement of the eyes under closed lids. The sleeper is in a very deep sleep state and is unaware of the surroundings. During REM sleep, most dreaming takes place. Brain activity levels are similar to those experienced in a ADVANCED waking state, albeit with more irregular brain waves. The heart rate and breathing increase, but become irregular, and the blood pressure and SEARCH temperature are higher than in the other four stages of sleep. The only [format as active muscles during REM sleep are the eye muscles and the muscles search of the middle ear. button] What is “sleep paralysis”? During REM sleep, the muscles of the body are unable to move, possibly in order to protect sleepers from harming themselves when attempting to “act out” dream scenarios. Some people are afflicted with REM behavior disorder, which is sometimes the result of an injury to the brain stem. People with REM behavior disorder do not experience sleep paralysis during REM sleep, so they may attempt to act out dreams while in the REM sleep stage. People with REM behavior disorder frequently become violent toward themselves and others during the REM phase of the sleep cycle. This disorder is quite rare, and may be controlled with medication. REM behavior disorder is not to be confused with common sleepwalking, in which sleepers may get out of bed and move around without a conscious awareness of their surroundings. Sleepwalking occurs in the third and fourth stages of sleep. Is REM sleep necessary? Yes. When sleepers are prevented from achieving the REM stage during a sleeping session, they will remain in REM sleep longer the next sleeping session, which indicates a biological necessity for REM sleep. end 1 2 3 Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 6. Web Page from the Mountain Research Institute (continued) For REM-related articles, click here. Click on one of the links below for information about these related topics. Function of dreams Lucid dreaming Stages of sleep Sleep disorders Sleep patterns in children Sleep patterns in adults NEW SEARCH FIND Home Mountain Research Institute P.O. BOX 7612 Denver, Colorado 80203 Telephone: 803.555.8765 Fax: 803.555.0942 © 2003 Mountain Research Institute. All rights reserved. All material presented on the website of the Mountain Research Institute is the property of the Mountain Research Institute. No part of this website may be reproduced, stored in an electronic retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, audio or visual recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Mountain Research Institute or its agents. For reprint permission or for more information, contact the Mountain Research Institute. [email protected] Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 12 1. 2. According to the index, if you wanted to find information on how accidents can affect long-term memory, on which page should you look? A. 243–245 B. 250 C. 257 D. 319–321 If your research paper relied mostly on the resource “Memory: The Long and the Short of It,” which is the best thesis statement? A. Long and Short Term Memory B. Long and Short Term Memory Are Important to Everyone C. Although many people are born with photographic memory, most people lose it as they get older. D. Although emotions can affect memory, there are many easy ways to improve memory. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 13 1. 2. Which resource would most likely be found in a high-school science textbook? A. the illustration B. Mountain Research Institute Web page C. the excerpt “Memory: The Long and Short of It” D. the index from Mindworks: The Workings of the Human Brain The illustration is most helpful in showing A. the left and right hemispheres. B. how the brain functions. C. where the parts of the brain are. D. the parts of the cerebellum. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 14 1. 2. Which resource gives the most information about sleep disorders? A. Mountain Research Institute Web page B. the excerpt “Memory: The Long and Short of It” C. the article “One Brain, Two Hemispheres” D. “Suggested Further Reading” from Mindworks: The Workings of the Human Brain According to the resources, which is an example of using the right side of the brain? A. writing a sentence B. reading a book C. mediating in a quiet place D. counting pieces of a puzzle Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 15 1. 2. On the “Mountain Research Institute” Web page, which link would you click (go to) if you wanted more information about REM sleep? A. Function of dreams B. Lucid dreaming C. Stages of sleep D. Sleep disorders The “Suggested Further Reading” from Mindworks: The Workings of the Human Brain would be the most helpful if you were writing a report on A. brain development and functions. B. memory, emotions, and the brain. C. stages of sleep in children. D. sleep disorders. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 16 1. 2. If you were looking for information about why some children are afraid of the dark, on which page of Mindworks: The Workings of the Human Brain should you look? A. 15 B. 31 C. 51 D. 200 An example of short-term memory is a person remembering A. an old address. B. a new telephone number. C. a tragic event. D. a flashbulb memory version. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 17 1. Which two resources would most likely have the most detailed information about the different parts of the brain and their functions 2. Which hemisphere of the brain do most people use the most when learning to read? 3. Which resource would be most helpful for finding names of other scientists who study the brain? Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Using Information Resources In this test, you are asked to look at some reference materials and then use the materials to answer some questions. Research Topic: Propaganda Suppose you wanted to write a report about propaganda. You want to learn more about this issue and how it affects our lives. Six different sources of information about propaganda are given in this section of the test. The information sources are listed below. Skim all of the resources to become familiar with the information they contain. Remember that these are reference sources, so you do not need to read every word in each source. Once you have skimmed the sources, answer the questions that follow. Use the information sources to help you answer the questions. As you work through the questions, go back and read the sections that will give you the information you need. Click on the links below to review each resource first. You will need to scroll from left to right and up and down in order to see all of each resource. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Article from a Magazine, "Beyond Adspeak: Looking for the Real Message in Advertisements and Commercials" Bibliography from a Book, Selling and the Art of Persuasion Newsletter Article, "Use the Freedom of Information Act to See through Propaganda" Quotations from Quotations Past and Present: A Dictionary of Quotations and Proverbs Advertisement for NutriGold from a Magazine Web Page for Academy Annex Louisiana Department of Education 1. Article from aGrade Magazine, "Beyond Adspeak: Looking for the Real Message 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper in Advertisements and Commercials" As the magicians of the marketplace, marketers employ a bulging bag of tricks in order to dazzle consumers and gain consumer trust. Glossy magazine ads promise youth and beauty. Television and radio commercials trade on hopes and dreams. The ultimate goal of a marketer is, of course, to persuade consumers to part with their cash. There is nothing wrong or underhanded about this system, which relies on free speech, supply and demand, and competition. People have basic needs, and companies have sprung up to offer products to meet those needs. We all need to buy food and clothes, at the minimum, and there is a wide variety of other products that we all need and use every day, such as soap and toothpaste, dish detergent and floor polish. When we run out of these products, we need to buy more. There are also many products that we don’t need, but that we want to have because they make us (or our homes or our pets) look better or feel better, because they are fun, or just because we like them. So we go to the store to buy what we need (or want) and we are faced with aisles and aisles filled with a seemingly endless array of products. How can we make a selection? What makes one brand of film better than another? This is where marketing comes in. The purpose of marketing is to allow companies to advertise their wares so that consumers are aware of what is available for purchase in the marketplace. In order to distinguish themselves from the competition, companies provide consumers with information about their products, including what makes their products superior to the competing brands. Advertising allows consumers to make informed decisions about what to purchase. However, consumers must remember that companies are not simply providing information; companies are actually providing propaganda, which means that the information is provided in a certain way in order to influence consumers’ shopping behavior. The responsibility for evaluating marketing messages falls upon the consumer. All consumers should recall Shakespeare’s immortal warning reminding us that just because something glitters does not mean it is made of gold. In other words, it behooves the consumer to learn to read between the lines before believing an advertiser’s claims. Don’t believe everything you read, especially when the writer wants to sell you something. Here are some examples of common marketing strategies and suggestions about how to read and evaluate the advertisements and commercials that use them. More! Better! Faster! New and Improved!—Comparisons Marketing wizards rely on comparisons to impress consumers and gain their trust. However, the comparisons in commercials and ads may not tell you anything you need to know. Whenever you read comparison words, consider the basis for the comparison. An ad for a car might read “Better gas mileage!” and a commercial for a detergent might claim “More cleaning power!” Better than what? More than what? Comparisons like these are meaningless. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 1. Article from a Magazine, "Beyond Adspeak: Looking for the Real Message in Advertisements and Commercials" (continued) If the car ad reported that the new Geneva sports coupe traveled 30 miles on a gallon of gas, while an equivalent model from a competing manufacturer only traveled 20 miles on the same amount of gas in a test of the two cars under similar road conditions and carrying the same amount of weight—well, then you have some useful information. 3 out of 4 Dentists Agree—Meaningless Statistics We’ve all seen or heard commercials or advertisements that use statistics to win over the consumer. For statistics to mean anything, you must know how the data were gathered. What was the basis of the study? Was there a control group? Under which conditions were tests conducted? If the information comes from a poll, it’s helpful to know how many people were included in the sample, what kinds of questions were asked, how many questions were asked, and the format of the questions. Here is an example of a meaningless statistic: 98% of Clean-All laundry detergent users prefer Clean-All to other brands. Your first response should be skepticism—of course Clean-All buyers prefer Clean-All! They are the people who buy this detergent, so they probably have some brand loyalty. However, if the advertisements showed that 98% of Clean-All users had switched to Clean-All because they found that the other brands did not clean as well, you might be more convinced. Ask Your Doctor—Appeals to Authorities Actually, the slogan “3 out of 4 dentists agree” could fall into this category as well. When in doubt, appeal to a greater authority, one whom we respect and trust to give us reliable information. The recommendations of authorities go a long way, which is why advertisers frequently refer to doctors, dentists, parents, teachers, and other authority figures. When authorities appear in advertisements and commercials, feel free to question their validity. One important question is whether the authority is paid for the recommendation—wouldn’t you be more likely to have a positive opinion about a company that gives you a big check or sends you on a cruise to the Bahamas? If It’s Good Enough for the Queen of England, It’s Good Enough for You—Testimonials Athletes smile at us from cereal boxes. Actresses confess that they use different products to color their hair. If a person is famous, chances are you’ll see that famous face as a representative of one product or another. Companies approach celebrities to sell all kinds of goods, from cars to soda. Does one soda taste better just because a famous basketball player drinks it? No. Will you be a better basketball player if you drink that soda, too? No. But companies know that the famous basketball player already has a fan base, and that those fans will go to great lengths to be like their hero. Would those fans spend less than a dollar for a soda touted by their favorite sports star? Yes, of course. They might even shell out more than a hundred dollars for shoes. Everyone’s Buying It—Peer Pressure Peer pressure never dies. It’s natural that people want to conform to a certain degree to the people who make up their community. Companies use this tendency to conformity in order to sell. Whenever you see or hear the word “everyone” in a marketing context, stop and consider the possibility of the claim. Is “everyone” really talking about the latest cell phone gimmick? No, of course not. But if the latest gimmick is a technology that you really like or a Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 1. Article from a Magazine, "Beyond Adspeak: Looking for the Real Message in Advertisements and Commercials" (continued) feature that you would love to try, go ahead and buy it. Just be aware of what you are doing. In other words, stop to think about why you have the impulse to buy an item. Make sure that you are not just yielding to an artificial impulse created by an advertisement that preys on your desire for conformity. Making Informed Decisions at the Cash Register What other techniques and ploys do you see in the marketplace? When you go shopping, make an effort to evaluate the messages before you buy. Or you can ignore the marketing materials and go straight to the product to get your information from direct experience. Examine the product yourself. Get samples to try before you buy. Ask your friends or other people you trust for recommendations. Read product evaluations by consumer groups and other non-profit organizations. The more you know, the more enjoyable your shopping experience will be and the more likely you are to be satisfied with your purchasing decisions. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 2. Bibliography from a Book, Selling and the Art of Persuasion Annotated Bibliography from Selling and the Art of Persuasion Delwiche, Aaron. Propaganda. The Propaganda Critic. 2002. 9 May 2003. <http://www.propagandacritic.com/>. A lecturer at the University of Washington, Dr. Aaron Delwiche defines, describes, and analyzes propaganda and its purposes, techniques, and uses on this website. The website includes an introduction, a list of propaganda techniques identified by the Institute for Propaganda Analysis, an explanation of wartime propaganda, and examples of different uses propaganda. Special features of the website include illustrations, references, a book list, a detailed description and history of the Institute for Propaganda Analysis and its purpose, and an author biography. Gourley, Catherine. Media Wizards: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at Media Manipulations. Brookfield, Connecticut: Twenty-First Century Books, 1999. Gourley describes the behind-the-scenes world of advertising and media, showing how the media works to influence viewers’ perceptions. Gourley provides information about how companies target different sections of the population by using demographic data. She also exposes the tactics and methods used by the media and advertisers to influence viewers. She provides examples of how the media has influenced people over the years and explores the effects of media influences. Special features include sidebars, reprints of advertisements, black and white photographs and other illustrations, a bibliography, and an index. Del Vecchio, Gene. Creating Ever-Cool: A Marketer’s Guide to a Kid’s Heart. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, 1997. Del Vecchio uses data from polls and studies to support his proposition that companies that sell children’s products must tailor marketing efforts to reach children, partly because children have a great deal of influence on family purchasing habits. According to Del Vecchio, children may be reached through marketing that focuses on their hopes, dreams, and perceived needs, which are not necessarily similar to those of adults. Additional features include tables, charts, humorous illustrations, and an appendix. McClung Lee, Alfred, and Briant Lee, Elizabeth, eds. The Fine Art of Propaganda: A Study of Father Coughlin’s Speeches. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1939. Sociologists Alfred and Elizabeth Lee examine the speeches of Father Coughlin, identifying and analyzing propaganda techniques and their effects in order to expose the underlying messages of the speeches. An appendix is included. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 2. Bibliography from a Book, Selling and the Art of Persuasion (continued) Streissguth, Thomas. Communications: Sending the Message. Minneapolis: The Olive Press, Inc., 1997. Streissguth provides a comprehensive history of communications technology, from the invention of the printing press, the telegraph, and the telephone, to the Internet and the Information Superhighway. He speculates about future innovations in communications technology, and how these innovations may ultimately transform human communications. Special features include illustrations, diagrams, black and white photographs, definitions of technical terms, a glossary, an index, and a bibliography. Underhill, Paco. Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999. Underhill, credited as a “retail anthropologist” and the “founder of the science of shopping,” uses his studies about and observations of shoppers’ behavior, along with observations about merchants and research about psychology and human behavior, to explore the world of shopping. Underhill compares and contrasts male and female consumer needs and shopping behavior, and proposes methods that retailers may use to influence male and female shoppers. Underhill also offers solutions for retailers to overcome shoppers’ reluctance to purchase different items. A bibliography is included. Ventura, Piero. Communication: Means and Technologies for Exchanging Information. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994. Ventura provides a history of human communications, from cave drawings and hieroglyphics, to television, satellites, and e-mail. Ventura explores written and spoken communications, and how each innovation in communications technology led to greater social, political, and economic advances. Special features include diagrams, drawings and other illustrations, and a glossary. Wegner, Daniel M. The Illusion of Conscious Will. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2002. Focusing on the paradox of conscious will—that is, if conscious will originates in the biological functions of the brain, do humans really have free will?—Wegner explores the illusion of free will: what it is, why it is an illusion, and why the illusion is important to the development of individual responsibility. To support his ideas, Wegner relies on psychological research and studies. Special features include a comprehensive bibliography, an author index and a subject index, tables, figures, and illustrations, including photographs. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 3. Newsletter Article, "Use the Freedom of Information Act to See through Propaganda" Use the Freedom of Information Act to See through Propaganda The simplest definition of propaganda is that propaganda is the use of language to influence someone else. Propaganda does seem simple until you look at how propaganda is used in the world. Propaganda may be used in campaign elections, in marketing materials, and even in the news. When is news propaganda? News reports are supposed to be objective and factual. However, a news reporter may emphasize certain words or pronounce a phrase in a certain way in order to express an opinion or to call that information into question. An article in the newspaper may leave out key facts and thus not tell the whole story. News becomes even more complicated when you understand that the agencies that report the news are operating for a profit. They have obligations to their sponsors, the companies that buy advertising time during the news program. Will news agencies be objective in reporting news about their sponsors? What happens when the agencies that report the news are owned by large companies? Will these agencies publish positive stories about their companies and suppress negative ones? Even our government uses propaganda. Wartime propaganda is common: governments drop leaflets and brochures encouraging opposing forces to surrender, for example. But there is plenty of propaganda in times of peace. Lobbyists are paid to use propaganda in order to persuade congressmen and congresswomen to vote for or against different laws and propositions. Even the White House uses propaganda. All presidential press secretaries are charged with the responsibility of presenting information in a manner that will make the president appear in the best light possible. Politicians routinely give speeches in which they use language to persuade Americans to support different causes or candidates. Faced with so much propaganda, how can you find the truth? One tool the government has made available to the public is the Freedom of Information Act, which was passed in 1966. The Freedom of Information Act allows the public, including news reporters, to examine government records. The Freedom of Information Act provides standards for the government in deciding which records must be made available to the public upon request and which records must remain sealed for government security or other reasons. The Freedom of Information Act applies to requests for information from all branches of government, including your local government. Here is an example of how you might use the Freedom of Information Act. You read a story in the newspaper about your city council’s vote on new development in your community, which makes you wonder whether any of the city council members may reap a financial gain from the new shopping mall. Wouldn’t you like to know that one city council member who votes in favor of the shopping mall owns a parcel of land that would be purchased by the land developers? To learn more about the Freedom of Information Act and how you may use it to request information from local, state, or federal government agencies, you may write to the address below to request a copy of a booklet entitled “A Citizen’s Guide on Using the Freedom of Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 3. Newsletter Article, "Use the Freedom of Information Act to See through Propaganda" (continued) Information Act and the Privacy Act of 1974 to Request Government Records,” which was written by the House of Representatives Committee of Government Operations and printed by the Government Printing Office. Superintendent of Documents Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 4. Quotations from Quotations Past and Present: A Dictionary of Quotations and Proverbs A companion's words of persuasion are effective. Homer (approximately 850 BC– ?), ancient Greek poet A lie told often enough becomes the truth. Nikolai Lenin (1870–1924), Russian Communist leader A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. Mark Twain (1835–1910), American humorist and novelist Hence it is clear how much more cruel the pen is than the sword. Robert Burton (1577–1640), English author and clergyman I would rather try to persuade a man to go along, because once I have persuaded him he will stick. If I scare him, he will stay just as long as he is scared, and then he is gone. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969), 34th president of the United States If you would persuade, you must appeal to interest rather than intellect. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), American scientist, statesman, and philosopher It makes a great difference in the force of a sentence whether a man be behind it or no. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), American essayist and poet No sword bites so fiercely as an evil tongue. Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586), English poet, statesman, and soldier Persuasion is often more effectual than force. Aesop (620 BC–560 BC), Greek writer of fables The pen is mightier than the sword. Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803–1873), English novelist and playwright The public will believe anything, so long as it is not founded on truth. Edith Sitwell (1887–1964), English poet, critic, and novelist The sword the body wounds, sharp words the mind. Menander (343 BC– 291 BC), Athenian writer of comedies Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 4. Quotations from Quotations Past and Present: A Dictionary of Quotations and Proverbs (continued) The truth is more important than the facts. Frank Lloyd Wright (1869–1959), American architect Use soft words and hard arguments. Proverb We are generally the better persuaded by the reasons we discover ourselves than by those given to us by others. Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), French scientist and philosopher With words we govern men. Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881), English Prime Minister Words cut more than swords. 13th century proverb Words should be employed as the means, not the end; language is the instrument, conviction is the work. Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792), English painter Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 5. Advertisement for NutriGold from a Magazine NutriGold 4000 is a nutritional supplement sports drink containing all the vitamins and minerals you need for extra energy—one tablespoon is all it takes to exceed the Daily Values recommendations! The laboratory-tested NutriGold 4000 formula includes potassium, Vitamin C, and 21 mineral complexes to give your body the fuel it needs. Studies show that the American diet lags behind in nutritional value—NutriGold 4000 can help you make sure your body gets the vitamins and minerals it needs. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 6. New games posted daily! Click here to see specials! Web Page for Academy Annex School supplies and more available Read about your favorite stars and at discount prices at celebrities! Hollywood insider news is usavecoin.com! now online! Add your own celebrity sightings! Fill out our online student survey and win! Click here for details! English Geometry Biology Geography Writing Algebra Chemistry History Literature Calculus Physics Government Need help with another subject? Click here for a complete list of subjects available at the Academy Annex. For a list of the ten most popular help topics, click here. Academy Annex Your classroom on the Web! Search terms “persuasive” and “essay” found one result: The Persuasive Essay A persuasive essay is an essay in which you take a position and then build a case for your position, using persuasive language and supporting details, facts, and examples to persuade the reader to think or feel as you do. A persuasive essay will need to contain an explicit statement that makes your position clear to the reader, as well as reasons that you feel the way you do, and facts, details, or examples to support your position. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper If a topic has been provided for you, you may want to jot down some notes in order to help you plan your essay. To jump-start the process, here are some questions you may want to ask yourself before you begin writing: • What do I think or feel about this issue? • What reasons do I have for taking this position? • What do I want the reader to think or feel? • What facts, examples, or details can I use to support my position? Are you starting to feel overwhelmed? Don’t worry! You have persuasive abilities that have been fine-tuned by years of experience. Just think, every day you persuade at least one person to do something. On any given day, you might: • persuade your little brother to help you wash the dishes • persuade your teacher to accept a late assignment 6. Web Page for Academy Annex (continued) • persuade your parents to let you stay out later than usual You see? Admit it: You’re an expert at persuasion. Now all you need to do is take that skill and put it in writing. To do this, you will need to use persuasive language. Here are some common persuasive techniques that you will probably recognize. Review this list and read the definitions. Persuasive Techniques Bandwagon The bandwagon approach is all about peer pressure. The idea is that “everyone” is doing something, so you should do it, too. Card-stacking There are two sides (or more) to every story, but card stacking is the art of presenting only one side of the story. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Elitism The art of elitism is associating an idea, product, or candidate with a higher social or economic status. If a product makes people feel as if they belong to a higher class, they will buy it. Glittering generalities Using glittering generalities is to emphasize or even exaggerate the positive qualities without mentioning any negative qualities. The glittering generalities approach may entail using statements that sound impressive, but lack evidence or support. Name-calling When in doubt, resort to mud-slinging. That describes the motto of the name-calling approach, in which you may simply deride the opposition so that you, your product, your candidate, or your position looks better in comparison. Plain folk Unlike elitism, the plain folks approach attempts to appeal to the masses by communicating a message that we (the product manufacturer or the candidates) are just like you, the average person off the street. The plain folk technique may be used in advertising or in political campaigns. A candidate relying on the plain folk technique may say that her opponent is an educated snob (thus utilizing name-calling and using the other candidate’s elitism as a weapon against her), while he is just a regular guy, just like you. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper 6. Web Page for Academy Index (continued) Repetition If it’s nice, say it twice! Repetition is the technique of simply repeating an idea over and over until people “get” it. You may never realize that the only reason you buy a certain brand of toothpaste is that the name of the brand is repeated twenty times in one commercial, and so it sounds more familiar to you than the names of the competing brands. Testimonial Testimonials are statements from people who believe in the candidate or who have used the product to good effect. Testimonials may be from celebrities or from just plain folk, regular people like you and me. Transfer The transfer technique relies on a symbol to carry the message. Have you ever noticed that political candidates are frequently presented while standing in front of the American flag? They are using the symbol of the flag to support their candidacy and to appeal to the voters’ loyalty to their country. Campaign ads also frequently show politicians surrounded by their families in order to appeal to Americans’ strong positive feelings about families and family values. (This approach may also contain elements of the “plain folk” technique.) For a list of persuasive essay topics, click here. To read a sample persuasive essay, click here. To write your own persuasive essay, click here. To find information about other kinds of essays, click here. To start a new search, enter the keywords in the search box below and click FIND IT! Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Find It! HOME Comments, questions, or suggestions? Send a message to [email protected]. © 2002 ALS-Online, Inc. All rights reserved. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 18 1. 2. What is the main purpose of the bold letters in the NutriGold advertisement? A. to inform about the study B. to capture the reader's attention C. to suggest the product works D. to make the reader interested in exercise Which resource would you use if you want to find practical information about writing a persuasive essay? A. the article "Beyond Adspeak: Looking for the Real Message" B. the bibliography from Selling and the Art of Persuasion C. the article "Use the Freedom of Information Act to See through Propaganda" D. Academy Annex Web page Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 19 1. According to the Academy Annex Web page, what are persuasive techniques? E. categories of essays F. support for arguments G. types of arguments H. approaches for writing 2. In the Academy Annex Web page, the section Persuasive Techniques is included to A. make the reader laugh. B. show the reader what to avoid. C. instruct the reader on essay writing. D. illustrate ways to prove a point. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 20 1. If you were writing a research paper on propaganda, in which section of your paper would you most likely use part of Quotations Past and Present? E. preface F. thesis G. support H. conclusion 2. According to the article, the Freedom of Information Act E. prevents the widespread use of propaganda. F. allows people to look at government documents. G. enables the government to monitor propaganda. H. discourages the use of false advertising. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 21 1. 2. Which resource would offer the best information about the everyday influences of advertisements on people? A. the advertisement for NutriGold from a magazine B. the article "Use the Freedom of Information Act to See through Propaganda" C. the article "Beyond Adspeak: Looking for the Real Message" D. Academy Annex Web page Which resource would give the most information about classroom activities and lessons? A. the article "Beyond Adspeak: Looking for the Real Message" B. the bibliography from Selling and the Art of Persuasion C. the article "Use the Freedom of Information Act to See through Propaganda" D. Academy Annex Web page Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 22 1. 2. According to “Use of Freedom of Information Act to See Through Propaganda,” if you want to request information from a local agency, you should A. order a booklet from the Government Printing office. B. write to your state senator’s office. C. go to the Government Printing Office Web site. D. read the Freedom of Information Act. The resource Quotations Past and Present most clearly shows the A. effects of propaganda. B. power of language. C. persuasive techniques for essay writing. D. need for the Freedom of Information Act. Louisiana Department of Education Grade 10 English Language Arts: PASS on Paper Lesson 23 1. Which two resources would you use if your research paper focused on marketing? 2. Which two resources give information about peer pressure? Louisiana Department of Education