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J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(4)275-282, 2011
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Peunayong Chinatown Banda Aceh Post-Earthquake and Tsunami as Cultural
Heritage District
Dian Kusuma Wardhani, Antariksa, Nanda Indira Sari
Departement of Regional and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang,
Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This paper studied the chinesse ancients buildings degradation post-earthquake and tsunami
and determined the direction of preservation as an effort to protect the cultural heritage of
building and environment. The methodology consisted Crosstab Chi-Square Analysis using
using the concept of Good City Form. Results was used in term of preserving Peunayong as
cultural heritage district of Aceh.
Key Words: earthquake and tsunami, the ancient building, preservation, Chinatown.
INTRODUCTION
Built environment as cultural heritage in urban context consists of areas, sites, groups of buildings, structures
and ruins. Cultural heritage is the combination of spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that
characterize a society or social group. Thus cultural identity and cultural heritage appear very much as public
goods that deserve public support [1]. Tribute to the work of ancient architecture that need to be conserved, not
only its buildings or ornament but also relationship between buildings with the life of the community itself [2].
Preservation -or in most cases conservation- is not merely for romantic purposes, but also to enrich the
sources of the present and future development. Various aspects of townscape are form and urban structure, the
vitality, identity of the city, the quality of urbanity, respect for values of local culture, including heritage
buildings as an important part of sustainable development [3]. Various environmental tragedies and disasters
forces people to be wise in using the environment as a space of their life.
Almost all cities in Indonesia has Chinatown district which functioned as a regional commercial center and
settlement of ethnic Chinese [4]. Chinatown also known as "Chinezen Wijk" or "China Town", can be found
not only in Java but also nearly every major coastal city in Southeast Asia [5]. Some Chinatowns have a long
history, such as Chinatown in Peunayong region of Banda Aceh, which regrettably had suffered severe
damage after earthquake and tsunami in 2004. Many old Chinatown buildings of Peunayong were damaged or
even destroyed, while many among the owner of the building which the majority of Chinese ethnic were died.
This damage diminished the distinctiveness of Peunayong Chinese architecture and its region identity.
Reconstruction project, however, do not consider the historical and cultural aspects, hence tarnish the
image that was previously attached to Peunayong.
Peunayong is part of the old city area of Banda Aceh which was designed as Chinezen Kamp known as
Chinatown. This area was placed by the Dutch at the edge of town (north) which is the port for the exportimport activities. Tionghoa community itself has been in Aceh since the 13th century, this has been written in
the Saga of Samudra Pasai [6]. While identified as CBD area of Banda Aceh, Peunayong area is also wellknown with its unique characteristics of Chinese community. This is shown from a series of Chinese
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Dian Kusuma Wardhani, Departement of Regional and Urban Planning, Faculty of
Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]
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Wardhani et al., 2011
architecture of the remaining buildings in the area [7]. The buildings which become distinctive feature in
“Pecinan” are those which have combination function as dwelling and commercial, later it is known as shophouse [8], which has a very long shape extended backwards. Commonly, in order to overcome the lack of air
circulation and lighting, every building is equipped with an innercourt or “courtyard” [9]
This problem requires a study to look deeper of the causes of built environment degradation post-earthquake
and tsunami in Peunayong Regions-Banda Aceh. The scope of this study are physical and non physical
characteristics of ancient buildings and the built environment after the earthquake and tsunami, the causes of
decline in physical and non physical quality of built environment, and direction of the physical and non
physical preservation of buildings and environments in the Peunayong Regions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The numbers of samples of old buildings in this research are 83 buildings. Determinations of the buildings are
adjusted for sampling with the sampling criteria:
 Building at least 50 years of age or at least built in the period of the year 1957;
 Buildings have distinctive architectural style or Chinese, traditional, or colonial
44
43
42
Jl. T. Daud Syah
Jl. T. Daud Syah
J l. M . Y a m in
65
66
61
63
64
62
59
57
58
60
56
50
69
68
71
70
73
72
74
76
75
78
80
79
77
82
81
em
glima Pol
Jl. T. Pan
8
9
67
49 47 45
4 8 4 6 34
Jl. T elu k B e t u ng
10 55
11
54
53
52
51
Jl. T. Daud Syah
12
13
14
41
40
15
16
17
18
Jl. Kartini
Jl. Ahmad Yani
Krueng Aceh
Jl. W .R . S u p ra tm a n
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
39
38
37
Jl. Ja m b i
J l. Pe m b a n gu n a n
H an cur
H a ncu r
H a ncu r
H a ncu r
35
36
H a ncu r
83
a Polem
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
glim
Jl. T. Pan
H an cur
J l. K H . A n w a r
Jl. S u lt a n H o t e l
J l.
Ra
tu
Sa
fi a
tu
dd
in
Legenda :
Batas Wilayah Studi
Jalan
Sungai
Bangunan Kuno Asli
Bangunan kuno berubah sebagian
Figure 1. Peunayong Area Studies
Analysis Method
a. Phase I: built environment analysis using the concept of Good City Form [10]
The Identification of image-forming district in this study based on the concept of Good City Form (Lynch,
1981). This theory has five-forming elements namely Vitality, Sense, Fit, Access and Control. Fifth
qualitative elements converted into two meta-criteria, namely efficiency and justice.
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J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res., 1(1): 275-282, 2011
b. Phase II: measurement and causes of built environment degradation
Weighting of damage to the physical parts of the building, measuring the decline in environmental quality
by making before-after comparisons (before and after the earthquake and tsunami) using Good City Formelement and determining the cause of environmental degradation of buildings and post-earthquake and
tsunami with statistical analysis Crosstab Chi-Square [11].
c. Phase III: the direction of built environment preservation
Determination of conservation of ancient buildings is done by assessing the cultural significance of each
sample of ancient buildings.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A row of shophouses in the area of Chinese architectural style Peunayong mostly placed in Jalan A. Yani (See
figure 5), Jalan WR. Supratman, and Jalan RA. Kartini. Another distinctive building in Chinatown area is the
monasteries, which located at Jalan T. Panglima Polem, exactly in the middle row of shophouses.
A. Physical and Non-Physical Characteristics of Built Environment
Ancient building in Peunayong has a specific Chinese architecture style that can be seen from the roof forms,
doors, windows, facade and its ornaments. However, post-earthquake and tsunami, these parts of buildings
were damaged and even destroyed. The identification after reconstructions project shows that 10% of
buildings suffered no physical alteration, 50% of buildings had ≤ 3 parts modification and 40% of buildings
had > 3 parts physical changes. 44% of building owners stated that the physical changes were done due to
change of ownership and their different preferences on architecture style.
Non-physical characteristics of buildings were reviewed based on building age, ownership status, maintenance
costs and changing of function of the building. Those ancient buildings were built more than 115 years ago;
this affects the strength of building construction. Post-disaster, there were many change of building ownership
from private rights to lease rights, mostly because the owners of buildings died during the disaster while some
of them choose to leave Banda Aceh. Ancient building maintenance costs ranging from Rp. 500,000 Rp. 1,000,000/month, which make the owner reluctant to keep their ownerships. The function of ancient
buildings generally has a double function i.e. residential as well as a place of business. After the earthquake
and tsunami, 37% of building became single function (shopping strips).
Figure 2. Peunayong Regions Ancient Buildings
Built Environment characteristics were reviewed based on the physical element such as land use, building
intensity, circulation and parking, pedestrian path, the elements of information and support activity.
Peunayong land use is dominated by commercial and services area. Determining Regions Peunayong as a
CBD does not affect the downtown urban morphology, because the trading facilities in Banda Aceh are
generally located on the main road corridor or certain blocks. In addition to high density, Peunayong is also
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familiar for its narrow alleys. Peunayong is the famous Chinatown area with high density regions, dominated
by BCR of 95-100%.
Parking system in the area Peunayong consists of parking on street and off street. Commercial facilities and
services generally use the road (on street) as a parking lot, except for an office area and hotels which already
have their own parking place (off street). One way circulation system, which is applied on the main roads in
the Peunayong region, and construction of pedestrian paths help visitors enjoying the atmosphere and
visibility of Chinatown old buildings.
Jl. T. Daud Syah
Jl. T. Daud Syah
Jl. M. Yamin
ima Po lem
J l. Jambi
Jl. T. Pangl
Jl. T. Daud Syah
Jl. Kartini
Jl. Teluk Betung
Jl. Ahmad Yani
Krueng Aceh
Jl. W.R. Supratman
Jl. Pembangunan
Ha ncur
Hancur
Hancu r
Hancu r
Polem
Ha ncur
nglima
Jl. T. Pa
Ha ncur
Jl. KH. Anwar
J l.
Ra
tu
Sa
fia
tud
din
Legend:
Commercial
Housing
Office
Health facility
Religion
Industry
Service
Figure 3. Land Use
Elements of the information contained in the Peunayong Region are public signage and billboards as private
signage. There are several billboards that cover the facades of buildings that covered the facade view showing
the shape and ornamentation typical of old buildings. Post-earthquake and tsunami, local goverment provoke
the growth of supporting activity in the form of public space called REX Peunayong, which serve local food
and snack. Although this facility is only active at night, this was intended to attract visitors to the area
Peunayong,
C. Socio-Cultural Characteristics of Peunayong Community
Regions Peunayong as Banda Aceh city's Chinatown area was inhabited by members of the Tribe Tionghoa
Khe, Tio Chiu, Kong Hu, Hokkien, and other sub-ethnic groups (Sutrisna, 2008). Post-earthquake and tsunami
the character of the area as Chinatown area were faded, caused by many of these ethnic communities left the
city of Banda Aceh. Besides the earthquake and tsunami, the exsixtance of Presidential Instruction
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No. 14/1967 that prohibits all religious activities, beliefs, and customs of China conducted in public place, had
made Peunayung chinese community do not really know their culture.
D. Identity and Image of Peunayong Regions
The Identification of image region-forming in this study based on the concept of Good City Form. The
concept of Good City Form has five-forming elements namely Vitality, Sense, Fit, Access and Control. These
Fifth qualitative elements is measured by two meta-criteria, namely efficiency and justice.
Vitality elements in Regions Peunayong is identified from the of commercials and servises usage that support
the function of district according to community level of economic, and the exictance of REX Peunayong as a
supporting activities at night. Sense element can be identified from the traditions or customs of Chinese ethnic
culture, and the present of the row of old building that gave a unique atmosphere of Peunayong. Fit element is
recognized from the way in which the physical Peunayong Regions matches the way people want to move,
act, and behave in the public or private area. In fact, the narrow scale of space does not confine the movement
of people activities.
Access elements in the Regions Peunayong can be seen from the availability and disaster mitigation path,
pedestrian lane to ensure the safety of a person while moving within the region and the availability of public
transport. Element control means maintaining, organizing and supervising the activities of citizens in their
neighborhood. Peunayong Communities and local government have had adopted Village Developmen
Plan (Village Planning) Peunayong Village as an element of control.
Building Quality Measurement
Based on the results of weighting 17 buildings (21%) still intact, 60 buildings (72%) of the building with
medium severely damaged and 6 buildings (7%) suffered major damage (See figure 6).
The Decline Causes of Buildings Quality
The cause of decreased quality of ancient buildings in the area Peunayong consists of the ownership status
changes 69.4%, 60.6% higher maintenance costs, the function of a large building with the influence of 50.8%
and the effect of age of the building with a large value of the impact of 46.6%.
Built environment quality assessment review based on the concept of Good City Form by comparing the
environmental conditions at the time before and after the earthquake and tsunami events (Table 1)
Table 1. Valuation of Built Environment Quality in Regions Peunayong
Teluk Betung
Vitality
Sense
Fit
Access
Control
WR.
Supratman
T. Daudsyah
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Environmental Quality
Assessment
R.A Kartini
Dimensional
Criteria
A. Yani
No.
***
**
**
**
***
**
**
**
***
***
**
**
**
**
***
**
**
**
**
***
*: Declining environmental quality
**: Stable environment quality
***: Improved environmental quality
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*
**
**
**
***
Wardhani et al., 2011
Causes of Built Environment Quality Degragation
The cause of decreased quality of ancient buildings in Peunayong consists of changing the ownership status of
the large influence of 69.4%, the high cost of treatment with the large influence of 60.6%, the function of a
large building with the influence of 50.8% and the effect of age of the building with a large value of impact
46.6%.
Causes of environmental degradation in the Regions Peunayong consists of conditions / situations with great
political influence of 60%, large ethnic assimilation effect of 59.9%, the role and participation of communities
with 54.9% and decrease the influence of economic activity with 45.9%.
Referral Ancient Building Preservation
Preservation direction of ancient buildings is obtained from the assessment using the criteria of cultural
significant (aesthetic, plurality, scarcity, the role of history, the magnificence and strengthen the character of
the area). Obtained results of an assessment, are as follows (See figure 7):
8 buildings classified as preservation. Preservation focuses on protecting and maintaining the authenticity of
the building in accordance with the original condition / not makes changes, as well as preventing the damage.
69 buildings classified in conservation actions. Conservation focused on maintenance, protection and
utilization of the function and the physical aspect of buildings in order to keep the existence of an ancient
building. The replacement of the function with new/relevant activities is recommended.
6 ancient buildings classified in the act of rehabilitation / reconstruction that focuses on return of function and
condition of old buildings that were damaged, adjusted for the originality of the building.
Jl. T. Daud Syah
Jl. T. Daud Syah
J l. M . Y a m in
em
glima Pol
Jl. T. Pan
Jl. T. Daud Syah
Jl. Kartini
Jl. T elu k Be tu ng
Jl. Ahmad Yani
Krueng Aceh
J l. W .R . S u pr atm a n
Jl. Jam b i
Jl. P em ba n gu na n
H a ncur
H anc ur
H an cur
H an cur
em
glima Pol
Jl. T. Pan
H ancur
H an cur
J l. K H . A n w ar
Jl. Su ltan H o tel
Jl.
Ra
tu
Sa
fia
tu
dd
in
Legend:
Rehabilitation/Reconstruktion
Conservation
Preservation
Figure 4. Action preservation plan of ancient buildings in the area Peunayong
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J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res., 1(1): 275-282, 2011
Some old buildings that
had suffered severe
damage after disaster
Figure 5. Row of shophouses in Jl. A. Yani - Peunayong
Figure 6. level of damage of ancient buildings in the area Peunayong
Building with high
level of damage
Building with
preservation actions
Building with medium
level of damage
Building with
conservation actions
Building with low level
of damage
Building with
rehabilitation actions
Figure 7. Preservation action of ancient buildings in the area Peunayong
Conclusion
Peunayong, as Indonesian -especially Aceh- cultural heritage object, need to be preseve, not only for its
historic or aesthetic value but also for its contribution in nation cultural determination. Earthquake and
tsunami had destructed some of Chinese architecture in peunayong. Preservation will be able to give a new
life for the community as well as the region. This action can be supported by activities transprogramming or
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function crossprogramming. It will be able for building function replacement with new relevant actives.
Furthermore this study emphasizes on Peunayong community participation, enhance community activities and
improve cooperation between governments and cultural organizations to protect the existence of ethnic
Chinese Communities in Banda Aceh as minorities.
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