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The Skeletal System Axial skeleton • Skull • Vertebral column • Rib cage – Ribs – Sternum Skull: cranium + face • Cranial bones: – – – – – – Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid • Frontal bone • Parietal bone • Occipital bone – Foramen magnum – Occipital condyle Temporal bone • Squama temporalis – Zygomatic proces – Mandibular fossa • Mastoid part – Mastoid process • Petrous bone – Contains the middle/inner ear structures • Tympanic part – External acoustic meatus – Styloid process Sphenoid • Base of the cranium • Body – Sinuses – Sella turcica – Pterygoid processes • Greater and lesser wings • Many foramen – – – – – Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Foramen rotundum Ethmoid • • • • • Back and upper nose Perpendicular plate Ethmoid sinuses Crista gali Cribriform plate and foramina • Superior and middle nasal conchae Facial bones • • • • • • • • Maxilla Palatine bones Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Nasal bones Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Maxilla • Alveolar processes • Palatine process Palatine bones Zygomatic and lacrimal bones • Zygomatic bone – zygomatic arch – Lower ocular orbit • Lacrimal bones – nasolacrimal canal Nasal bone, Vomer and Inferior nasal conchae Other skull bones • Hyoid bone Other skull bones • Auditory ossicles – Three of the smallest bones in your body – Middle ear cavity of the petrous part of the temporal bone (paired or unpaired?) – From lateral – medial • Malleus, incus & stapes Bones with sinuses • • • • Frontal Maxillary Sphenoid Ethmoid • Sinus: cavity with the bone of the skull make it lighter + resonance box for the voice Bones forming the orbit of the eye • • • • • • Frontal bone Zygomatic Maxilla Lacrimal Sphenoid Ethmoid Bones forming the nasal cavity • • • • • • Ethmoid Vomer Palatine Maxilla Nasal bone Inferior nasal conchae Various “hardcore” bones • Remember that many of the cranial & facial bones are “paired” – Paired = left & right • • • • • • • • Left & right parietal bones Left & right temporal bones Left & right lacrimal bones Nasal bones Zygomatic bones Maxilla bones Palatine bones Inferior nasal concha Various “hardcore” bones • Remember that many of the cranial & facial bones are “paired” – UN-paired (single) • • • • • • • Frontal bone Occipital bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Vomer bone Mandible Hyoid bone Skull foramen • http://www.studystack.com/study table-2333 Vertebral column • 31 vertebra divided into regions • Forming various curves – – – – Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Pelvic Typical vertebra • Vertebral body : support • Vertebral canal (foramen): for spinal cord • Processes: for muscle attachment – – – – Spinous process Transverse processes Superior articular process Inferior articular process • Facet: articulation with other vertebrae and ribs • Intervertebral foramen: formed by 2 adjacent vertebra spinal nerves exit through it • Intervertebral discs: made of an envelope of fibrocartilagenous tissues (interanulus fibrosus) and in the center of a gelatinous substance (nucleus pulposus) What happens when a disc ruptures? 7 Cervical vertebrae • • • • Typical features: Small body Bifid spinous process Transverse foramen • Special vertebrae: Atlas and Axis: • Atlas = C1 round, occipital condyles • Axis: Dens of axis • C7: longer spinous i • Note C7: prominent vertebra (landmark on the vertebral column 12 Thoracic vertebrae • NO transverse foramen • Body larger then cervical vertebra • Spinous processes longer, tend to slent downward • Facets of articulation with ribs 5 Lumbar vertebrae • Large wide body • Short spinous prcesses 5 sacral vertebrae sacrum • 5 sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum • Features: – – – – – – Auricular surface Median sacral crest Sacral canal Sacral foramina Apex Sacral promontory • Coccyx – 4 fused vertebrae tailbone Sternum - Ribs - 7 pairs true ribs - 3 pairs – false ribs - 2 pairs – floating ribs Appendicular skeleton: upper extremity • Pectoral girdle: – Scapula – Clavicle • Upper arm: – Humerus • Lower arm: – Ulna – Radius • Wrist: – Matacarpals bones • Hand – Metacarpals – Phalanges Pectoral girdle • Scapula – Left or right? – The smooth side (subscapular fossa) is against the rib cage – The glenoid fossa is lateral (it is where the humerus attaches) • Clavicle – Left or right: – Sternal end (square end) against sternum, acromial end (flatter end) against acromiom • Clavicle – The curvature near the sternal end sticks out – See previous drawing • Humerus – Left or right? – The head of the humerus must face medially – The olecranon fossa (the largest fossa at the elbow) is posterior Wrist and Hand • See book Appendicular skeleton: lower extremity • Pelvic girdle – Coxal bones • Thigh – Femur • Lower leg: – Tibia – Fibula • Ankle – Tarsal bones • Foot – Metatarsal – Phalanges Coxal bone • Left or right? – The acetabulum must face externally – The symphysis pubis is anterior Femur • Left or right? – The head of the femur must face internally – The smooth surface in the lower femur is anterior while the deep groove is posterior Tibia - Fibula • Tibia: – Left or right? – The styloid process, at the base is the exernal malleolus or internal ankle – The tibial tuberosity is anterior • Fibula: – The hed of the fibula is against the lateral condyle – The styloid process is the lateral malleolus or external ankle – Slented side of styloid process is posterior Ankle - Foot Scoliosis Lordosis Kyphosis Kyphosis