Download The Skeletal System - Fisiokinesiterapia

The Skeletal System
Axial skeleton
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Rib cage
– Ribs
– Sternum
Skull: cranium + face
• Cranial bones:
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Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
• Frontal bone
• Parietal bone
• Occipital bone
– Foramen magnum
– Occipital condyle
Temporal bone
• Squama temporalis
– Zygomatic proces
– Mandibular fossa
• Mastoid part
– Mastoid process
• Petrous bone
– Contains the middle/inner
ear structures
• Tympanic part
– External acoustic meatus
– Styloid process
Sphenoid
• Base of the cranium
• Body
– Sinuses
– Sella turcica
– Pterygoid processes
• Greater and lesser wings
• Many foramen
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Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Foramen rotundum
Ethmoid
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Back and upper nose
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoid sinuses
Crista gali
Cribriform plate and
foramina
• Superior and middle
nasal conchae
Facial bones
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Maxilla
Palatine bones
Zygomatic bones
Lacrimal bones
Nasal bones
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible
Maxilla
• Alveolar processes
• Palatine process
Palatine bones
Zygomatic and lacrimal bones
• Zygomatic bone
– zygomatic arch
– Lower ocular orbit
• Lacrimal bones
– nasolacrimal canal
Nasal bone, Vomer and
Inferior nasal conchae
Other skull bones
• Hyoid bone
Other skull bones
• Auditory ossicles
– Three of the smallest bones
in your body
– Middle ear cavity of the
petrous part of the
temporal bone (paired or
unpaired?)
– From lateral – medial
• Malleus, incus & stapes
Bones with sinuses
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•
•
•
Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
• Sinus: cavity with the
bone of the skull  make
it lighter + resonance box
for the voice
Bones forming the orbit of the eye
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•
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Frontal bone
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Bones forming the nasal cavity
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•
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•
•
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Ethmoid
Vomer
Palatine
Maxilla
Nasal bone
Inferior nasal
conchae
Various “hardcore” bones
• Remember that many of the cranial & facial
bones are “paired”
– Paired = left & right
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Left & right parietal bones
Left & right temporal bones
Left & right lacrimal bones
Nasal bones
Zygomatic bones
Maxilla bones
Palatine bones
Inferior nasal concha
Various “hardcore” bones
• Remember that many of the cranial & facial
bones are “paired”
– UN-paired (single)
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•
•
•
•
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Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Vomer bone
Mandible
Hyoid bone
Skull foramen
•
http://www.studystack.com/study
table-2333
Vertebral column
• 31 vertebra divided into
regions
• Forming various curves
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Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Pelvic
Typical vertebra
• Vertebral body : support
• Vertebral canal (foramen):
for spinal cord
• Processes: for muscle
attachment
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Spinous process
Transverse processes
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
• Facet: articulation with
other vertebrae and ribs
• Intervertebral foramen:
formed by 2 adjacent
vertebra  spinal nerves
exit through it
• Intervertebral discs: made
of an envelope of
fibrocartilagenous tissues
(interanulus fibrosus) and
in the center of a gelatinous
substance (nucleus
pulposus)
What happens when a disc ruptures?
7 Cervical vertebrae
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•
•
•
Typical features:
Small body
Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramen
• Special vertebrae: Atlas
and Axis:
• Atlas = C1 round,
occipital condyles
• Axis: Dens of axis
• C7: longer spinous

i
• Note C7: prominent
vertebra (landmark
on the vertebral
column
12 Thoracic vertebrae
• NO transverse foramen
• Body larger then cervical
vertebra
• Spinous processes longer,
tend to slent downward
• Facets of articulation with
ribs
5 Lumbar vertebrae
• Large wide body
• Short spinous prcesses
5 sacral vertebrae  sacrum
• 5 sacral vertebrae fuse to
form the sacrum
• Features:
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Auricular surface
Median sacral crest
Sacral canal
Sacral foramina
Apex
Sacral promontory
• Coccyx
– 4 fused vertebrae  tailbone
Sternum - Ribs
- 7 pairs true ribs
- 3 pairs – false ribs
- 2 pairs – floating ribs
Appendicular skeleton: upper extremity
• Pectoral girdle:
– Scapula
– Clavicle
• Upper arm:
– Humerus
• Lower arm:
– Ulna
– Radius
• Wrist:
– Matacarpals bones
• Hand
– Metacarpals
– Phalanges
Pectoral girdle
• Scapula
– Left or right?
– The smooth side
(subscapular fossa) is against
the rib cage
– The glenoid fossa is lateral
(it is where the humerus
attaches)
• Clavicle
– Left or right:
– Sternal end (square end)
against sternum, acromial
end (flatter end) against
acromiom
• Clavicle
– The curvature near the sternal end sticks out
– See previous drawing
• Humerus
– Left or right?
– The head of the humerus
must face medially
– The olecranon fossa
(the largest fossa at the elbow)
is posterior
Wrist and Hand
• See book
Appendicular skeleton: lower extremity
• Pelvic girdle
– Coxal bones
• Thigh
– Femur
• Lower leg:
– Tibia
– Fibula
• Ankle
– Tarsal bones
• Foot
– Metatarsal
– Phalanges
Coxal bone
• Left or right?
– The acetabulum must face
externally
– The symphysis pubis is
anterior
Femur
• Left or right?
– The head of the femur
must face internally
– The smooth surface in the
lower femur is anterior
while the deep groove is
posterior
Tibia - Fibula
• Tibia:
– Left or right?
– The styloid process, at the base is
the exernal malleolus or internal
ankle
– The tibial tuberosity is anterior
• Fibula:
– The hed of the fibula is against the
lateral condyle
– The styloid process is the lateral
malleolus or external ankle
– Slented side of styloid process is
posterior
Ankle - Foot
Scoliosis
Lordosis Kyphosis
Kyphosis