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英美法各論
真理大學財經法律系
助理教授楊智傑
各種法領域
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英美侵權法（tort law）
英美契約法（contract law）
美國刑法（criminal laws）
美國刑事訴訟法（criminal procedure）
美國憲法（constitutional laws）
美國行政法（administrative laws）
美國智慧財產權（intellectual property ）
上課方式
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本學期主講領域：Tort
挑選中文教材，以利學生閱讀複習
老師上課講解重要概念
搭配講解重要法律英文名詞
挑選英文佳句進行講解
成績評定
• 不定時小考或點名，佔40％
– 考試內容為上課所講解之專有名詞翻譯，或句子翻譯
– 期末將總計所有小考或點名次數，例如若小考加點名
共10次，則一次10分（小考則以實際取得分數為準），
計算平時成績
• 期中考，佔30％
– 考試內容同小考內容，小考考過題目將重複於期中考、
期末考出現
• 期末考，佔30％
– 同上
侵權法的法源
• 聯邦法Federal laws
– Congress Act
– Supreme Court Decisions
• 州法State laws
– Statute
– Common law
• 侵權模範法典Model tort code
侵權類型
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故意侵權
– Intentional torts
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未盡注意義務
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Negligence
Recklessness
Contributory negligence
comparative negligence
assumption of the risk
嚴格責任
– Strict liability
Intentional tort
• Purpose 意圖 直接故意
• Knowledge 知情 間接故意
• An intentional tort is a category of torts
that describes a civil wrong resulting from
an intentional act on the part of the
tortfeasor.（侵權者）
Negligence
• 合理的注意義務Duty of care
• The term negligence pertains to a tort that
simply results from the failure of the
tortfeasor to take sufficient care in fulfilling
a duty owed
合理注意義務
• It can be generally defined as conduct that
is culpable（應負責） because it falls
short of what a reasonable person (合理之
人)would do to protect another individual
from foreseeable risks(可預見的風險) of
harm.
Recklessness重大過失
• Conduct whereby the actor does not
desire harmful consequence（結果）
but...foresees（預見） the possibility and
consciously（有意識地） takes the risk
（風險）
• a state of mind in which a person does not
care about the consequences of his or her
actions
Contributory negligence促成過失
• where a plaintiff（原告）, Claimant（請求
者） has, through his own negligence,
contributed to the harm he suffered.
• Contributory negligence is often regarded
as unfair because under the doctrine（法
律原則） a victim who is at fault to any
degree, including only 1% at fault, may be
denied compensation（賠償） entirely
comparative negligence
比較過失
• 純粹的比較過失，按過失比例分攤
• "pure" comparative negligence. A plaintiff
who was, say, 90% to blame for an
accident could recover 10% of his losses.
比較過失
• 修正的比較過失，原告自己的過失不能超
過50％
• “modified” comparative negligence. One
variant allows plaintiffs to recover only if
the plaintiff‘s negligence is “not greater
than” the defendant’s（被告） (the
plaintiff's negligence must not be more
than 50% of the combined negligence of
both parties).
assumption of the risk自願承擔
風險
• The assumption of the risk defense（防禦、
抗辯） entails the Defendant proving（證
明） that the plaintiff knew of a dangerous
condition and voluntarily exposed himself
or herself to the danger.
strict liability嚴格責任
• strict liability torts refers to situations
where a party is liable for（負責任）
injuries （損害）no matter what
precautions（預防措施） were taken.
嚴格責任
• strict liability is the imposition（施加） of
liability on a party without a finding of fault
(such as negligence or tortious intent). The
plaintiff need only prove that the tort
occurred and that the defendant was
responsible.
– 產品責任product liability
– 雇用人責任respondeat superior
各種責任類型的差異
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責任範圍
懲罰性賠償金（punitive damege）
抗辯（defense)
監督者責任（ respondeat superior ）
保險（insurance）
豁免（immunities）
訴訟時效（statutes of limitations）
破產（bankruptcy）