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las Ezimas La lipogénesis es la reacción bioquímica por la cual son sintetizados los ácidos grasos. La síntesis de ácidos grasos de cadenas largas se realiza por medio de dos sistemas enzimáticos situados en el citoplasma celular. Esta vía convierte la acetil CoA a palmitato, requiriendo para ello NADPH, ATP, ión manganeso, Biotina, Acido pantoteico y bicarbonato como cofactores. Este sistema es imprescinciple para la conversión de Acetil-CoA a Malonil-CoA. 1. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase La acetyl-CoA carboxylase es imprescinciple para la conversión de Acetil-CoA a Malonil-CoA. http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/citric_acid_cycle/index.html las Ezimas 2. FAS (fatty Acid Synthase) La ácido-graso-sintetasa (FAS, Fatty Acid Synthase): Es un complejo multienzimático de una sola cadena polipeptídica con siete actividades enzimáticas separadas, que cataliza la unión de palmitato a partir de una molécula de Acetil-CoA y siete de Malonil-CoA. las Ezimas El ácido palmítico es un ácido graso saturado de cadena larga, formado por dieciseis (hexadeca = 16) átomos de carbono. Es un sólido blanco que se licúa a unos 63,1 °C. Su fórmula química es CH3(CH2)14COOH. La nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato (abreviada NADP+ en su forma oxida y NADPH en su forma reducida) es una coenzima que interviene en numerosas viás anabólicas; su estructura química contiene la vitamina B3. El NADPH proporciona parte del poder reductor necesario para las reacciones de reducción de la biosintesis.Interviene, en las rutas de síntesis de ácidos grasos.En los animales, la mayor fuente de NADPH es la fase oxidativa de la ruta de la pentosa fosfato, que produce 60% de los requerimientos de la célula. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamida_adenina_dinucleotido_fosfato las Ezimas 3. desaturasas A desaturase removes 2 hydrogen atoms from a fatty acid. It creates then a double bond. Desaturases are classified as: (Una desaturasa quita 2 átomos de hidrógeno de un ácido graso. Esto crea entonces una doble enlace. Las desaturasas son clasificadas como:) - Delta: the double bond is created at a fixed position from the carboxyl group of a fatty acid. Delta 6 désaturase creates a double bond at the 6th position from the carboxyl end. In blue in the exemple below. (delta: La doble enlace es creada en una posición fija a partir del grupo carboxyl de un ácido graso. La delta 6 désaturasa crea una doble enlace en la 6a posición a partir del carboxyl.) - Omega (e.g. ω - 3 -desaturases). The omega number (3) indicates that the double enlace is created between the third and fourth carbon from the methyl end: In red in the following exemple. (Omega (e.g. ω - 3 -desaturasas). El número 3 después Omega indica que una doble enlace es creado entre el tercer y cuarto carbón a partir de la extremidad metilo: Roja en el siguiente ejemplo). - las Ezimas A double band can create a «cis» or a «trans» molecule (Una doble enlace puede crear una «cis» o una «trans» molécula). Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are cis. Fatty acids in the trans configuration (trans fats) are the result of human processing (La mayor parte de ácidos grasos nosaturada encontrados en la naturaleza son cis. Los ácidos grasos en la configuración «trans» resultan casi siempre del procesamiento humano). por ejemplo Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has 22 carbons (docosa). It has 6 cis double bonds (hexa en). The first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. It is an acid (oic) Its is also known as «cervonic acid». Its chemical name is: all-cisdocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexa-enoic acid. Its shorthand name is 22:6(n-3) (Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has 22 carbons - docosa. It has 6 cis double bonds - hexa en. Es un ácido - oic: aquí ácido es redundante. La primera doble enlace está localizada en el tercer carbón desde el extremidad omega. El nombre químico de DHA es all-cisdocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexa-enoic acid. Su nombre abreviado es 22:06 (n-3). las Ezimas 4. Elongasa las Ezimas las Ezimas las Ezimas 5. exercizes: Explain the picture, 1st Paper Novel fatty acid elongases and their use for the reconstitution of docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis Astrid Meyer,* Helene Kirsch,* Frédéric Domergue,* Amine Abbadi,* Petra Sperling,* Jörg Bauer,†Petra Cirpus,†Thorsten K. Zank,† Hervé Moreau,§ Thomas J. Roscoe, ** Ulrich Zähringer,†† and Ernst Heinz 1,* J. Lipid Res. 2004. 45: 1899–1909. las Ezimas las Ezimas 2nd Paper Identification of two novel microalgal enzymes involved in the conversion of the ω3-fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, into docosahexaenoic acid Suzette L. PEREIRA1, Amanda E. LEONARD, Yung-Sheng HUANG, Lu-Te CHUANG and Pradip MUKERJI Department of Strategic Research, Ross Products Division-Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, U.S.A. Biochem. J. (2004) 384, 357–366 las Ezimas las Ezimas 3 rd Paper A novel ω3-fatty acid desaturase involved in the biosynthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid Suzette L. PEREIRA*1, Yung-Sheng HUANG*, Emil G. BOBIK*, Anthony J. KINNEY†, Kevin L. STECCA†, Jeremy C. L. PACKER‡ and Pradip MUKERJI* *Department of Strategic Research, Ross Products Division-Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, U.S.A., †Dupont Crop Genetics, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880, U.S.A., and ‡Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, U.S.A. Biochem. J. (2004) 378, 665–671 las Ezimas las Ezimas las Ezimas 4 th Paper Skin Aging and Photoaging Alter Fatty Acids Composition, Including 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic Acid, in the Epidermis of Human Skin Eun Ju Kim*, Min-Kyoung Kim*, Xing-Ji Jin, Jang-Hee Oh, Ji Eun Kim, and Jin Ho Chung Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25: 980-3 Downloaded from www.jlr.org by on June 30, 2010 las Ezimas 5 th Paper Elevated hepatic fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl5) activity corrects dietary fat induced hyperglycemia in obese C57BL/6J mice. Sasmita Tripathy1, Moises Torres-Gonzalez1 and Donald B. Jump2 Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences The Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 Downloaded from www.jlr.org by on June 30, 2010 las Ezimas 6 th Paper Effect of Diet Supplementation on the Expression of Bovine Genes Associated with Fatty Acid Synthesis and Metabolism Sandeep J. Joseph1, Kelly R. Robbins1, Enrique Pavan5, Scott L. Pratt4, Susan K. Duckett4 and Romdhane Rekaya1,2,3 1Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, 2Department of Statistics, 3Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA. 4Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA. 5Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina. Email: [email protected] Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 2010:4 19–31 This article is available from http://www.lapress.com. las Ezimas 7 th Paper Mammalian Fatty Acid Elongases Donald B. Jump Methods Mol Biol. 2009 ; 579: 375–389 las Ezimas 8 th Paper Functional Characterization of the Arabidopsis b-Ketoacyl-Coenzyme A Reductase Candidates of the Fatty Acid Elongase1[W][OA] Fre´de´ric Beaudoin2, Xianzhong Wu2, Fengling Li, Richard P. Haslam, Jonathan E. Markham, Huanquan Zheng3, Johnathan A. Napier, and Ljerka Kunst* Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (F.B., R.P.H., J.A.N.); University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (X.W., F.L., H.Z., L.K.); and Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (J.E.M.) Plant Physiology, July 2009, Vol. 150, pp. 1174–1191, las Ezimas 9 th Paper Genome-Wide Association Study of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the InCHIANTI Study Toshiko Tanaka1,2*, Jian Shen3, Gonc¸alo R. Abecasis4, Aliaksei Kisialiou5, Jose M. Ordovas3, Jack M. Guralnik6, Andrew Singleton7, Stefania Bandinelli5, Antonio Cherubini8, Donna Arnett9, Michael Y. Tsai10, Luigi Ferrucci1,2,5 PLoS Genet 5(1): e1000338. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000338 las Ezimas 10 th Paper Increased Elongase and Desaturase Gene Expression with Stearidonic Acid Enriched Diet Does Not Enhance Long-Chain (n-3) Content of Seawater Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)1–3 Matthew R. Miller,4–6* Andrew R. Bridle,4 Peter D. Nichols,5 and Chris G. Carter4 4National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia and 5Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food Futures Flagship and Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia J.Nutr. 138: 2179–2185, 2008. Rat heart cannot synthesize docosahexaenoic acid from circulating a-linolenic acid because it lacks elongase-2 11 th Paper Miki Igarashi,1 Kaizong Ma, Lisa Chang, Jane M. Bell, and Stanley I. Rapoport Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 J. Lipid Res. 2008. 49: 1735–1745