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La lipogénesis es la reacción bioquímica por la cual son sintetizados los ácidos
grasos. La síntesis de ácidos grasos de cadenas largas se realiza por medio de dos
sistemas enzimáticos situados en el citoplasma celular.
Esta vía convierte la acetil CoA a palmitato, requiriendo para ello NADPH, ATP,
ión manganeso, Biotina, Acido pantoteico y bicarbonato como cofactores. Este sistema
es imprescinciple para la conversión de Acetil-CoA a Malonil-CoA.
1. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
La acetyl-CoA carboxylase es imprescinciple para la conversión de Acetil-CoA a
Malonil-CoA.
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/citric_acid_cycle/index.html
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2. FAS (fatty Acid Synthase)
La ácido-graso-sintetasa (FAS, Fatty Acid Synthase): Es un complejo
multienzimático de una sola cadena polipeptídica con siete actividades enzimáticas
separadas, que cataliza la unión de palmitato a partir de una molécula de Acetil-CoA y
siete de Malonil-CoA.
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El ácido palmítico es un ácido graso saturado de cadena larga, formado por dieciseis
(hexadeca = 16) átomos de carbono. Es un sólido blanco que se licúa a unos 63,1 °C. Su
fórmula química es CH3(CH2)14COOH.
La nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato (abreviada NADP+ en su forma oxida y
NADPH en su forma reducida) es una coenzima que interviene en numerosas viás
anabólicas; su estructura química contiene la vitamina B3. El NADPH proporciona parte
del poder reductor necesario para las reacciones de reducción de la
biosintesis.Interviene, en las rutas de síntesis de ácidos grasos.En los animales, la
mayor fuente de NADPH es la fase oxidativa de la ruta de la pentosa fosfato, que
produce 60% de los requerimientos de la célula.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamida_adenina_dinucleotido_fosfato
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3. desaturasas
A desaturase removes 2 hydrogen atoms from a fatty acid. It creates then a double
bond. Desaturases are classified as: (Una desaturasa quita 2 átomos de hidrógeno de un
ácido graso. Esto crea entonces una doble enlace. Las desaturasas son clasificadas
como:)
- Delta: the double bond is created at a fixed position from the carboxyl group of
a fatty acid. Delta 6 désaturase creates a double bond at the 6th position from the
carboxyl end. In blue in the exemple below. (delta: La doble enlace es creada en una
posición fija a partir del grupo carboxyl de un ácido graso. La delta 6 désaturasa crea
una doble enlace en la 6a posición a partir del carboxyl.)
- Omega (e.g. ω - 3 -desaturases). The omega number (3) indicates that the
double enlace is created between the third and fourth carbon from the methyl end: In
red in the following exemple. (Omega (e.g. ω - 3 -desaturasas). El número 3 después
Omega indica que una doble enlace es creado entre el tercer y cuarto carbón a partir de
la extremidad metilo: Roja en el siguiente ejemplo).
-
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A double band can create a «cis» or a «trans» molecule (Una doble enlace puede crear una «cis»
o una «trans» molécula).
Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are cis. Fatty acids in the trans
configuration (trans fats) are the result of human processing (La mayor parte de ácidos
grasos nosaturada encontrados en la naturaleza son cis. Los ácidos grasos en la
configuración «trans» resultan casi siempre del procesamiento humano).
por ejemplo
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has 22 carbons (docosa). It has 6 cis double bonds (hexa
en). The first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. It is an
acid (oic) Its is also known as «cervonic acid». Its chemical name is: all-cisdocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexa-enoic acid. Its shorthand name is 22:6(n-3)
(Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has 22 carbons - docosa. It has 6 cis double bonds - hexa
en. Es un ácido - oic: aquí ácido es redundante. La primera doble enlace está localizada
en el tercer carbón desde el extremidad omega. El nombre químico de DHA es all-cisdocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexa-enoic acid. Su nombre abreviado es 22:06 (n-3).
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4. Elongasa
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5. exercizes: Explain the picture,
1st Paper
Novel fatty acid elongases and their use for the
reconstitution of docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis
Astrid Meyer,* Helene Kirsch,* Frédéric Domergue,* Amine Abbadi,* Petra Sperling,*
Jörg Bauer,†Petra Cirpus,†Thorsten K. Zank,† Hervé Moreau,§ Thomas J. Roscoe, ** Ulrich
Zähringer,†† and Ernst Heinz 1,*
J. Lipid Res. 2004. 45: 1899–1909.
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2nd Paper
Identification of two novel microalgal enzymes involved in the
conversion of the ω3-fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, into
docosahexaenoic acid
Suzette L. PEREIRA1, Amanda E. LEONARD, Yung-Sheng HUANG, Lu-Te CHUANG and Pradip
MUKERJI
Department of Strategic Research, Ross Products Division-Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer
Road, Columbus, OH 43219, U.S.A.
Biochem. J. (2004) 384, 357–366
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3 rd Paper
A novel ω3-fatty acid desaturase involved in the biosynthesis of
eicosapentaenoic acid
Suzette L. PEREIRA*1, Yung-Sheng HUANG*, Emil G. BOBIK*, Anthony J. KINNEY†, Kevin L.
STECCA†, Jeremy C. L. PACKER‡ and Pradip MUKERJI*
*Department of Strategic Research, Ross Products Division-Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer
Road, Columbus, OH 43219, U.S.A., †Dupont Crop Genetics, Experimental Station, Wilmington,
DE 19880, U.S.A., and ‡Department of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Abbott Laboratories,
100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, U.S.A.
Biochem. J. (2004) 378, 665–671
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4 th Paper
Skin Aging and Photoaging Alter Fatty Acids Composition, Including
11,14,17-eicosatrienoic Acid, in the Epidermis of Human Skin
Eun Ju Kim*, Min-Kyoung Kim*,
Xing-Ji Jin, Jang-Hee Oh, Ji Eun Kim,
and Jin Ho Chung
Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of
Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital,
Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25: 980-3
Downloaded from www.jlr.org by on June 30, 2010
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5 th Paper
Elevated hepatic fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl5) activity corrects
dietary fat induced hyperglycemia
in obese C57BL/6J mice.
Sasmita Tripathy1, Moises Torres-Gonzalez1 and Donald B. Jump2
Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences
The Linus Pauling Institute
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
Downloaded from www.jlr.org by on June 30, 2010
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6 th Paper
Effect of Diet Supplementation on the Expression of Bovine Genes
Associated with Fatty Acid Synthesis and Metabolism
Sandeep J. Joseph1, Kelly R. Robbins1, Enrique Pavan5, Scott L. Pratt4, Susan K. Duckett4 and
Romdhane Rekaya1,2,3 1Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, 2Department of Statistics,
3Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA. 4Department
of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA. 5Instituto
Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina. Email: [email protected]
Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 2010:4 19–31 This article is available from http://www.lapress.com.
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7 th Paper
Mammalian Fatty Acid Elongases
Donald B. Jump
Methods Mol Biol. 2009 ; 579: 375–389
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8 th Paper
Functional Characterization of the Arabidopsis
b-Ketoacyl-Coenzyme A Reductase Candidates of the
Fatty Acid Elongase1[W][OA]
Fre´de´ric Beaudoin2, Xianzhong Wu2, Fengling Li, Richard P. Haslam, Jonathan E. Markham,
Huanquan Zheng3, Johnathan A. Napier, and Ljerka Kunst*
Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United
Kingdom
(F.B., R.P.H., J.A.N.); University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T
1Z4 (X.W.,
F.L., H.Z., L.K.); and Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (J.E.M.)
Plant Physiology, July 2009, Vol. 150, pp. 1174–1191,
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9 th Paper
Genome-Wide Association Study of Plasma
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the InCHIANTI Study
Toshiko Tanaka1,2*, Jian Shen3, Gonc¸alo R. Abecasis4, Aliaksei Kisialiou5, Jose M. Ordovas3,
Jack M. Guralnik6, Andrew Singleton7, Stefania Bandinelli5, Antonio Cherubini8, Donna
Arnett9, Michael Y. Tsai10, Luigi Ferrucci1,2,5
PLoS Genet 5(1): e1000338. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000338
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10 th Paper
Increased Elongase and Desaturase Gene
Expression with Stearidonic Acid Enriched Diet
Does Not Enhance Long-Chain (n-3) Content of
Seawater Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)1–3
Matthew R. Miller,4–6* Andrew R. Bridle,4 Peter D. Nichols,5 and Chris G. Carter4
4National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania,
Launceston, Tasmania 7250,
Australia and 5Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food
Futures Flagship and Division
of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
J.Nutr. 138: 2179–2185, 2008.
Rat heart cannot synthesize docosahexaenoic
acid from circulating a-linolenic acid because it lacks
elongase-2
11 th Paper
Miki Igarashi,1 Kaizong Ma, Lisa Chang, Jane M. Bell, and Stanley I. Rapoport
Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892
J. Lipid Res. 2008. 49: 1735–1745