Download Nativity BVM High School Science Department Course Content and

Nativity B.V.M. High School
Science Department
Course Content and Performance Objectives
Course Title:
Advanced Biology
Grade Level:
10
Course Length:
Year
Prerequisite:
Students must have a strong background in 9th grade physical science (chemistry).
Credit:
1.0
Graduation Requirement: Fulfills 1.0 credit toward science graduation requirements.
Standards/Benchmarks:
Yes
COURSE DESCRIPTION: Advanced Biology is a college preparatory course designed for students planning on pursuing careers in the natural or health related
sciences. The course has a lecture and lab component that provides the student with a rigorous curriculum that places emphasis on topics in biochemistry, cell and
molecular biology, heredity and genetics, plant structure and function, animal structure and function, ecology, and evolutionary biology. This laboratory-oriented
course utilizes college-level materials and offers units of study in experimental design. The student will be required to do supplemental reading, engage in class
discussions, and complete both individual and group projects. An individual research project is required of the student on a topic of interest to the student and
teacher's approval. Prerequisites include a strong background in 9th grade physical science, especially in chemistry. Also, the student must receive the approval of the
Science Department Chairperson or current science teacher.
COURSE GOALS and OBJECTIVES:
At the completion of Advanced Biology, the student will be able to organize, discuss, interpret, and integrate topics related to:
• the unifying themes of biology
• scientific experiments and experimental results.
• fundamental characteristics of living organisms.
• chemical processes underlying life processes.
• the structure and function of cells and cell parts
• the central role of energy in living systems.
• factors associated with genetic variation in individuals and in populations.
• the role of natural selection in evolution and how biodiversity relates to evolutionary relationships.
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the six-Kingdom and three-Domain classification systems.
differences, similarities, and ecological roles of major groups of microorganisms, fungi, plants, and animals.
the relation of form, function, and regulation of internal environments in representative plants and animals.
the historical development of major ideas in biology
COURSE MATERIALS:
Biology 10th edition by Sylvia S. Mader ©2010
Course Lecture Outline: * Topics subject to change at teacher’s recommendation.
A. Course Topics
Chapter 1: A View of Life and Chapter 19
Systematics and Phylogeny
1. How to Define Life
2. Evolution, the Unifying Concept of
Biology
3. How the Biosphere is Organized
4. The Process of Science
5. Systematics
6. The Three-Domain System
B. Learning Objectives
C. Content Assessment
How to Define Life
• List the four characteristics shared by all living organisms.
• Define emergent property in reference to the levels of organization of living
organisms.
• Explain why maintaining homeostasis is critical for living organisms.
• Describe how the process of reproduction leads to the evolution of species.
Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology
• List the 8 basic taxa of classification of living organisms, from most inclusive to
least inclusive.
• List the 3 domains and give an example of the types of organisms found in each.
• Explain how natural selection leads to changes in the composition of a species
over long periods of time.
How the Biosphere is Organized
• Define ecosystem and briefly explain how living organisms within the ecosystem
may interact.
• Explain why biodiversity is important, and the various factors that threaten
biodiversity in many ecosystems worldwide.
The Process of Science
• List the stages of the scientific method.
• Explain the process of forming a scientific hypothesis.
• Contrast inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning.
• Describe the process of formation of scientific theories, and list some of the
basic theories in modern biology.
• Explain the benefits and limitations of using statistical studies in science.
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• Compare and contrast a field study with an investigative study.
Systematics.
Explain the binomial naming system, and name the eight main classification
categories.
• Explain why the Linnaean classification system forms a hierarchy.
The Three-Domain System
• Explain the rationale for the three-domain classification system.
• Use the three-domain system to classify organisms.
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Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry
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4.
Chemical Elements
Compounds and Molecules
Chemistry of Water
Acids and Bases
Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Organic
Molecules
1. Organic Molecules
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
Chemical Elements
• Distinguish between matter, elements, and atoms.
• Name the six elements that are basic to life.
• Describe the structure of an atom.
• Tell why an atom can have isotopes.
• Give examples of how low levels and high levels of radiation can each be
helpful.
Compounds and Molecules
• Explain the periodic table of the elements.
• State, explain, and give examples of the octet rule.
• Distinguish between ionic bond, a covalent bond, and a hydrogen bond.
• Be able to recognize and construct molecules that contain these bonds.
Chemistry of Water
• List and describe four properties of water that benefit organisms.
Acids and Bases
• Distinguish between acids and bases.
• Explain and use the pH scale.
• Describe a buffer and tell how buffers assist organisms.
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Organic Molecules
• List the features of carbon that result in the diversity of organic molecules.
• Tell how macromolecules are assembled and disassembled.
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4.
5.
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
and Chapter 5 Membrane Structure and
Function
1. Cellular Level of Organization
2. Prokaryotic Cells
3. Introducing Eukaryotic Cells
4. The Nucleus and Ribosomes
5. The Endomembrane System
6. Other Vesicles and Vacuoles
7. The Energy-Related Organelles
8. The Cytoskeleton
9. Plasma Membrane Structure and
Function
10. Passive Transport Across the
Membrane
11. Active Transport Across the
Membrane
12. Modification of Cell Surfaces
Carbohydrates
• Name the most common 5 and 6-carbon sugars and give a function for each.
• Compare the structures of starch, glycogen, and cellulose and give a function for
each
Lipids
• Compare the structures of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
• State the primary function of fats and oils in cells.
• Compare the functions of phospholipids and steroids in cells.
• Describe the structure and function of waxes.
Proteins
• State six functions of proteins in cells.
• Tell how amino acids are the same and how they can be different from one
another.
• List and discuss four levels of a protein's structure, and tell how protein folding
diseases relate to structure.
Nucleic Acids
• Compare the structure and function of DNA and RNA in cells.
• Relate the structure of ATP to its function in cells.
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Cellular Level of Organization
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• Cite the three tenets of the cell theory.
• Explain why cells are so small.
Prokaryotic Cells
• Describe the structure of the prokaryotic cell in terms of the cell envelope,
cytoplasm, and appendages. Give a function for each structure.
Introducing Eukaryotic Cells
• Compare the structure of the prokaryotic cell to the eukaryotic cell.
• Apply the endosymbiosis theory to the structure of the eukaryotic cell.
The Nucleus and Ribosomes
• Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and ribosomes.
The Endomembrane System
• Describe the structure of the endomembrane system and it role in protein
synthesis and secretion.
Other Vesicles and Vacuoles
Describe the structure and function of lysosomes and peroxisomes.
Describe the varied functions of vacuoles and/or vesicles in protists, plants, and
animals.
The Energy-Related Organelles
• Compare and contrast the structure and function of chloroplasts and
mitochondria.
The Cytoskeleton
• Compare and contrast the structure and function of actin filaments, intermediate
filaments, and microtubules.
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
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Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and the diverse functions of the
embedded proteins.
• Describe what is meant by a semipermeable membrane.
• Predict the effect of osmotic conditions on animal versus plant cells.
Passive Transport Across a Membrane
• Compare and contrast the passive means of crossing a plasma membrane.
Active Transport Across a Membrane
• Compare and contrast the active means of crossing a plasma membrane.
Modification of Cell Surfaces
• Describe three types of junctions between animal cells.
• Describe the structure and function of the extracellular matrix of animal cells.
• Describe the structure and function of plasmodesmata of plant cells.
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Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and
Enzymes
Cells and the Flow of Energy
Metabolic Reactions and Energy
Transformations
Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
Organelles and the Flow of Energy
Cells and the Flow of Energy
• State and apply two energy laws to energy transformations.
Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations
• Give reasons why ATP is called the energy currency in cells.
• Give examples to show how ATP hydrolysis is coupled to energy-requiring
reactions.
Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Describe a metabolic pathway and how they function.
• Explain how enzymes lower the energy of activation and speed chemical
reactions.
• List conditions that affect enzyme speed.
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• Explain how a cell can use enzyme inhibition to regulate metabolism.
Organelles and the Flow of Energy
• Describe how chloroplasts and mitochondria both use redox reactions, an
electrons transport chain, and chemiosmosis to produce ATP.
Chapter 7 Photosynthesis
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Photosynthetic Organisms
The Process of Photosynthesis
Plants and Solar Energy Converters
Calvin Cycle Reactions
Alternative Photosynthetic
Pathways
Photosynthetic Organisms
List the types of organisms that carry on photosynthesis.
Identify the main pars of a chloroplast.
Show that photosynthesis is a redox reaction that produces a carbohydrate and
releases O2.
The Process of Photosynthesis
• Divide photosynthesis into two sets of reactions, and associate each set with
either capture of solar energy or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Plants as Solar Energy Converters
• Explain why leaves are green, with reference to the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Trace the path of an excited electron from its absorption of solar energy to the
production of ATP and NADPH.
• Describe how the thylakoid membrane is organized to produce ATP.
Calvin Cycle Reactions
• Describe the three phases of the Calvin cycle, and indicate when ATP and/or
NADPH are involved.
• Draw a diagram showing that G3P is a pivotal molecule in a plant's metabolic
pathway.
Other Types of Photosynthesis
• Compare and contrast three modes of photosynthesis and tell how each is
adapted to a particular environment.
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Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration
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3.
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Cellular Respiration
• Write the overall reaction for glucose breakdown and show that it is a redox reaction.
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Inside the Mitochondria
Metabolic Pool
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4.
Chapter 9 The Cell Cycle and
Cellular Reproduction
Prokaryotic Cell Division
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The Cell Cycle and Cancer
• Discuss the role of oxidation-reduction enzymes.
• State the four phases of cellular respiration and tell where each occurs in the cell.
Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis
• Contrast the energy-investment step of glycolysis with the energy-harvesting steps.
• Summarize glycolysis by stating the inputs and outputs of the pathway.
Fermentation
• Explain the benefits and drawbacks of fermentation.
Inside the Mitochondria
• Show that glucose products are broken down completely during the preparatory
reaction and the citric acid cycle.
• Give the net gain of substrate level ATP synthesis and NADH as a result of these
pathways.
• Describe how the cristae are organized to produce ATP.
Metabolic Pool
• Show how catabolism of protein and fat utilizes the same pathways as glucose
breakdown.
• Compare and contrast the organization and structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts
and how they permit a flow of energy through living things.
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The Cell Cycle
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List the four stages of interphase, and describe the major events that occur
during each stage in preparation for cell division.
• Describe the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis.
• List the checkpoints that regulate the progression of cells through the cell cycle.
• Explain the mechanisms within the G1 cell cycle checkpoint that evaluate
growth signals, determine nutrient availability, and assess DNA integrity.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
• Describe the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome.
• Define chromosome and chromatid.
• Explain how a chromosome is duplicated.
• List the phases of mitosis in a eukaryotic cell, and discuss the major events that
happen during each phase.
• Compare and contrast cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
• Explain the difference between therapeutic and reproductive cloning of animals.
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The Cell Cycle and Cancer
• List the characteristics of cancer cells.
• Describe how mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to
cancer.
Prokaryotic Cell Division
• Describe the process of binary fission.
• Contrast the roles of cell division in unicellular versus multicellular organisms.
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Chapter 10 Meiosis and Sexual
Reproduction
Halving the chromosome Number
Genetic Variation
The Phase of Meiosis
Meiosis Compared to Mitosis
Reproductive Systems and Life
Cycles
Changes in Chromosome Number
and Structure
Halving the Chromosome Number
• Contrast haploid and diploid chromosome numbers.
• Explain what is meant by homologous chromosomes.
Genetic Variation
• Describe the role of crossing-over in contributing to genetic variation.
• Define independent assortment and describe how it contributes to genetic
variation in the offspring.
The Phases of Meiosis
• List the phases of meiosis, discussing the major events that occur during each
phase.
• Describe how interkinesis differs from interphase.
Meiosis Compared to Mitosis
• Compare and contrast the end products of meiosis to that of mitosis, addressing
the number of daughter cells produced, the number of divisions, the number of
chromosomes in the daughter cells, and whether or not the daughter cells are
genetically identical to each other and/or to the parent cell.
• List the events that occur during prophase I that do not occur during prophase
of mitosis.
• Discuss the difference in chromosome alignment during meiosis I with that of
mitosis.
The Human Life Cycle
• Contrast the life cycle of plants with the life cycle of animals.
• Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans.
Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure
• Define aneuploidy, and contrast monosomy with trisomy.
• Explain how nondisjunction may cause aneuploidy.
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6.
Halving the chromosome Number
Genetic Variation
The Phase of Meiosis
Meiosis Compared to Mitosis
Reproductive Systems and Life
Cycles
Changes in Chromosome Number
and Structure
Halving the Chromosome Number
• Contrast haploid and diploid chromosome numbers.
• Explain what is meant by homologous chromosomes.
Genetic Variation
• Describe the role of crossing-over in contributing to genetic variation.
• Define independent assortment and describe how it contributes to genetic
variation in the offspring.
The Phases of Meiosis
• List the phases of meiosis, discussing the major events that occur during each
phase.
• Describe how interkinesis differs from interphase.
Meiosis Compared to Mitosis
• Compare and contrast the end products of meiosis to that of mitosis, addressing
the number of daughter cells produced, the number of divisions, the number of
chromosomes in the daughter cells, and whether or not the daughter cells are
genetically identical to each other and/or to the parent cell.
• List the events that occur during prophase I that do not occur during prophase
of mitosis.
• Discuss the difference in chromosome alignment during meiosis I with that of
mitosis.
The Human Life Cycle
• Contrast the life cycle of plants with the life cycle of animals.
• Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans.
Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure
• Define aneuploidy, and contrast monosomy with trisomy.
• Explain how nondisjunction may cause aneuploidy.
• List the known changes in number of sex chromosomes in humans, and briefly
describe the symptoms of each.
• Describe the four types of changes in chromosome structure that may occur.
• List some human syndromes that are associated with changes in chromosome
structure.
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Chapter 11 Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
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Gregor Mendel
Mendel’s Laws
Extending the Range of Mendelian
Genetics
Gregor Mendel
List the approaches to science that made Gregor Mendel's genetic experiments
successful.
Mendel's Laws
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Define Mendel's law of segregation.
Contrast dominant alleles with recessive alleles.
Define genotype and phenotype.
Explain how the law of probability applies to genetics.
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The Genetic Material
Replication of DNA
The Genetic Code of Life
Protein Synthesis
Structure of the Eukaryotic
Chromosome
The Genetic Material
List the properties that a substance must possess in order to serve as the genetic
material of an organism.
• Explain how the experiments of Griffiths and others demonstrated that DNA
was the genetic material of an organism.
• Describe the chemical structure of DNA as defined by the Watson and Crick
model, and list the evidence of other scientists who contributed to this model.
Replication of DNA
• Explain why the replication of DNA is described as semiconservative.
• List the three steps of DNA replication.
• Contrast DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
The Genetic Code of Life
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• Define the central dogma of molecular biology.
• Explain why the genetic code is universal.
Protein Synthesis: Transcription
• List the events that occur during the formation of a messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecule during transcription.
• Describe how mRNA molecules are processed in a eukaryote.
Protein Synthesis: Translation
• Define the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translating the genetic code.
• Explain the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in translating the genetic code.
• List the three stages of translation and briefly discuss the events that occur
during each stage.
Structure of the Eukaryotic Chromosome
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Chapter 13 Regulation of Gene Activity
and Chapter 14 Biotechnology and
Genomics
1. Prokaryotic Regulation
2. Eukaryotic Regulation
Contrast euchromatin with heterochromatin and describe the DNA packing
state of each.
*SECLECTED TOPICS
Prokaryotic Regulation
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7.
Regulation through Gene
Mutations
DNA Cloning
Biotechnology Products
Gene Therapy
Genomics
• Define operon, and list its parts.
• Explain how a regulator gene controls transcription of an operon.
• Explain the regulation of the trp and lac operons.
Eukaryotic Regulation
• List the levels at which gene expression in eukaryotes may be regulated.
• Explain how DNA unpacking may be used to activate gene expression.
• Define epigenetic inheritance.
• Name the two types of transcription factors in eukaryotes and describe how they
alter gene expression.
• List the different types of posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational
control of gene expression in eukaryotes.
• Explain how defects in alternative mRNA splicing may cause disease in humans.
Regulation Through Gene Mutations
Compare and contrast spontaneous and induced mutations.
Explain how a point mutations or frameshift mutations in a gene may alter the
activity of the protein it encodes.
• Describe how the accumulation of mutations in a cell may cause cancer.
DNA Cloning
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Define what is meant by recombinant DNA (rDNA), and list the most common
laboratory techniques used to generate it.
• Explain how the polymerase chain reaction can be used to amplify DNA
segments, and how it may be used to analyze DNA.
Biotechnology Products
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Describe how transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals may be used to generate
products useful to humans.
Gene Therapy
• Contrast in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy techniques.
• List some disorders in humans that gene therapy has been used to treat.
• Genomics
• Describe what has been learned from the Human Genome Project.
• Describe the arrangement of genes on human chromosomes.
• List the three types of intergenic sequences and describe the properties of each.
• Explain why the definition of gene is being reconsidered to include DNA
sequences that do not encode proteins.
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Chapter 15 Darwin and Evolution
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Evidence of Evolution
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
• Give examples of artificial selection carried out by humans.
• Explain Darwin's hypothesis for natural selection.
• Give examples to show that natural selection results in adaptation to the
environment.
Evidence of Evolution
• Tell why fossils offer powerful evidence for common descent.
• Discuss anatomic, biogeographic, and molecular evidence for common descent.
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Population Genetics
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Chapter 16 How Populations Evolve
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Populations Genetics
Natural Selection
Maintenance of Diversity
Use the Hardy-Weinberg principle to explain when microevolution occurs.
Explain how mutations, gene flow, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and natural
selection contribute to the process of microevolution.
Natural Selection
• Name three kinds of natural selection, and discuss the effect of each on a
population.
• Discuss and give an example of each type of natural selection.
• Explain why sexual selection is a form of natural selection and give examples of
female choice and male competition.
Maintenance of Diversity
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Give examples to show that the process of evolution and the environment help
maintain diversity.
Define heterozygote advantage and give an example as a means to maintain
diversity in a population.
Chapter 17 Speciation and Macroevolution
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Separation of the Species
Modes of Speciation
Separation of the Species
3.
Principles of Macroevolution
Chapter 20 Viruses, Bacteria, and
Archaea
1. Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Compare and contrast the evolutionary species concept with the biological
species concept.
• List and give examples of five prezygotic isolating mechanisms and three
postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
Modes of Speciation
• Describe and give examples of allopatric speciation including adaptive radiation.
• Describe and give examples of sympatric speciation including alloploidy.
Principles of Macroevolution
• Compare and contrast the gradualistic model of speciation with the punctuated
equilibrium model.
• Use the fossil diversity of the Burgess Shale to support the punctuated
equilibrium model.
• Give examples to show that Hox genes probably play a role in macroevolution.
• Use the evolution of the horse to show that evolution is not goal oriented.
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Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
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List the major components of a virus.
List the three criteria used to categorize viruses.
Explain why viruses are considered to be obligate intracellular parasites.
Outline the steps of bacteriophage reproduction, distinguishing between lytic
and lysogenic cycles.
• Outline the steps of animal virus reproduction, explaining how the process
differs from that in bacterial cells.
• Explain why retroviruses are unique.
• Provide examples of human diseases that are caused by viruses, particularly
emerging viruses.
• Compare and contrast viroids and prions with one another and with viruses.
The Prokaryotes
• Describe the structure of a typical prokaryotic cell.
• Explain how prokaryotic cells reproduce.
• List the three means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes.
The Bacteria
• List the defining characteristics of members of domain Bacteria.
• Describe how bacteria may be categorized with respect to their oxygen needs
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and tolerances.
Describe the nutritional modes of photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic, and
chemoheterotrophic bacteria.
• Provide examples of symbiotic relationships between bacteria and other
organisms.
• Provide examples of human diseases caused by bacteria.
• Explain how bacterial endospores enable survival in harsh conditions.
• Explain how antibiotic drugs harm bacteria.
• Discuss the ecological significance of cyanobacteria.
The Archaea
• State the unique characteristics of domain Archaea that led to them being
classified separately from the members of domain Bacteria.
• List the three categories of archaea based on the extreme habitats in which they
are found.
Health Focus: Flu Pandemic
• Explain why the HN51 virus is of so much concern.
• List steps that can be taken to prepare for pandemic flu.
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Chapter 21 Protist Evolution and Diversity
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General Biology of Protists
Diversity of Protists
General Biology of Protists
• Describe the general characteristics of protists.
• Summarize the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of the eukaryotic cell.
• Distinguish between algae and protozoans.
Diversity of Protists
• Provide the defining characteristics of each of the six eukaryotic supergroups,
and list the protists which are assigned to them.
• State the evolutionary relationship between the green algae and land plants.
• Describe conjugation in Spirogyra.
• Summarize the life cycle of Chlamydomonas.
• Give examples of the ecological and economic significance of the different types
of algae.
• Identify the two supergroups which include algae.
• Describe the structure of a paramecium, euglenid, amoeboid, and a
trypanosome.
• Enumerate the major diseases caused by protists, and name the causative agent
of each.
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• Summarize the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax.
• Distinguish between plasmodial and cellular slime molds.
• State the evolutionary relationship between choanoflagellates and sponges.
• State the proposed evolutionary relationship between nucleariids and fungi.
Science Focus: Life Cycles Among the Algae
• Summarize the three common types of life cycles in sexual reproduction.
Chapter 22 Fungi Evolution and Diversity
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Evolution and Characteristics of
Fungi
Diversity of Fungi
Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
Evolution and Characteristics of Fungi
Compare and contrast fungal and animal heterotrophism.
List the five major groups within kingdom Fungi, and describe their divergence
from a common ancestor.
• State what may be surmised about the common ancestor of fungi.
• Describe the general structure of a fungus.
• Explain how both sexual and asexual reproduction occurs in fungi.
• Define dikaryotic and explain how the dikaryotic state fits into the fungal life
cycle.
Diversity of Fungi
• Relate the defining characteristics of each of the five major groups of fungi.
• Summarize the life cycle of a black bread mold.
• Provide examples of the ecological and economic significance of fungi.
• Provide examples of human health problems caused by fungi.
• Summarize the life cycle of a mushroom.
Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
• Name the two components of a lichen, and list the three types of lichens.
• Describe the mutualistic relationship between a mycorrhizae and plants.
Health Focus: Deadly Fungi
• Give examples of how consuming certain fungi can be dangerous for humans.
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Chapter 23 Plant Evolution and Diversity
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2.
The Green Algal Ancestor of
Plants
Evolution of Bryohytes:
Colonization of Land
The Green Algal Ancestor of Plants
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Give four features of charophytes which are consistent with their sharing a
common ancestor sometime in the past with plants.
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The Green Algal Ancestor of
Plants
Evolution of Bryohytes:
Colonization of Land
Evolution of Locophytes: Vascular
Tissue
Evolution of Pterdophytes:
Megaphylls
Evolution of Seed Plants: Full
Adaptation of Land
The Green Algal Ancestor of Plants
Give four features of charophytes which are consistent with their sharing a
common ancestor sometime in the past with plants.
• Draw an evolutionary tree for plants showing significant innovations during
their evolution.
• Distinguish between the sporophyte and the gametophyte in the plant life cycle.
• Associate the increased dominance of the sporophyte with plant adaptations to
the land environment.
Evolution of Bryophytes: Colonization of Land
• Name and describe the three types of bryophytes.
• In what ways are Bryophytes adapted and not fully adapted to living on land?
• Explain a diagram of the moss life cycle, pointing out significant events.
Evolution of Lycophytes: Vascular Tissue
• Describe Lycopodium, a ground pine.
• Explain the observation that lycophytes but not bryophytes have roots, stems,
and leaves.
• Explain why the leaves of lycophytes are termed microphylls.
Evolution of Pteridophytes: Megaphylls
• Name and describe three types of pteridophytes.
• Explain why the leaves of pteridophytes are termed megaphylls.
• Explain a diagram of the fern life cycle, pointing out significant events.
Evolution of Seed Plants: Full Adaptation to Land
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Chapter 28 Invertebrate Evolution
Define a seed and explain how a seed plant life cycle differs from that of a
seedless vascular plant.
Name and describe the significant difference between the two major types of
seed plants.
Name and describe four groups of gymnosperms.
Describe the carboniferous period and tell what types of plants contributed the
most to coal-forming forests.
Name the two major types of flowering plants and state their differences.
Describe the parts of a flower and their functions; explain how pollinators
contributed to the diversification of flowers.
Explain a diagram of the pine and flowering plant life cycles, pointing out
significant events.
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Evolution of Animals
Introducing the Invertebrates
Variety Among The
Lophotrochozoans
Quantity Among the
Ecdysozoans
Invertebrate Deuterostomes
Evolution of Animals
Describe the characteristics that separate the animal phyla from other phyla of
living organisms.
• Discuss the "colonial flagellate hypothesis" as it relates to the evolution of
animals.
• Explain the data used to develop the animal phylogenetic tree.
• Distinguish between protostomes and deuterostomes.
Introducing Invertebrates
• Describe the sponges.
• Describe the comb jellies.
• List examples of cnidarians.
• Discuss the specializations unique to cnidarians.
Variety among the Lophotrochozoans
• Explain the characteristics that unite the lophotrochozoans and list the animal
phyla that fit into this group.
• List the characteristics of members of phylum Platyhelminthes.
• Distinguish between the free-living flatworms and the parasitic flatworms.
• Describe rotifers.
• Discuss the characteristics of mollusks.
• List and describe examples of the major groups within phylum Mollusca.
• Describe the major characteristics of annelids.
• Distinguish between the major groups of annelids.
Quantity among the Ecdysozoans
• Explain the characteristics that unite the ecdysozoans and list the animal phyla
that fit into this group.
• List and describe examples of roundworms and their effects on humans.
• Discuss the five characteristics credited for the success of arthropods.
• Give examples of the major groups of arthropods and describe their
specializations.
Invertebrate Deuterostomes
• Describe the characteristics of echinoderms.
• List examples of the major groups of echinoderms.
• Discuss the adaptations of sea stars and how they relate to the characteristics of
echinoderms in general.
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Chapter 29 Vertebrate Evolution
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The Chordates
The Vertebrates
The Fishes
The Amphibians
The Reptiles
The Mammals
Chapters 44 & 45 Population, Community,
and Ecosystems Ecology
The Chordates
Outline the four characteristics of chordates.
Describe and give examples of the two nonvertebrate chordates.
List the seven derived characteristics used to form the chordate phylogenetic
tree.
The Vertebrates
• Describe the four features in addition to the chordate characteristics which
characterize the vertebrates.
• Discuss the evolution of vertebrates.
The Fishes
• Give examples of the jawless fishes, living and extinct.
• State the characteristics of the jawed fishes.
• Distinguish between the cartilaginous fishes and the bony fishes, giving
examples of each.
The Amphibians
• List the major characteristics of amphibians.
• Discuss the evolution of amphibians.
• Use examples to demonstrate the diversity of living amphibians.
The Reptiles
• State the major characteristics of reptiles.
• Explain why the amniotes are considered a paraphyletic group.
• Discuss the evolution of the major groups of reptiles.
• Use examples to demonstrate the diversity of living reptiles.
• Outline the major characteristics of birds and explain how they aid in flight.
• Describe the medicinal uses of vertebrates.
The Mammals
• State the major characteristics of mammals.
• Discuss the evolution of the major mammalian groups.
• Distinguish between the major groups of mammals and give examples of each
group.
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Scope of Ecology
Demographies of Populations
Population Growth Models
Regulation of Population Size
Life History Patterns
Ecology of Communities
Community Development
Dynamics of an Ecosystem
Scope of Ecology
• Explain what aspects of biology, the study of ecology, encompasses.
Demographics of Populations
Recognize how environmental conditions affect the density and distribution
patterns of a population.
• Know how to interpret survivorship curves and life tables.
• Recognize how the proportion of individuals at varying reproductive stages
determines a population's age distribution.
Population Growth Models
• Describe exponential population growth and the circumstances that encourage
it.
• Characterize logistic growth and the carrying capacity of a population.
Regulation of Population Size
• Contrast density-independent and density-dependent factors that affect
population size.
Life History Patterns
• Describe the two life history patterns of species.
Human Population Growth
• Review the past and present growth of the human population.
• Explain how human population growth places pressure on Earth's resources.
• Ecology of Communities
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Characterize a biological community and species richness.
Describe the factors that define an organism's ecological niche within its
community.
• Understand how the interactions among species such as competition, predation,
parasitism, and mutualism organize a community.
Community Development
• Explain how ecological succession changes community structure and
organization over time.
Dynamics of an Ecosystem
• Discuss the interactions of organisms with their environment that comprise an
ecosystem.
• Identify the ways autotrophs, photoautotrophs, and heterotrophs obtain
nutrients.
• Contrast the energy flow and chemical cycling within and among ecosystems.
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Describe the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological
pyramids.
Diagram the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus biogeochemical cycles.
Project Requirements for Advanced Biology
Quarter 1: Common Trees of Pennsylvania Leaf Collection
Quarter 2: Cell Structure and Function Creativity Project
Quarter 3: Writing Composition (Essay) and/or Genetic Disorder Project Presentation
Quarter 4: Ecology Project at the Zoo (Chapter 46 including topics from other chapters)