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ILT in Broilers
Controlling an ILT
outbreak at the regional
level requires a joint
effort by all segments of
the poultry industry.
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WHAT IS ILT?
ILT is a contagious viral disease that mainly affects chickens. Despite increased
awareness and biosecurity measures,
there were four reported cases in Quebec
and one in Ontario in 2008.
In 2007 ILT virus in turkeys was
reported despite earlier reports suggesting turkeys were not susceptible. This
disease has always been a concern due to
potentially high bird mortality, disease
spread and other economic losses. ILT is
on the CFIA immediately notifiable disease list. Additionally, all positive flocks
must be declared by producers prior to
exportation.
Can we detect ILT virus based on
clinical signs?
ILT outbreaks usually occur after 28 days
of age. In its most severe form, ILT virus
can result in elevated mortality ranging
from 10-20 per cent. This disease mainly affects the upper respiratory tract,
causing an accumulation of blood and
mucus in the trachea. Birds will often
extend their necks to ease breathing
and or cough to expel blood from the
lumen. Swollen sinuses, watery eyes and
nasal discharge are among other clinical
signs of ILT.
In milder forms of ILT, watery eyes
and nasal discharge, with or without
swollen sinuses, and low mortality (as
low as one to two per cent), may be
the only signs of infection. Regardless
of clinical appearance and severity, you
should immediately contact a veterinarian if you detect signs of ILT. Early detection is the key to preventing the spread
of disease.
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WHAT ILT
LOOKS LIKE
Clinical signs of
ILT include swollen
sinuses, watery eyes,
nasal discharge
and conjunctivitis.
How did ILT virus infect my flock?
Lack of effective biosecurity measures
or gaps in a biosecurity program are
responsible for most ILT outbreaks. ILT
virus can be spread through respiratory
secretions, or contaminated clothing or
equipment. This virus can survive in the
environment for 22 hours at 37 C, or 30
days at 4-10 C. Additionally improper
JUNE 2009
dead bird disposal, manure handling and
live haul transportation are potential
risks to other flocks. Infected backyard
flocks may also provide a viral source for
neighbouring commercial farms.
Controlling an ILT outbreak at
the regional level requires a joint
effort by all segments of the poultry industry.
Reprinted by permission of Canadian Poultry Magazine
0)#5PDATE
s
s
s
s
Catching crews should not go for
partial pickups after being in contact
with an infected flock.
The processing plant’s live haul
manager should select the best routing to avoid passing through highly
dense areas of poultry farms. GIS
technology available through the
FBCC can be used to help determine
the best route.
Trucks and crates as well as the processing plant needs to be thoroughly
washed and disinfected.
Processing of the infected birds
should be scheduled for the last
shift of the day during the last day
of the week.
POST SHIPPING
ILT CAUSES AN ACCUMULATION OF BLOOD AND MUCUS IN THE TRACHEA.
PRIOR TO SHIPPING
With your veterinarian, implement additional biosecurity measures such as:
s Notify your marketing board, and all
companies that regularly visit your
farm.
s As soon as the producer of the infected flock self declares to the marketing
board, the Feather Board Command
Center (FBCC) is activated and uses
Geographic Information System
(GIS) technology to notify surrounding farms to increase biosecurity.
s Regular visits by service reps should
be postponed.
s Change clothing, footwear and
wash your hands when travelling
between barns.
s Don’t use barn clothing and footwear off the farm .
s Avoid visiting other poultry farms.
DEAD BIRD DISPOSAL
ILT mortalities are a source of infection.
Proper dead bird disposal should occur at
all times.
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Composting
s Follow provincial requirements,
which can be found at: http://www.
omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/
deadstock/facts/info_03-083.htm.
s The new Ontario Disposal of Dead
Farm Animals regulation now also
includes poultry: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/deadstock/index.html.
s Make sure that wild birds or animals
cannot access your dead birds.
Rendering
s Notify the rendering company so
that your farm is scheduled for the
last pickup of the day.
s Dead birds should be transported to
the roadside in a covered container.
LIVE HAUL
ILT is on the CFIA Immediately
Notifiable disease list. All cases of ILT in
broiler flocks must be declared prior to
shipment to ensure ILT does not get into
the export market.
s Catchers must follow strict biosecurity measures.
JUNE 2009
Manure Management
s ILT virus is sensitive to high temperatures. Once the barn is empty,
don’t remove anything, simply
shut off the fans and heat the barn
to 38 C for 100 hours in order to
kill the ILT virus particles.
s If manure is to be transported
off farm, notify the truck driver
to follow enhanced biosecurity
measures.
s The top of the load should be
dampened and tarped to control
dust which can contain infective
ILT particles.
s Avoid immediate spreading since
wind can spread the disease to neighbouring flocks.
s All provincial requirements with
respect to temporary field storage of
manure should be followed. http://
www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/
engineer/facts/06-021.htm.
Barn Cleaning
Thorough cleaning and disinfection
(C&D) of the barn is key in eliminating virus residuals. If you are not well
equipped, use a professional cleaning
crew. A minimum downtime of two weeks
after C&D before the next placement is
highly recommended.
Continued on page 27
Reprinted by permission of Canadian Poultry Magazine
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Continued from page 22
Highly concentrated and powerful
VACCINATION
s
s
Tissue culture vaccines (TCO) via
eye drop have been successful in
broiler flocks in Ontario. Use an
experienced vaccination crew to
make sure that each bird receives
sufficient vaccine. TCO vaccines
do not spread from bird to bird
and do not cause disease in naïve,
unvaccinated birds.
Chicken Embryo Origin (CEO)
vaccines provide a higher level
of immunity, however if administered improperly through mass
vaccination they can cause severe
clinical signs in the vaccinated
flock. CEO vaccinated flocks can
also be the source of infection
for other flocks. Many outbreaks
of ILT in broiler flocks are caused
by CEO vaccine strains usually
because of inadequate biosecurity measures.
DISINFECTANT
THE DISINFECTANT WITH UNIQUE FORMULATION
THAT MEETS WITH YOUR NEEDS
AT RECOMMENDED USE DILUTION
,
,
,
,
,
Safe to use humans, animals, environment
Multiple applications foam, spray or fog
Proven effective against most harmful disease causing agents
Non-corrosive to your equipment
Cost-effective based on your real needs
THE PERFECT CHOICE
in your Cleaning and Disinfection Program !
CONCLUSION
The best way to minimize disease
spread is through a combination of
enhanced biosecurity, comprehensive C&D and minimum two weeks
down time prior to placement of the
new flock.
It needs the collaboration of all
concerned, producers, marketing
boards, veterinarians, allied industries, the animal health laboratory
and the provincial government to
manage an outbreak and minimize
the impact of ILT.
If you have a slow Internet connection, you can obtain the information
listed above by contacting the PIC at
519-837-0284 and requesting a faxed
or mailed copy.
Proven effective against viruses causing diseases such as Avian Influenza,
Infectious Bursal Disease, Inclusion Body Hepatitis, Porcine Circovirosis,
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome.
Ask your veterinarian for VIROCID or your local
supplier of Cleaning and Disinfection Products
DIN 02239726
PCP # 26028
w w w.v i r o c i d . c o m
PIC PICKS
By Tim Nelson, Executive Director
Have you ever considered how many
people buy antivirus software and
question its value? Why do you part
with your hard-earned dollars on
Reprinted by permission of Canadian Poultry Magazine
JUNE 2009
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antivirus software when McAfee, Norton,
AVG and the rest only seem to sit on your
computer, take up space, and slow its
performance just when you need speed?
Or how many millions, nay billions, of
dollars are invested each year in research
and development of programs that try to
keep up with an Internet enemy that you
may never encounter?
This week one of the computers at PIC
caught a virus called Bobas or Bobax and
what I found interesting was that when it
comes to slowing business and imposing
“trade restrictions” the outcome of catching this computer virus is no different
from a Foreign Animal Disease.
There was a time when a computer
virus could infect your computer and was
only able to move to others via e-mail,
infected floppy disks and networks.
Bobax is fairly new and much smarter than the old viruses. Just like a bird
shedding a virus via feather dander or
droplets, Bobax “sheds” spam to the
world (at your expense) and somewhere
within the spam are carried little infectious Bobax germs that then infect other
computers, in this case one at PIC. But it
doesn’t end there.
There are spam police out there in
Internet land who are watching for spam
and because you are now (even though
inadvertently), sending spam you find
yourself “blacklisted.” This means you can
no longer send e-mails.
The analogy here is the fact that you
spend money on protecting your flock
from bacteria and viruses and new vaccinations and better genetic material to
help protect us from these pathogens is
being developed each and every day. If
we let down our guard and don’t keep
developing new defences against newly
emerging and evolving pathogens at some
point we’ll get the disease. Not only will
we then have to possibly destroy our stock
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we’ll also have to do a massive cleanup
and there will potentially be trade restrictions placed on poultry products from
our region until we can prove we’re clean
again – this is exactly what we’re going
through at PIC and the cost is huge.
Why am I telling you this? The point
here is that PIC invests by far the largest proportion of industry funds on disease mitigation research. Many have asked
“why do we spend this money? What
have we got for it?” The simple answer is
that the industry is buying protection. We
may never actually “see” the results of
this work, much of which, incidentally, is
undertaken at the University of Guelph’s
Pathobiology Labs (see profile of their new
Chair, page 13). But if we’re not protected
it won’t take long for us to “see” the results
of dropping our guard. It’s very important
work and your support for it is crucial to
maintaining our industry equivalent of
antivirus software.
Reprinted by permission of Canadian Poultry Magazine
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Feeding Varying Levels of Distiller’s
Dried Grain with Solubles to Broilers and Layers
34%6%,%%3/.5.)6%23)49/&'5%,0(
C
urrently a significant portion of North American corn production is being directed to ethanol fuel and starch/sweetener production. The trend towards an increase in this production
seems inevitable to at least 2012. Therefore the increasing price of
corn for feedstuffs and its decreasing availability for animal feed is a
serious cause for concern for poultry producers and for commercial
layer/broiler nutritionists.
It appears inevitable that Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles
(DDGS), a by-product of ethanol production, will become an
important ingredient in formulating poultry diets. There are currently five ethanol plants in Ontario and likely to be four more
within two years. The processing method of DDGS can affect
the usability for poultry diets, and the nutrient profile must be
consistent.
Dr. Steve Leeson and his research team at the University of
Guelph have been studying the value of feeding DDGS to growing
male broilers and to mature laying hens. In the case of the broiler
diet trials, DDGS came from different sources, and groups of birds
were fed diets including varying levels of DDGS (0 - control, 5, 10
and 15 per cent) to 42 days of age. Groups of laying hens were
fed DDGS from only one source, at the above levels of inclusion,
beginning at 52 weeks of age, for five 28-day periods.
Their findings? Early broiler growth, up to 17 days of age,
showed a significant advantage in terms of body weight, gain and
feed utilization, when birds were fed a diet containing 15 per cent
DDGS compared to the control diet. Results were similar for the
two sources of DDGS used. After 17 days of age, there were no
differences among diet treatments for broilers.
For layers, results demonstrate that birds performed equally
well on the control diet and all dietary levels of DDGS. Overall,
both broilers and layers tolerate well up to 15 per cent inclusion of
DDGS available in Ontario. Q
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"'& Reprinted by permission of Canadian Poultry Magazine
MAY
JUNE
2009
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