Download document 7910954

INDEX
A
mechanisms of action, 245, 246
nonaromatizable androgens, 242
suppression of androgen studies, 237, 238,
240
replacement therapy in men,
bioavailability offorms, 236, 237
patches, 237
structure, 236
synthesis, 235
ANG II, see Angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,
cardioprotection via kinins,
heart failure, 147-153
left ventricular hypertrophy reduction,
142-144
left ventricular remodeling following
myocardial damage, 145-147
myocardial ischemic preconditioning, 144,
145
overview, 137, 138
kinins in antihypertensive effect, 141, 142
Angiotensin II (ANG II),
cardiac effects,
direct actions,
chronotropic/arrhythmogenic actions,
57
contractile/inotropic actions, 56
oxidative actions, 58, 59, 62
thrombogenic actions, 57, 58
trophic/mitogenic actions, 55, 56
indirect effects,
congestive heart failure, 61
hypertension, 60, 61, 105
ischemia, 60
myocardial infarction, 60
vasoconstriction, 59, 60
circulating versus locally generated protein,
54,55
half-life, 53
induction of aldosterone synthesis, 74, 75
plasma renin activity in measurement, 54
receptors, 55, 56, 58, 148, 150, 151, 153
regulation of eicosanoid synthesis,
199
ANP, see Atrial natriuretic peptide
Apoptosis,
atrial natriuretic peptide induction, 14
nitric oxide induction, 186
AA, see Arachidonic acid
ABR, see Arterial baroreflex
ACE inhibitors, see Angiotensin converting
enzyme inhibitors
Acetylcholine (ACh),
estrogen replacement therapy effects on
response, 223, 224
half-life, 85, 86
nitric oxide release stimulation, 223
regulation of eicosanoid synthesis, 197, 198
suppression of release,
neuropeptide Y, 90-92, 95, 96, 98
norepinephrine, 90-92, 95, 96, 98
ACh, see Acetylcholine
ACTH, see Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
induction of aldosterone synthesis, 7
urocortin secretion induction, 48
Adrenomedullin (AM),
discovery, 21
effects,
adrenal cortex, 27,32
animal versus human models, 25, 26
central nervous system, 29-31
heart, 28,32
kidney, 27
lung, 28, 29
pituitary gland, 31, 32
vasculature, 26, 27
gene,
regulation of expression, 23
structure, 21, 22
processing, 22
receptors and signal transduction, 24, 25
tissue distribution, 23
Aldosterone, see Mineralocorticoids
AM, see Adrenomedullin
Androgens,
degradation, 235-237, 243
nonlipid risk factors for coronary artery
disease, 246
plasma lipid effects,
clinical significance, 246
delayed puberty patients, 240
epidemiological studies, 237
exogenous testosterone, 241, 242
hypogonadalmen, 240, 241
253
Index
254
Arachidonic acid (AA), release pathways, 195,
196
Arginine vasopressin (AVP),
basal blood pressure contribution, 104, 105
cardiac output regulation, 105
hypertension role, 105-108
interaction with arterial and cardiopulmonary
reflexes, 108-110
receptors, 107, 110
secretion regulation, 103
vasoconstriction, 103, 105, 108
Arrhythmias,
angiotensin II actions, 57
eicosanoid role, 205, 206
Arterial baroreflex (ABR),
arginine vasopressin interaction with arterial
and cardiopulmonary reflexes, 108110
basal blood pressure regulation, 104
regulation of arginine vasopressin, 103
Atherosclerosis,
eicosanoid role, 207, 208
endothelin role in remodeling, 166, 167
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),
activation of expression,
phenylephrine, 6-8
physical factors, 8, 9
protein kinase C, 6
Ras, 7, 12
antimitogenic activity, 14
apoptosis induction, 14
cardiac expression,
heart failure, 11
hypertrophy, 9-13
myocardial infarction, 11
normal heart, 3,4
discovery, 1
eicosanoid effects on expression, 202
gene,
regulation of expression, 4--9
structure, 2, 3
processing, 1-3
receptors, 13-15
transgenic mice,
knockout effects, 15
overexpression effects, 15
receptors, 15, 16
A VP, see Arginine vasopressin
B
B type natriuretic peptide (BNP),
antimitogenic activity, 14
cardiac expression,
heart failure, 11
hypertrophy, 9-11
myocardial infarction, 11
normalheart,3,4,6
gene,
regulation of expression, 6, 9
structure, 2, 3
processing, 3
receptors, 13, 14
transgenic mice, 15
BNP, see B type natriuretic peptide
Bradykinin, see Kinins
C
C type natriuretic peptide (CNP),
antimitogenic activity, 14
cardiac expression, 3, 4
gene,2,3
processing, 3
receptors, 13, 14
Cardiac hypertrophy,
aldosteronism induction, 69, 70, 72
angiotensin II role, 55, 56
cardiprotection by kinins and ACE inhibitors,
142-144
culture models, 10
eicosanoid role, 208
etiology, 9,10
natriuretic peptide expression,
early gene response in regulation, 11, 12
kinase cascades, 12, 13
markers, 11
Rafpathwayactivation, 12
Ras pathway activation, 12
temporal gene expression, 10, 11
Camitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-I), insulin
effects, 127, 128
Catecholamines, see Dopamine; Epinephrine;
Norepinephrine
CBF, see Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral blood flow (CBF), adrenomedullin
effects, 29
CNP, see C type natriuretic peptide
Congestive heart failure, see Heart failure
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF),
cardiovascular actions, 41, 42
receptors,
distribution, 39,40
urocortin binding, 40, 41, 46
stress response, 39
CPT -I, see Camitine palmitoyltransferase
CRF, see Corticotropin-releasing factor
D
Dexamethasone, see Glucocorticoids
Dihydroxytestosterone, see Androgens
Dopamine, sources in heart, 81
Index
E
Eicosanoids,
arachidonic acid metabolism, 195, 196
cardiac effects,
adrenergic transmission, 200
atrial natriuretic peptide, effects on expression, 202
bradykinin modulation, 202
cholinergic transmission, 201
coronary circulation, 201, 202
ion channels, 202, 203
norepinephrine release inhibition, 200
overview, 199,208,209
reflexogenic effects, 201
disease role,
arrhythmias, 205, 206
atherosclerosis, 207, 208
cardiac hypertrophy, 208
congestive heart failure, 206, 207
myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, 203-205
synthesis in heart,
effects,
acetylcholine, 197, 198
angiotensin II, 199
calcium, 198
humoral agents, 199
norepinephrine, 197, 198
overview, 197
Endothelin (ET),
cardiac endothelin,
contractile activity, 163
hypertrophy induction, 163
receptors, 162, 163
release, 162
processing, 159
receptors, 161, 162
role in cardiac disease,
congestive heart failure, 164, 165
myocardial ischemia, 165, 166
remodeling during atherosclerosis and
angioplasty-induced restenosis, 166,
167
snake venom sarafotoxins, 159
types and structures, 159
Epinephrine, sources in heart, 81
Estrogen,
cardioprotection, overview of mechanisms,
220
deficiency and cardiovascular disease, 227,
228
endothelial cell function effects, 222- 225
males, effects on plasma lipid profile,
cardiovascular benefits, 244, 245, 247
estradiol functions, 242, 243
lipoprotein (a) levels, 243, 244
myocardium effects, 226, 227
255
nongenomic effects on cardiovascular system,
222
receptors,
binding sites, 221
tissue distribution, 220
types, 221
replacement therapy effects in women,
blood flow, 225
carbohydrate metabolism, 227
cardiac performance, 226, 227
coagulation system, 227
endothelial cell acetylcholine response,
223,224
lipid profiles, 227
lipoprotein (a) levels, 227
myocardial infarction rate, 219, 228--230
progestin combination therapy, 229, 230
vascular vasomotor tone and blood flow effects, 225
ET, see Endothelin
F
Fatty acid metabolism, insulin effects, 118, 119,
121, 127, 128
G
Glucocorticoids,
diovascular effects, 73
mineralocorticoid receptor binding, 70, 71
receptors, 73
synthesis, 74
Glucose transport, insulin effects, 121-124
Glycogen metabolism, insulin effects, 126, 127
Glycolysis, insulin effects, 124
H
Heart failure,
adrenomedullin therapy, 28
angiotensin II role, 61
atrial natriuretic peptide expression, 11
cardiprotection by kinins and ACE inhibitors,
147-153
eicosanoid role, 206, 207
endothelin role, 164, 165
nitric oxide role,
apoptosis induction, 186
metabolic substrate utilization changes,
185, 187
production of nitric oxide, 183-185
spironolactone therapy, 73
Heart rate (HR),
arginine vasopressin regulation, 105
response to sympathetic neural activity, 84, 85
Index
256
sympathetic--parasympathetic interactions in
regulation, 88, 89, 93, 94
High-density lipoprotein, see Lipid profiles
HR, see Heart rate
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, see Eicosanoids
II b-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,
mineralocorticoid receptor occupancy regulation,71
types, 71
Hypertension,
aldosteronism induction, 69, 70, 72, 73
angiotensin II role, 60, 61, 105
arginine vasopressin role, 105-108
glucocorticoid induction, 73
Hypertrophy, see Cardiac hypertrophy
I
Insulin, actions on heart,
contractile and ion transport protein regulation, 116, 117
estrogen replacement therapy effects on carbohydrate metabolism, 227
fatty acid metabolism, 118, 119, 121, 127, 128
glucose transport, 121-124
glycogen metabolism, 126, 127
glycolysis, 124
mechanical function of cardiac muscle, 115,
116
metabolic enzyme responses, overview, 120,
121
perfusion effects, 117, 118
protein metabolism, 118
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 124-126
signaling overview, 121
K
Kinins,
cardioprotection,
heart failure, 147-153
left ventricular hypertrophy reduction,
142-144
left ventricular remodeling following
myocardial damage, 145-147
myocardial ischemic preconditioning, 144,
145
overview, 137, 138
eicosanoid modulation of cardiac effects, 202
hypertension pathogenesis role, 140, 141
kallikrein processing, 137, 138, 140
kininases,
angiotensin converting enzyme, see Angiotensin converting enzyme
synthesis, 140
types, 137, 138
receptors,
antagonists and cardioprotection, 140, 142,
143, 148, 150-152
signaling, 139
types, 138, 139
L
Left ventricular hypertrophy, see Cardiac hypertrophy
Leukotrienes, see Eicosanoids
Lipid profiles,
aging effects, 237
androgen effects,
clinical significance, 246
delayed puberty patients, 240
epidemiological studies, 237
exogenous testosterone, 241, 242
hypogonadalmen, 240, 241
mechanisms of action, 245, 246
nonaromatizable androgens, 242
suppression of androgen studies, 237, 238,
240
estrogen therapy effects,
men,
cardiovascular benefits, 244, 245, 247
estradiol functions, 242, 243
lipoprotein (a) levels, 243, 244
women, 227
Lipoprotein (a),
androgen suppression effects in men, 238, 240
estrogen therapy effect on levels,
females, 227
males, 243, 244
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), insulin effects, 127129
Low-density lipoprotein, see Lipid profiles
LPL, see Lipoprotein lipase
M
MI, see Myocardial infarction
Mineralocorticoids,
aldosterone,
heart factor synthesis, 74, 75
heart metabolism, 75
induction by angiotensin II, 74, 75
cardiac hypertrophy induction, 69, 70, 72, 73
cardiac output effects, 69
hypertension induction, 69, 70, 72, 73
inotropic effects, 71, 72
receptors, 70, 71
second messenger effects, 72
synthesis, 74
Myocardial infarction (MI),
angiotensin II role, 60
Index
257
estrogen replacement therapy effects, 219,
228-230
natriuretic peptide expression, 11
Myocardial ischemia,
angiotensin II role, 60
cardiprotection by kinins and ACE inhibitors,
left ventricular remodeling following
myocardial damage, 145-147
preconditioning, 144, 145
eicosanoid role, 203-205
endothelin role, 165, 166
removal, 82, 83
sources in heart, 81, 82
sympathetic-parasympathetic interactions in
heart regulation,
autonomic excitation sequence, 91-98
cardiac cycle length, 98
heart rate control, 88, 89, 93, 94
postjunctional mechanisms, 89, 90
prejunctional mechanisms, 90, 91
toxic effects, 86
NPY, see Neuropeptide Y
N
o
Natriuretic peptides, see Atrial natriuretic peptide; B type natriuretic peptide; C type
natriuretic peptide
NE, see Norepinephrine
Neuropeptide Y (NPY),
acetylcholine suppression, 90--93, 95, 96, 98
vagal neurotransmission role, 91-93
Nitric oxide (NO),
blood flow and resistance regulation,
coronary regulation, 179-182
periphery regulation, 178, 179
diffusibility, 177, 178
enzyme regulation, 177
estrogen effects on release, 223
exercise response and cardiac function, 187
heart failure,
apoptosis induction, 186
metabolic substrate utilization changes,
185,187
production of nitric oxide, 183-185
negative inotropic effects, 186, 187
overview ofparacrine functions, 175
oxidative metabolism regulation, 182, 183
synthases,
regulation, 176, 177
types, 175, 176
NO, see Nitric oxide
Norepinephrine (NE),
acetylcholine suppression of release, 90--92,
95,96,98
cardiac response to sympathetic neural activity,
atrioventricular conduction, 84
contraction, 84
heart rate, 84, 85
kinetics of decay, 86-88
kinetics of onset, 84-86
eicosanoids,
inhibition of release, 200
regulation of synthesis, 197, 198
exchange in cardiac interstitium,
release, 83
Oxidative damage, angiotensin II role, 58, 59, 62
P
PAl-I, see Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-l
PDC, see Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-l (PAI-I),
induction by renin-angiotensin system, 57,
58
Prostaglandins, see Eicosanoids
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), insulin
effects, 124-126
R
Renin-angiotensin system,
angiotensin II actions, see Angiotensin II
basal blood pressure contribution, 104
overview, 53, 54
Restenosis, endothelin role in remodeling, 166,
167
S
Sauvagine, cardiovascula~ actions, 41, 42
SNS, see Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS),
basal blood pressure contribution, 104
cardiac response to sympathetic neural activity,
atrioventricular conduction, 84
contraction, 84
heart rate, 84, 85
kinetics of decay, 86-88
kinetics of onset, 84-86
parasympathetic interactions in heart regulation,
autonomic excitation sequence, 91-98
cardiac cycle length, 98
heart rate control, 88, 89, 93, 94
postjunctional mechanisms, 89, 90
prejunctional mechanisms, 90, 91
258
Index
appetite suppression, 48, 49
autonomic blockade studies, 46----48
cardiac contractility, 45
coronary vasodilation, 45, 46
hypotension, 42, 45
inotropic actions, 42, 45, 46, 49
receptors, 40, 41, 46
stress response, 48, 49
structure, 40
tissue distribution, 40, 41
Urotensin, cardiovascular actions, 41, 42
T
Testosterone, see Androgens
u
Ucn, see Urocortin
Urocortin (Ucn),
adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion induction,48
v
Vasopressin, see Arginine vasopressin