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Review the Animal Kingdom • 4 Major Characteristics? • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophs • Cells lack cell walls 7 Essential Functions? • Feeding • Response • Respiration • Movement • Circulation • Reproduction • Excretion Hard Shells The Anatomy of a Sponge Water flow Osculum Central cavity Pores Collar Cell Spicule Pore cell Pore Epidermal cell Archaeocyte Cnidarians have two body forms Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped Examples: hydra, coral, sea anemone Examples: jellyfish, portuguese man of war 3 Groups of Worms? • Flatworms • Roundworms • Segmented Worms • What do all 3 groups have in common? – Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, sexual reproduction, true organs, Flatworm adaptation? • Simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry and cephalization. Roundworm Adaptation? First animals to have a one way digestive system with mouth and anus Segmented Worm Adaptation? First animals to have true circulatory system and coelom – body cavity. Examples of Mollusks? Major Advancement? • Well developed nervous system 4 parts to body? 1. Foot2. Mantle (covering) – 3. Shell – 4. Visceral mass – • muscular and modified in each group: used for crawling, burrowing, or may form tentacles for capturing prey • thin layer that covers most of the body and secretes the shell • made of calcium carbonate – for protection • area where internal organs are located. Classification of Mollusks? • Classified into three common groups based on shell presence and type and foot modification 1. Gastropods 2. Bivalves 3. Cephalopods Echinoderms’ Adaptations • Development similar to vertebrates • Water Vascular System Types of Echinoderms • • • • • Sea Stars Brittle Stars Sea Urchins Sand Dollars Sea Cucumbers Arthropods “jointed foot” • Major Groups – – – – Arachnids - Spiders and their relatives Crustaceans- lobster, shrimp and crayfish Centipedes And Millipedes • Insects and their relatives – grasshopper, cricket, roaches, beetles Arthropods • Characteristics – Largest group of animals – Have jointed appendages which include legs, antennae, claws and pincers – Have bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies, exoskeletons, a body cavity, a digestive system with two openings and a nervous system – Most have separate sexes and reproduce sexually Arthropods • Body Segments – Bodies of these animals are divided into specialized segments • Exoskeleton – A hard outer covering that supports and protects the internal body and provides places for muscle to attach. – Doesn’t grow as the animals does, it is shed and replaced during a process called molting Exoskeleton Advantages 1. protection 2. prevents desiccation Disadvantages 1. Must molt as animal grows 2. limits size of animal Arachnids • Have two body regions – Cephalothorax and an abdomen • Four pairs of legs and no antennae • Many are adapted to kill prey with poison glands, stingers, or fangs • Some are parasites Arachnids • Scorpions – Have sharp, poison filled stinger at the end of abdomen. – Have a well-developed appendages which they can grab their prey. • Spiders – Can’t chew their food, release enzymes into prey to digest it—then suck the predigest liquid into its mouth. – Have book lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged. Black Widow Arachnids • Mites & Ticks – Most are parasites – Ticks have specialized mouthparts to remove blood from the host. – Ticks often carry disease such as Lyme disease. Centipedes & Millipedes • Have long bodies and many segments, exoskeleton, jointed legs, antennae and simple eyes. • Found in damp environments • Reproduce sexually • Centipedes are predators • Millipedes feed on decaying plant matter. Centipede Millipede Crustaceans • Have one or two pair of antennae and mandibles, which are used for crushing food. • Most live in water, but some live in moist environments on land—such as pill bug. • Have five pair of legs, first pair of legs are claws for catching and holding food. Crustaceans • Swimmerets are appendages on the abdomen which help in movement and are used in reproduction; also force water over the gills used in O2 and CO2 exchange Chelipeds – capture food & defense Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance Rostrum - protection Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance Rostrum - protection Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance Rostrum - protection Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance Rostrum - protection Uropodsteering- Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance telson - Uropodsteering- Rostrum - protection X - Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming Antennae – touch & taste Carapace – outer covering of body Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance telson- Uropodsteering- Rostrum - protection X - Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming Walking Legs Carapace – outer covering of body Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance telson - Uropodsteering- Rostrum - protection X - Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming Maxilliped – taste & hold food Gill Chamber Maxilliped – taste & hold food swimmerets Gill Chamber Maxilliped – taste & hold food anus swimmerets Gill Chamber Maxilliped – taste & hold food anus Telsonbackward movement swimmerets Gill Chamber Maxilliped – taste & hold food Mandible – grind food anus Telsonbackward movement swimmerets Gill Chamber Maxilliped – taste & hold food uropod Mandible – grind food anus Telsonbackward movement swimmerets Gill Chamber Maxilliped – taste & hold food Walking legs uropod Mandible – grind food anus Telsonbackward movement swimmerets Gill Chamber Maxilliped – taste & hold food Walking legs cheliped uropod Mandible – grind food anus Telsonbackward movement swimmerets Gill Chamber Maxilliped – taste & hold food Insects • Bilateral Symmetry, cephalization, and well developed nervous systems • Have an open circulatory system that carries digestive food to cells and removes wastes • Insect blood doesn’t carry O2 instead air enters and exits through openings called spiracles found on the abdomen and thorax • Are the only invertebrate animals that can fly Have some of the most specialized adaptations of all arthropods Insects • Have three body regions 1.Head – Has a pair of antennae, eyes and a mouth 2.Thorax – Three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of wings if present are attached here 3.Abdomen – Where reproductive structures are found Insects success • Insects are extremely successful based these reasons – – – – – Tough flexible, waterproof exoskeleton Ability to fly Rapid reproduction cycles Small sizes Use a variety of food sources • Insects have other adaptations that allow them to be successful Insects & Food • Feed on a number of things and have different mouth parts to obtain food • Grasshoppers and ants have large mandibles for chewing • Butterflies and honey bees have siphons for lapping up nectar • Aphids and mosquitoes have mouth parts that are adapted for piercing into plants or other organisms Value of Arthropods • A source of food • Agriculture would be impossible without bees and other insects to pollinate crops • Useful chemicals are obtain from some arthropods • Important part of ecological community Controlling Insects • Not all arthropods are of value some are pests that carry disease or can damage crops Controlling Insects • Common ways to control insects – Insecticides, but these also kill non-harmful insects – Biological controls • Types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be used to control insects • Natural predators being released to kill the harmful insect • Some how interfere with reproduction of the particular insect Origin of Arthropods • Some fossils are more than 500 million years old • Scientist hypothesized that arthropods probably evolved from an ancestor of segmented worms because they have body segments • The hard exoskeleton and walking legs allowed arthropods to be among the first animals to live successfully on land Insect Metamorphosis Two Types Metamorphosis • A series of changes that an insect goes through • Two types – Complete • Includes stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult • Ex. Butterflies, bees, flies – Incomplete • Includes stages of egg, nymph, adult • The nymph form molts several times before becoming an adult • Ex. Grasshoppers, crickets also allows for insects to take advantage of multiple food sources during their lifetime Eggs laid by adult Eggs laid by adult Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Young Larva Larva – feeds on leaves Eggs laid by adult Young Larva Larva – feeds on leaves Mature Larva attaches to twig Eggs laid by adult Young Larva Larva – feeds on leaves Mature Larva attaches to twig Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis Eggs laid by adult Young Larva Larva – feeds on leaves Mature Larva attaches to twig Adult emerges from chrysalis Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis Eggs laid by adult Young Larva Larva – feeds on leaves Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly Mature Larva attaches to twig Adult emerges from chrysalis Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis Eggs laid by adult Young Larva Larva – feeds on leaves Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly What are the 4 stages of Complete Metamorphosis Adult emerges from chrysalis Mature Larva attaches to twig Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Larva – feeds on leaves Complete Metamorphosis Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly Egg Larva Pupa Mature Larva attaches to twig Adult Adult emerges from chrysalis Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis Advantages: Young Larva 1. Adults & Eggs laid larvae do by adult not compete for same food source Larva – feeds on leaves Complete Metamorphosis Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly Egg Larva Pupa Mature Larva attaches to twig Adult Adult emerges from chrysalis Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis Adult lays eggs Adult lays eggs Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation Adult lays eggs Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow Adult lays eggs Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow Adult lays eggs molt Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow Adult lays eggs molt molt Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow Adult- able to reproduce Adult lays eggs molt molt Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow Adult- able to reproduce Adult lays eggs molt What are the three stages of incomplete metamorphosis? Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow Adult- able to reproduce Adult lays eggs molt Incomplete Metamorphosis Egg molt Nymph Adult Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow Advantage: 1. Nymphs only job is to eat; adults only reproduce – increases reproductive success Adult- able to reproduce Adult lays eggs molt Incomplete Metamorphosis Egg molt Nymph Adult Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow