Download Joints

A&P
WEEK 22
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Joints
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Articulations of bones

Functions of joints


Hold bones together

Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified

Functionally

Structurally
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Functional Classification of Joints

Synarthroses


Amphiarthroses

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Immovable joints
Slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses

Freely moveable joints
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Structural Classification of Joints

Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones
together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
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Fibrous joints

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Cartilaginous joints


Generally immovable
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints

Freely moveable
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Fibrous Joints

Bones united by fibrous tissue

No joint cavity

Essentially Immovable Joints (#3)

Example:

Sutures

Distal end of tibia and fibula

Allows more movement than sutures
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Fibrous Joints
Figure 5.28a–b
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Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures

Sutures are the most remembered examples (#4)

Occur between the bones of the skull

Comprised of interlocking junctions completely
filled with connective tissue fibers

Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth
during youth

In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called
synostoses
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Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses

Bone regions are united by a fibrous connective tissues
(#8)

Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable

Examples include the connection between the tibia and
fibula, and the radius and ulna
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Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses
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Figure 8.1b
Cartilaginous Joints
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Characterized by Cartilage connecting the bony
portions (#5)

Lack a joint cavity

Two types – synchondroses and symphyses

Example:

Pubic symphysis

Intervertebral joints
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Cartilaginous Joints
Figure 5.28c–e
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Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

All synchondroses are synarthrotic

Examples include:

Epiphyseal plates of children

Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib
and the sternum
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Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
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Figure 8.2a, b
Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of
the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of
fibrocartilage

Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and
flexibility

Includes joints between the vertebral bodies and
the pubic symphysis of the pelvis (#2)
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Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
Typically allows a slight degree of movement (#1)
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Figure 8.2c
Synovial Joints
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Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity

Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the
ends of bones

A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces

Ligaments reinforce the joint
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Synovial Joints

Those joints in which the articulating bones are
separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity

All are freely movable or diarthrotic (#7)

Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body,
including the Hip, Knee and Elbow joints (#9)
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Synovial Joints
Figure 5.28f–h
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Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint

All characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined
with a synovival membrane surrounding a joint
cavity (#6)

Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs

Lined with synovial membranes

Filled with synovial fluid
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Not actually part of the joint

Tendon sheath

Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
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The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.29
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Types of Synovial Joints
Figure 5.30a–c
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Types of Synovial Joints
Figure 5.30d–f
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# 2 Match the synovival joint to its description
The Hip (#3)
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Match the synovival joint to its description
The joint between the foreman bones and the wrist (#4)
The joint between the skull and the vertebral column (#8)
The Joints between the phalanges and the metacarpal bones (#9)
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Match the synovival joint to its description
The Elbow (#5)
Interphalangeal joints (#6)
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Match the synovival joint with its description
The joint between the axis and the atlas (#2)
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Match the synovival joint with its description
Intercarpal joints (#7)
Gliding Joint
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Match the synovival joint with its description
Thumb
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Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures
Joint between skull bones (#1)
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Figure 8.1a
#5 What characteristics do all joints have in common?
They Hold Bones together
Ligament (#2)
Dense fibrous connective
tissue that attaches bones
together
Tendon
Dense fibrous connective that
attaches a muscle to a bone
Articular Cartilage
Synovival Membrane
Hylaine cartilage that reduces
friction where bones touch
Loose connective tissue that produces synovival fluid to decrease friction within
the joint capsule
Bursa
Fluid
filled sac that cushions the joint
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Figure 8.3a, b
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#6 Which joint, the hip or knee is more stable?
Name the two important
factors that contribute to
the stability of the hip joint
Deep socket for the femur
And the strongly reinforced
articular capsule
The Hip
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
#10 Which letter marks the origin of the muscle?

Which letter marks the insertion?
origin
During muscle contraction
the Insertion moves the
muscle towards the Origin
Insertion
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Major Body Joint Description
The jaw is a hinge joint where the mandibular condyle
meets the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone
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Major Body Joint Descriptions
 Neck
The neck is Pivot Joint,
where the occipital
condyles of the skull
meet the atlas bone of the
cervical vertebrae and the
Odontoid process of the
axis bone allows for the
pivot motion
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Major Body Joint Descriptions
The Shoulder is a ball and socket
joint where the head of the
humerus fits into the glenoid
fossa of the scapula
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Major Body Joint Descriptions
The Elbow is a hinge
joint where the head of
the ulna fits into the
olecranon fossa of the
humerus and the head of
the radius meets the
lateral epicondyle of the
humerus
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Major Body Joint Descriptions
The wrist is a gliding
joint where the styloid
processes of the radius
(lateral side) and ulna
(medial side) meet the
carpal bones of the
wrist
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Major Body Joint Description
The hip is a ball and socket
joint where the Head of the
Femur inserts into the
Acetabular fossa of the
pelvis
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Major Body Joint Description
The Knee is a hinge joint
where the medial and
lateral condyles of the
femur meet the medial and
lateral condyles of the
tibia
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Major Body Joint Description
The Ankle is a gliding joint
where the lateral malleolus
of the fibula and the medial
malleolus of the tibia meet
the talus bone of the tarsals
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Thumb; Saddle Joint
The Thumb is a
Saddle joint, allowing
for opposable
movement between
the trapezium and the
metacarpal of the
thumb
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