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Medicina Genetica versus Genetica Medica La Genetica Medica è basata sullo studio di malattie genetiche rare, ereditate in modo “mendeliano” La Medicina Genetica implica il fatto che la genetica pervade tutta la medicina, incluse le malattie comuni come l’ipertensione, il cancro, le malattie cardiovascolari, etc. (= malattie genetiche complesse) The Human Genome Project 1985 - Proposed 1986 - 89 - Discussed, debated, and planned Oct. date 1, 1990 - Official start Sept. 30, 2005 - Projected completion date Definitions Gene: Introduced by Johansson in Copenhagen for Mendel’s unit of inheritance (1909). Genetics: Introduced by Bateson in England for the science of inheritance (1905). Genome: First used by Winkler in Germany (1920) for GENes and chromosOMEs, i.e. the complete set of chromosomes and the genes they contain. Genomics: Structural and functional study of genomes (Roderick, Bar Harbor, Me. 1986). Methods in Human Genetics 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 ‘Chromosomology’ 1956 Somatic Cell Genetics •Gene mapping •Somatic mutations in cancer •Inborn errors of metabolism Molecular Genetics Transgenic, KO, etc, mice Database searching ‘In silico cloning’ “ DNA chips ” Microarray technology MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN ( MIM ) CATALOG OF AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE, AND X-LINKED PHENOTYPES 1^ edizione 1966: 1500 voci – oggi: >14000 Dal 1998: solo in forma elettronica:On-lineMIM http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/ Gene Density Microbes 1 gene / kb 90% Coding S. cerevisiae 1 gene / 2 kb 70% C.elegans 1 gene / 5 kb 40% A. thaliana 1 gene / 5 kb 20% D. melanogaster 1 gene / 13 kb 20% H. sapiens 1 gene / 40 kb 3% disease models Comparative Genomics medicine behavior human Drosophila mouse development physiology C. elegans rat crop yield genetics Arabidopsis yeast biochemistry infectious disease microbes Power of Comparative Genomics • The fly is blind Mutations in the Pax-6 gene of Drosophila cause an eyeless phenotype • The child is blind • Mutations in the Pax-6 gene of humans causes Aniridia “no iris” phenotype Understanding the human genome through comparative genomics Evolution preserves function between species Genome comparisons increase the interpretative capability Genetic Medicine Paradigm DNA RNA Proteins Modified Proteins Y Y Transcription 50,000 Genes Translation Post-Translation Modification > 1,000,000 Proteins Information: Critical to Understanding Disease Mechanisms Biological Function Cloned human genes Genes with mutations causing human disorders 16773 Total ~ 35,000 genes 1493 23Sep03 SEA 3017 Caratteri Monofattoriali o “mendeliani” Caratteri Autosomici Dominanti Caratteri Autosomici Recessivi Caratteri legati al Cromosoma X Caratteri Multifattoriali Caratteri Quantitativi o “continui” Caratteri Semiquantitativi o “discontinui” Le malattie monogeniche 1/2000 MALATTIE POLIGENICHE Sono causate dall’azione di due o più geni e dalla loro interazione con l’ambiente Hanno frequenza superiore ad un’affetto ogni mille individui Raffreddore Autismo Asma TBC Traumi 100% AMBIENTE Diabete Obesità Cancro (malattie poligeniche o complesse) Paraparesi spastica Fibrosi cistica Distrofia Muscolare di Duchenne 100% GENI Siamo entrati nell’era post-genomica • Finora le tecnologie disponibili permettevano l’analisi di singoli geni • Oggi possiamo analizzare il funzionamento di migliaia di geni Geni e malattie: una nuova dimensione sano normale Variazione 1: Mutazione Variazione 2: polimorfismo Malattia monofattoriale Sano, ma con una proteina che funziona di più o di meno: suscettibilità WWW.FISIOKINESITERAPIA.BIZ