Download 1907 -- 1916 - American Physiological Society

1907
1907 – 1916
■ Robert Barany publishes his investigations on the functions of organs of equilibrium and his studies on the
mechanism of maintaining equilibrium in vertebrates.
■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Alphonse Laveran
“in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases.”
■ Walter Morley Fletcher explained the production of lactic acid in muscle contraction.
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1908
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■ The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics was founded.
■ Henry Ford develops the first Model T automobile, which sells for $850.
1909
■K
arl Landsteiner classifies the basic human blood groups - A, B, AB and O.
■ Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen introduces the concept of pH.
■ Walter B. Cannon formulated a code of laboratory procedures regarding animals that
was adopted and enforced in the laboratories of medical schools.
■ Edwin Goldmann demonstrated that the brain was compartmentalized from the rest of
the body by injecting trypan blue into the CSF of the brain, staining only the brain and
spinal cord.
■ Wilhelm Johannsen proposes the terms, gene, genotype, and phenotype.
1910
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■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Ilya Ilyich
Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich “in recognition of their work on immunity.”
■ Yandell Henderson emphasized the importance of carbon dioxide in maintaining physiological equilibria.
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■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Theodor Kocher “for his work on the physiology, pathology
and surgery of the thyroid gland.”
■ Christian Bohr formulates the mathematical basis of the calculations of transfer of oxygen between alveolar gas and
capillary blood according to the basic physical principles of diffusion.
■ North Pole reportedly reached by American explorers Robert E. Peary and Matthew Henson.
■ The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is founded by prominent black and white intellectuals
and led by W. E. B. Du Bois.
■A
ugust Krogh publishes his findings on gas exchange in the lungs proving that the
absorption of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide are mediated by diffusion.
■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Albrecht Kossel “in recognition of the contributions to our
knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances”.
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■ John S. Haldane leads a group of respiratory physiologists on an expedition to Pike’s Peak to study the effects of
altitude on human breathing.
■ William Henry Howell publishes extensive studies on blood coagulation, describing thromboplastin and heparin.
■ American geneticist Thomas Morgan shows that inherited factors are represented by genes placed at specific sites
along a chromosome.
■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Allvar Gullstrand “for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.”
■ APS, ASBC, and ASPET form the Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology (FASEB) at the 25th Annual Meeting of APS on December 31.
1912
■ The Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchu dynasty naming Sun Yat-sen as president.
■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Alexis Carrel “in
recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels
and organs.”
■ Frederick Gowland Hopkins’ studies of cellular respiration leads to the finding of vitamins
and to an appreciation of their importance in cellular metabolism.
■ Harvey Cushing discovers the pituitary disease associated with excess adrenal
hormone production later named Cushing’s Disease.
■ Warren Plimpton Lombard pioneered in the study of the physiology of capillaries.
■ The “unsinkable” oceanliner Titanic sinks on maiden voyage after colliding with
an iceberg.
■ William H. Bragg and his son William L. Bragg develop the Bragg equation which enables
x-ray diffraction patterns to provide information on atomic structure.
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1913
■ Anton J. Carlson proposed an APS resolution in support of the humane use of animals
in research.
■G
eoffrey Mines observes that calcium is required to couple cardiac excitation
and contraction.
■ Lawrence J. Henderson analyzed factors maintaining acid-base equilibria in living things.
■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Charles Richet “in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”.
■ Francesco Farini and Reinhard von den Velden independently showed that posterior pituitary extract decreases urine
flow in diabetes insipidus and that the condition is a disease of deficiency.
■ August Krogh and Johannes Lindhard proposed that the cardiorespiratory responses associated with exercise were a
result of a neural mechanism, “irradiation of motor impulses” from the motor cortex.
■ Florence Rena Sabin studied the functional development of the lymphatics.
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1914
■ APS takes over the American Journal of Physiology from its founder, William Townsend Porter.
■ Edward Kendall isolates thyroxine, the active hormone of the thyroid gland.
■ Walter B. Cannon’s investigations on the emergency functions of the adrenal gland
resulted in his promotion of a “fight or flight” response that was used to explain the role
of the sympathetic nervous system in emergency responses.
■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Robert Bárány “for his work on the physiology and
pathology of the vestibular apparatus.”
■ Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo by
Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip precipitating the start of World War I.
■ Fritz Lipmann describes the energy content of ATP and introduces the “squiggle” to show high energy bonds.
■ Panama Canal is officially opened after 10 years of construction.
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1915
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1916
■B
ritish oceanliner Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine.
■ Anton
Carlson studies the stomach and the relationship between hunger and digestion
by using an inflated balloon in his stomach to measure stomach contractions during a
15-day fast.
■ The Superior Court in Fulton County, Georgia accepts the charter for the establishment of the new Ku Klux Klan.
■ Albert Einstein completes his mathematical formulation of a
general theory of relativity, which includes gravity.
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