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GRADO 2012
28.06.2012
TAG 1
Herzprävention:
Sind geschlechtsspezifische Empfehlungen notwendig?
Empfehlungen notwendig?
Gibt es gegenderte Guidelines?
Gibt es ein weibliches und ein männliches Herz?
Univ.‐Prof. Dr. Margarethe Hochleitner
Univ.‐Prof. Dr. Margarethe Hochleitner
Gender Medicine =
geschlechtsspezifische Medizin
Gender Medizin?
GENDER MEDIZIN?
androzentrischer
naturwissenschaftlicher
Wissenschaftsbegriff
• D.h., alle „Wahrheiten“ der Medizinforschung ,
„
g
werden auf ihre Richtigkeit für beide Geschlechter geprüft und ihre Auswirkung auf vorhandene Geschlechtsunterschiede dargestellt. Principles of
Gender Specific Medicine
• Der Mann ist die Norm, von Zellkultur über Tierversuch bis zum männlichen Menschen.
• Alle Erkenntnisse werden 1:1 ungeprüft auf g p
die Frau übertragen.
• Frau = Variante oder „kleiner Mann“
• Dieses Modell ist diskriminierend. • Ist das ein Gesundheitsrisiko?
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GRADO 2012
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Sex + Gender
SEX + GENDER
SEX DIFFERENCES
Sex and Gender
• Sex = biologisches Geschlecht
(Chromosomen Hormone)
(Chromosomen, Hormone)
• Gender = soziales Geschlecht
(Umwelt, Kultur, Ethnie)
Y: 78 genes
Y: 78 genes
X: ca 1500 genes
X: ca 1500 genes
© Margarethe Hochleitner 2007
10
GENDER DIFFERENCES
Gender Medizin Herz
GENDER MEDIZIN
HERZ
Source: www.fotosearch.de
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„THE YENTL SYNDROME“
B. Healy
New England Journal of Medicine
Vol. 325, No. 4, 274-276, 1991
„Once a woman showed
that she was just like a
man, by having severe
coronary artery disease …,
then she was treated as a
man would be.“
Fallbeispiele
Gender Medicine ‐ Heart
• „längere Wege von Frauen zur Spitzenmedizin“
• „Frauen sind älter beim Auftreten von g
koronaren Herzerkrankungen“
• Frauen kommen älter, in fortgeschrittenerem
Stadium ihrer koronaren Herzerkrankung zur Operation  erhöhtes Risiko“
• „Geschlechtsunterschiede im Reizleitungs‐
system – Medikamente“
Awareness
• Patientinnen der Koronarangiographie
• 52jährige Patientin
Symptome: thorakale Schmerzen, retrosternales Brennen, Leistungsknick
Therapie: 14 Tage UV‐Lampe
Beschwerden bestehen weiter
ad Internisten: Ergometrie, hoch pathologisch
ad Koronarangiographie: Operationsindikation
HERZPRÄVENTION – WARUM?
Bild: http://www.br‐online.de/umwelt‐gesundheit/thema/herz/index.xml
• Heart death is a male thing!
HERZPRÄVENTION – WIE?
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GRADO 2012
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M. Hochleitner
Lifestyle Changes
www.sxc.hu
http://imageafter.com
LIFESTYLE CHANGES
MEDIKAMENTE
www.sxc.hu
© Margarethe Hochleitner
http://imageafter.com
http://morguefile.com
M. Hochleitner
Quality of Life
Medikamente
MEDIKAMENTE
Frauen und Medikamente
The Story The Story of
of Aspirin
U.S. Physicians Study 1990
Dresser R: Wanted: single, white male for medical research. Hastings Cen Rep 1992; 22: 24‐29.
WANTED
Aspirin significantly reduces heart attack risk.
The Study had been cancelled due to
The Study had
due to ethical reasons;
in the following Aspirin was world‘s bestselling medication.
S IN G L E W H IT E M A L E
F O R M E D IC A L R E S E A R C H
BUT: ASPIRIN WAS NOT TESTED ON A SINGLE WOMAN!
Manson JE, Grobbee DE, Stampfer MJ. Aspirin in the primary prevention of angina pectoris in a randomized trial of United States physicians. Am J Med 1990; 89: 772‐776.
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GRADO 2012
Moncher KL, & Douglas PS (2004): Importance of and Barriers to Including Women in Clinical Trials. IN: Legato MJ (Ed.): Principles of Gender‐Specific Medicine, Vol.1, p.278.
U.S. Federal Policy Milestones in Women‘s Health Research
1962 Kefauver‐Harris Drug Amendment
1977 FDA excludes women of childbearing potential from clinical trials
1985 Report of the Public Service Task Force on Women‘s Health Issues
1985 FDA encourages analysis of data by population subset
1986 NIH advisory committee sets policy encouraging grant applicants to include women in clinical trials. Rereleased in 1987, due to lack of compliance
1988 FDA develops the Guideline for the Format and Content of the Clinical and Statistical Sections of New
1988 FDA develops the Guideline for the Format and Content of the Clinical and Statistical Sections of New Drug Applications (NDA) – stresses need for subset analyses
1990 GAO Report: Problems in implementing NIH policy in women study populations
1990 NIH Office of Women‘s Health established
1991 FDA Office of Women‘s Health established
1992 GAO Report: FDA needs to ensure more study of gender differences in prescription drug testing
1993 NIH Revitalization Act of 1993
1993 FDA issues Guidelines for the Study and Evaluation of Gender Differences in the Clinical Evaluation of Drugs
1994 IOM establishes the Committee on the Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies
1997 FDA Modernisation Act
2001 IOM Committee on Understanding the Biology of Gender Differences report issued
28.06.2012
Scientific articles on sex and gender
differences in heart risk factors and drug
therapy
Guidelines of scientific societies
Clinical practice
M. Hochleitner
HERZ‐RISIKOFAKTOREN
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Prevention: Heart risk factors
Modifiable
Non‐modifiable
Smoking
Age
Hypertension
Gender
H
Hyperlipemia
li
i
Eth i it
Ethnicity
Diabetes
Family history of CVD
Herzrisiko
Frauen vs. Männer
Rauchen
Frauen ungefähr gleich Männer
Hochdruck
Frauen ungefähr gleich Männer
Hypercholesterinämie
Frauen ungefähr gleich Männer
Diabetes mellitus
Frauen höher Männer
Obesity
Frau = Mann ?!?!?!
Prevention
men/women
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rauchstopp
Bewegung
Gesunde Ernährung
Blutdruck‐Kontrolle
Blutzucker‐Kontrolle
Blutfett‐Kontrolle
RAUCHEN
Bild: http://morguefile.com
M. Hochleitner
Quelle: Statistik Austria, Gesundheitsstatistik 2009.
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Rauchen steigert das Herzrisiko um ca. 70%
5 Jahre Rauchstopp
Frauen ungefähr
Frauen
ungefähr gleiches gleiches
Risiko wie Männer
ev. Frauen höheres Risiko
Risiko Nichtraucher
Nurses Study
HOCHDRUCK
Rosenberg 1990/1991
HOCHDRUCK
BLUTDRUCKBEHANDLUNG SENKT HERZRISIKO CA. 70%
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Meta‐Analyse
von behandelten RR‐PatientInnen
Risikoreduktion
Frauen RR 0,74
Männer RR 0,78
BEWEGUNG
ADIPOSITAS
Gueffier F. 1997
Körperliche Aktivität
Body Mass Index
© Margarethe Hochleitner
© Margarethe Hochleitner
2,5h/Woche bzw. 0,5h
2,5h/Woche
bzw. 0,5h 5x/Woche
Risikoreduktion ca. 30% für Frauen und Männer
DIABETES MELLITUS
Manson JE 1999
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DIABETES MELLITUS
ERHÖHT HERZRISIKO FÜR FRAUEN
WESENTLICH MEHR ALS FÜR MÄNNER
Alexandra Kautzky‐Willer
HYPERCHOLESTERINÄMIE
Alexandra Kautzky‐Willer
Legato, M.J. (2010): Principles of Gender‐Specific Medicine. Second Edition, p. 180.
Bassuk, S.S. & Manson, J.E. (2004): Gender and Its Impact on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. IN: Legato,
M.J. (Ed.): Principles of Gender Specific Medicine, Vol. 1, p. 199.
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Alexandra Kautzky‐Willer
28.06.2012
Alexandra Kautzky‐Willer
HERZPRÄVENTION
WAS GIBT ES?
Alexandra Kautzky‐Willer
ESC Heart Score
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Do you want to help protect
the women in your life from
their number 1 killer?
Find the
KILLER
and share the news…
Heart disease is the
number 1 killer of women
•
•
•
•
•
Breast cancer HIV/AIDS
Tuberculosis Heart disease Malaria
What do you think is the
number 1 killer of women
worldwide?
•
•
•
•
•
Breast cancer HIV/AIDS
Tuberculosis Heart disease Malaria
Who is most at risk for
heart disease?
Men
Women
What are the risk factors for
heart disease in women?
Men and women are equally at risk
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tobacco use
Obesity or overweight
Physical inactivity
High blood pressure
High blood cholesterol
Diabetes 11
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They are ALL risk factors.
The good news is that most
heart disease is preventable
■Tobacco use
■Obesity or overweight
■Physical inactivity
■High blood pressure
■High blood cholesterol
■Diabetes
Did you know these facts?
Most women don’t
You, your mother, grandmother,
daughter, sister and friends can
protect your heart:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Get active
Stop smoking
Keep a healthy weight
Know your risks
Eat healthily
Learn the warning signs for a heart attack or stroke Scientific articles on sex and gender
differences in heart risk factors and drug
therapy
Guidelines of scientific societies
Clinical practice
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M. Hochleitner
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GRADO 2012
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LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS
•Cigarette Smoking
•Physical Activity
•Cardiac Rehabilitation
•Dietary Intake
•Weight Maintenance/Reduction
•Omega‐3 Fatty Acids
MAJOR RISK FACTOR INTERVENTIONS
•Blood Pressure: optimal level and lifestyle
•Blood Pressure: pharmacotherapy
•Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels: optimal levels and lifestyle
•Lipids: pharmacotherapy for LDL‐C lowering, high‐risk
women
•Lipids: pharmacotherapy for LDL‐C lowering, other at‐
risk women
•Lipids: pharmacotherapy for low HDL‐C or elevated non‐
HDL‐C
•Diabetes Mellitus
PREVENTIVE DRUG INTERVENTIONS
•Aspirin: high‐risk women
•Aspirin: other at‐risk or healthy women
•Aspirin: atrial fibrillation
•Warfarin: atrial fibrillation
•Dabigatran: atrial fibrillation
•β‐Blockers
•ACE inhibitors/ARBs
•Aldosterone blockade
M. Hochleitner
Prevention
men/women
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rauchstopp
Bewegung
Gesunde Ernährung
Blutdruck‐Kontrolle
Blutzucker‐Kontrolle
Blutfett‐Kontrolle
Bild: http://morguefile.com
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Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit
15