Download Epidemiology of Drug Addiction - California Society of Addiction

Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Epidemiology of Drug
Addiction
Jane C. Maxwell, Ph.D.
Center for Excellence in Drug Epidemiology
Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Transfer Center
www.gcattc.net
There is no conflict of interest
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Data Sources
Community Epidemiology Work Group (NIDA)
Treatment admission records (TEDS-DSHS)
Emergency room data (DAWN)
Price, purity, supply, trafficking data (DEA)
Surveys (National & DSHS)
Forensic laboratory tests by DEA and DPS
Maxwell, J. C et al. (2006). Drug use and
risk of HIV/AIDS on the Mexico-U.S.
Border: A comparison of treatment
admissions in both countries. Drug and
Alcohol Dependence.
• Maxwell, J. C. Substance Abuse Trends in
Texas: June 2006. at www.gcattc.net.
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
U.s. Treatment Admissions by Primary
Substance of Abuse: 1992-2005
60
50
40
Alcohol
30
Other opiates
Heroin
Marijuana
20
Cocaine
Stimulants
10
Other drugs
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: SAMHSA
California Treatment Admissions by
Primary Substance of Abuse:
1992-2005
Alcohol
Crack
Powder Cocaine
Marijuana
Heroin
Stimulants
50
40
30
20
10
0
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
Source: SAMHSA
# Exhibits Identified by Toxicology
Labs in U.S: 2000-2005
50%
Cocaine
40%
30%
Marijuana
20%
Methamphet &
Amphet
10%
Heroin
0%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: NFLIS
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Drugs Identified by NFLIS
Laboratories by Region: 2005
Marijuana
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
Heroin
50
Percent
40
30
20
10
0
West
Midwest
Northeast
South
Substances Identified by
California Labs: 2005
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
San Diego Los Angeles
Cannabis
San
Francisco
Methamphetamine
Statewide
Cocaine
Heroin
Source: SAMHSA
Heroin
1998 Miami DMP Samples
Southwest Asian 2.1 % Pure
Southeast Asian
2.3
% Pure
South American
19.2
% Pure
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Opiates
• Black tar heroin, few mentions of
stronger “white” heroin west of the
Mississippi.
• “Cheese” is Tylenol PM and 1%
heroin. Kids mix it up themselves.
Concentrated in a few Dallas schools.
• Fentanyl is patches in the West, not
the rogue powder seen in the
Northeast (where heroin is also a
white powder).
Heroin Sources and Supply Routes
Sources of Heroin Seized
in US Based on Net
Weight:1989-2004
100
80
60
SEAsian
SWAsian
40
Mexican
20
So. American
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
0
DEA Heroin Signature Program
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
100%
Average Purity of Heroin
Samples in the US:
1992-2004
1992
1993
80%
1994
1995
60%
1996
40%
1997
20%
1998
1999
0%
2000
Southeast Southwest
Asian
Asian
Mexican
South
American
2001
2002
2003
DEA Heroin Signature Program
Heroin Purity: 2004
10%
39%
14%
34%
11%
31%
50%
28%
43%
52% 53%
16% 28%
14%
41%
48%
51%
16%
25%
West
Average Purity: 26%
Mexican
24%
16%
East
Average Purity: 42%
So. American
OTHER OPIATES
ƒAbuse of different opiates varies by
region.
ƒProblem with methadone pain pills (as
compared to diskettes and syrup used in
narcotic treatment programs).
ƒCodeine cough syrup and rap music.
ƒKids like pills because easy to get from
home, not illegal, cheap, claim it’s
prescribed for them if caught, fewer side
effects than street drugs, less stigma,
parents won’t get as upset as if using
illicits, etc. (From Partnership for a Drug
Free America’s PATS Survey).
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Other Opiate Treatment Admissions per
100,000 by State, TEDS: 1993
24 or more
Incomplete
data
6-9
<6
10-11
12-15
16+
KEY YEAR: 1993
Source: SAMHSA
Other Opiate Treatment Admissions per
100,000 by State, TEDS: 1997
24 or more
Incomplete
data
6-9
<6
10-11
12-15
16+
KEY YEAR: 1993
Source: SAMHSA
Other Opiate Treatment Admissions per
100,000 by State, TEDS: 2004
6-9
<6
10-11
12-15
16 or more
KEY YEAR: 1992
Source: SAMHSA
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Other Opiate Items Identified in
Toxicology Labs by Region: NFLIS,
2005
16000
14270
14000
12000
10000
8000
7140
6000
4000
2412
1789
2000
0
2347
684
West
South
Hydrocodone
34163848
3164
1482
986
826
Northeast
Oxycodone
Midwest
Methadone
Source: NFLIS
ARCOS Retail Drug Distribution by
Drug Code for the U.S: 1997-2004
Oxycodone
Hydrocodone
Methadone
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Source: DEA
Treatment Admissions Nationwide by
Primary Substance. TEDS: 1992-2004
18
16
14
12
10
Other Opiates
Illicit Methadone
8
6
Heroin
4
2
20
04
20
02
20
00
19
98
19
96
19
94
19
92
0
Source: SAMHSA
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Characteristics of Heroin and Other Opiate
Treatment Admissions Nationwide, TEDS: 2004
Other Opiates
Heroin
100
80
60
40
20
%
O
ra
l
U
ID
%
Av
is
p
%
H
%
.
an
Ag
e
ic
k
ac
Bl
hi
W
%
%
M
al
te
e
0
Source: SAMHSA
Methadone-Related Unintentional Poisoning
Deaths: 1999-2003 from National Center for
Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics
System
3000
2500
2452
2000
1911
1500
1158
1000
778
623
500
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
ARCOS Methadone Grams
Distributed by Type: 2000-2005
Tablets
Diskettes
Liquid
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Source: DEA
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
2005
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
COCAINE
Still Around—
with New Users
Cocaine
• Methamphetamine outselling cocaine
and crack in some areas in Texas;
coke dealers now fronting cocaine to
compete—or shifting to selling Ice.
• Purity of cocaine increasing.
• Still around with new users.
• Proportion of crack treatment
admissions who are Anglo or Hispanic
continues to increase.
• Injecting crack.
Race-Ethnicity of US Cocaine
Admissions: 1992 v. 2004
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Crack- Crack92
04
IDU92
Black
IDU- Inhale- Inhale04
92
04
White
Hispanic
Source: SAMHSA
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Cocaine Admissions in
U.S. and Mexican Border States: 2003
12%
30%
9%
9%
35%
19%
26%
25%
28% 35%
DOWNERS
• Potentiate low-quality heroin (and
seen in heroin overdoses)
• Come down from speed or cocaine
trips
• Dependence among females
• Kids like alprazolam (Four Bars).
Benzodiazepines Identified by
Toxicology Labs in the US:
2000-2005
1.6%
1.4%
2000
1.2%
1.0%
2001
0.8%
2002
0.6%
2003
0.4%
2004
0.2%
2005
0.0%
Alprazolam
Diazepam
Clonazepam
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
MARIJUANA
• Fairly stable.
• Influence of Blunts and Wraps
• Use with Fry, PCP, DANK, crack,
cough syrup, honey, etc., continues.
• Continuing references to pot and
PCP and embalming fluid (ether).
• CJ v. Non-CJ treatment admissions
• Primos--marijuana joint and crack.
• Fry, Amp--joint and embalming fluid
(PCP?)
• Fry Sticks & Fry Squares--$10 each.
• Fry Sweets--blunts in embalming fluid.
• Sweet Houses--sell ready-mades.
• Candy Blunts--cigarillos in codeine
cough syrup.
• Sherms--menthol cigarettes in
embalming fluid.
% Texas Secondary Students Who
Had Used Any Illicit Drug in the Past
Month, by Ethnicity: 1988-2004
25%
20%
Anglos
15%
African Americans
10%
Hispanics
5%
04
02
20
00
20
98
20
96
19
94
19
92
19
90
19
19
19
88
0%
Source: DSHS
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Addiction Severity Index Problems of
Texans Treated with Primary Marijuana
Problem: 2005
Sub. Abuse
Non-CJ Referral
Emotional
CJ Referral
Social
Family
Employment
Sickness
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Source: DSHS
Cannabis Treatment Outcomes
Among Texas Clients
• Criminal justice admissions to treatment were
less impaired, more likely to complete
treatment (42% v. 34%), and abstinent from
cannabis at follow-up ( 76% v. 66%).
• 55% of all clients met criteria for cannabis
dependence.
• CJ clients received less intensive services.
• Although DSM-IV underreported, voluntary
more likely to have mood depressive disorder
and be prescribed medications for mental health
problems.
J. Copeland & J. Maxwell, under review, 2006.
Alcohol
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Percentage of Texas Secondary Students
Who Reported They Normally Consumed
Five or More Drinks at One Time, by
Gender: 2000–2004
35%
30%
25%
20%
32%
30%
26%
22%
22%
Girls
20%
15%
Boys
10%
5%
0%
2000
2002
2004
Liu, L. Texas School Survey of Substance Use Among Students in Grades 7-12, DSHS.
Primary Problem Substance of
Texas DUI Admissions to
Treatment
2005
1996
Alcohol
Heroin
1%
Other Opiates
2%
Amphet/ Meth
75%
Powder Cocaine
Cannabis
7%
4%
Crack Cocaine
Other
Maxwell, Impaired Drivers at Admission to Substance Abuse Treatment, RSA Poster, 2006.
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
66%
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Methamphetamine
Sources of AmphetamineType Substances
Sources of ephedrine
Major producers of methamphetamine
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Methamphetamine Use in Past Month Among
Persons Ages 12 or Older, by Dependence and
Abuse: NSDUH 2002-2005
# Past Month Users (in Thousands)
607
597
700
600
63
500
583
92
101
130
103
Stimulant
Dependence/Abuse
216
154
Other Illicit Drug
Dependence/Abuse
237
255
2004
2005
158
400
300
433
200
512
357
100
No Illicit Drug
Dependence/Abuse
0
2002
2003
Source: SAMHSA
4 Most Frequently Identified Drugs
by NFLIS Toxicology Laboratories
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Methamphetamine Cannabis
Cocaine
Heroin
Source: NFLIS
Normal Course of a Drug Epidemic
(Texas Cocaine Admissions: 1983-2004)
30
Hyperendemic
25
20
15
e
br
ut
O
10
5
Crack
ak
Endemic
Powder
3
20
0
9
1
20
0
7
19
9
5
19
9
3
19
9
19
9
1
9
19
9
19
8
5
7
19
8
19
8
19
8
3
0
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
The Methamphetamine Epidemic:
TEDS Admissions/100,000: 1992-2004
It keeps going up
300
Arkansas
250
Hawaii
200
Iowa
150
California
100
Georgia
Connecticut
50
Washington
20
04
20
02
20
00
19
98
19
96
19
92
19
94
0
Source: SAMHSA
Stages of Meth Epidemic?
• Early Stages—Ice in gay and party scene; powder
meth via overnight express from California; crack
in urban areas.
• Middle Stages—Mom & Pop cookers and large
problem in rural areas; crack still strong in urban
areas; Mexican meth starts being trucked in to
urban areas.
• Late Stages—primary problem for treatment
admissions; spreads across racial/ethnic groups;
Ice is dominant form and powder supply decreases;
increasing types of traffickers (criminal groups,
ethnic gangs, outlaw bikers).
Race-Ethnicity of US
Methamphetamine Admissions:
1992 v. 2004
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Smoke- Smoke- IDU92
04
92
Black
IDU- Inhale- Inhale04
92
04
White
Hispanic
Source: SAMHSA
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Routes of Administration of
Methamphetamine of Clients in US
Programs: 1993-2004
70
60
50
Oral
40
Smoking
30
Inhalation
20
Injection
10
03
01
20
19
20
99
97
95
19
19
19
93
0
Source: SAMHSA
% Methamphetamine/Amphetamine and
All Other U.S. Admissions by
Urbanization: 2004
40
35
Percent
30
25
Methamphetamine
20
All Others
15
10
5
0
Large
Large
Small
Non-
Non-
Central
Fringe
Metro
Metro w/
Metro
Metro
Metro
City
w/o City
SAMHSA DASIS Report, 27, 2006 Large is 1 million or more population; Small is MSA with less than 1
million, & Non-Metro is city of 10,000 or more
Percent
U.S. Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
Admissions by Route of Administration &
Urbanization: 2004
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
62
54
50
48
14
24
25
24
15
13
16
19
11
9
9
60
Smoking
Injection
15
16
7
Large
Central
Large Fringe Small Metro Non-Metro
Metro
w/ City
Inhalation
Other
9
Non-Metro
w/o City
Metro
SAMHSA DASIS Report, 27, 2006. Large is 1 million or more population; Small is MSA with
less than 1 million, & Non-Metro is city of 10,000 or more
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Percent
U.S. Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
Admissions by Race/Ethnicity &
Urbanization: 2004
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
11
28
6
14
3
9
11
2
7
6
1
8
4
1
Other
5
Hispanic
77
78
87
86
Large
Central
Large Fringe Small Metro Non-Metro
Metro
Black
White
56
w/ City
Non-Metro
w/o City
Metro
SAMHSA DASIS Report, 27, 2006. Large is 1 million or more population; Small is MSA with
less than 1 million, & Non-Metro is city of 10,000 or more
Primary Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
TEDS Admission Rates: 1997
(per 100,000 aged 12 and over)
> 58
35 - 58
12 - 35
< 12
No data
Source: SAMHSA
Primary Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
TEDS Admission Rates: 2003
(per 100,000 aged 12 and over)
> 58
35 - 58
12 - 35
< 12
No data
Source: SAMHSA
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Primary Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
TEDS Admission Rates: 2004
(per 100,000 aged 12 and over)
> 58
35 - 58
12 - 35
< 12
No data
Source: SAMHSA
Methamphetamine Admissions in
U.S. and Mexican Border States: 2003
31%
40%
10%
18%
4%
3%
9%
14%
13%
7%
Areas to Watch
• Use of meth on the job (Work Force needs)
•
Truckers, day laborers, people working long
hours and boring jobs.
• Risky sexual behaviors
•
•
•
Heterosexuals & homosexuals.
Party people
Immigrants/migrants away from home and
families.
• Increasing criminal distribution
•
•
Traffickers following the migrant trail.
More organized and criminal gangs.
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Club Drugs
• Problems identified early: MDMA in 1985, GHB
in 1990,Ketamine in 1991, Rohypnol in 1993,
but slow responses.
• Research studies underway but are incomplete
and can be problematic.
• Use of Internet to obtain information from pro
& anti-drug sites (BUT information can be
erroneous, untested, outdated, or extreme).
And trends move around the world through the
Internet.
• Problems testing & identifying various drugs.
• Lack of detox & treatment protocols.
• Misperception that all club drugs are alike.
Substances Identified by Labs
Participating in the National Forensic
Laboratory Identification System:
1997-2005
100%
80%
MDMA
60%
Heroin
40%
Methamphetamine
20%
Cannabis
Cocaine
20
05
20
03
20
01
19
99
19
97
0%
Source: NFLIS
Party Drugs Identified by U.S.
Toxicology Labs: 2003-2005
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
LSD
MDMA
PCP
Ketamine
GHB, GBL,
1-4BD
2003
2004
2005
Source: NFLIS
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Admissions to Texas Treatment
Programs by Primary, Secondary or
Tertiary Problem with a Club Drug:
1988-2005
900
800
700
Ecstasy
600
GHB
500
Hallucinogens
400
Ketamine
300
Rohypnol
200
PCP
100
20
04
20
02
20
00
19
98
19
96
19
92
19
94
19
90
19
88
0
Source: DSHS
Admissions to Texas Treatment Programs
With a 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Problem With a Club
Drug: 2005
35
100%
90%
70%
25
60%
20
50%
40%
15
30%
10
20%
Average Age
30
80%
5
10%
0%
0
Ecstasy
GHB
White
Halluc
Black
PCP
Hispanic
Rohypnol
Age
Source: DSHS
Race/Ethnicity of Texas DSHS
Clients Admitted with a Problem with
Ecstasy: 1990-2006
White
Hispanic
20
06
20
04
20
02
20
00
19
96
19
98
19
94
Black
19
92
19
90
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: DSHS
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
LSD and Mushrooms
• LSD low dose and more prevalent
than we think?
• Mushrooms are more popular than
LSD? Need to start watching for
them.
GHB, GBL, 1-4BD
“Fantasy”
SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENTS FROM MARK/JLF
(updated 12-11-01)
SHOP OUR CATALOG
DISCLAIMER AND INFORMATION
"JLF sells poisonous-non-consumable items, consisting of various raw materials and related
merchandise used for art, hobby, science, industry, and/or religion. Products include Amanita
muscaria ("Fly Agaric") mushrooms, Claviceps purpurea ("Ergot Fungus") sclerotia ,
Trichocereus pachanoi ("San Pedro") cactus, Psilocybin mushroom spores and kits, Papaver
somniferum ("Opium Poppy") pods, Argyreia nervosa ("Hawaiian Baby Woodrose") seeds,
Anadenanthera colubrina ("Cohoba") seeds, and many other ethnobotanicals. Also pure
compounds such as yohimbine, L-tryptophan, etc."
JLF Poisonous Non-Consumables
P.O. Box 184
Elizabethtown, IN 47232
DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS:
PCP, Ketamine, DXM
Distort perceptions of sight
and sound and produce feelings
of detachment, but not
hallucinations (Zombie effect)
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Phencyclidine
• PCP, Angel Dust, Killer Weed
• Dissolved in embalming fluid or
ether (“Fry,” “Amp,” “Water,
Water”).
• Swallowed, sniffed, smoked on
joints dipped in “Fry”.
• Menthol cigarettes are dipped into
liquid PCP or blunts are laced with
powdered PCP.
NDARC Study of Ketamine
Users*
• N=100; well-educated; older group of party
drug users.
• Some had access because in medical field.
• Used with MDMA, MDA & amphetamines.
• Many had regular negative side effects such
as inability to speak, blurred vision, lack of
coordination.
• Issue for warnings: Usually unpleasant side
effects seen by some as “positive” and
encouraged experimentation.
*Dillon, Copeland, Jansen, Patterns of Use and Harms Associated with Non-Medical Ketamine Use, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 69 2003) 23-28.
DxM
What is
? Dextromethorphan is a
psychoactive drug found in common over the counter
cough medicines.
Source: www.http:third-plateau.lycaeum.org/beginner/index.html
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
• “Robotrip”
Robotrip” – high dosages can produce
hallucinogenic effects
• Part of family of psychoactive compounds called
“dissociative anesthetics.”
anesthetics.”
• Some effects have been described as similar to
those of ketamine (Special K) and PCP.
• The DxM experience is described as occurring
on levels, or plateaus depending on the amount
of the dose taken.
• Each plateau is different from another. There
are 4 major plateaus + a fifth one that is
generally unpleasant and involves a possible trip
to the hospital
Source: www.http:third-plateau.lycaeum.org/beginner/index.html
DXM Calculator
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Carisoprodol
• “Ds”, “Dance,” Las Vegas Cocktail (with
hydrocodone), “Soma Coma” (with codeine).
• Reported as problem by CEWG members in
Washington, South Florida, and Texas.
• Texas PCC abuse calls from 1998 to 2003—39%
involved only carisoprodol. More likely males,
adolescents, happened at other residences,
schools, public areas; serious medical outcomes
• 2004 Texas deaths with mention of
carisoprodol: 60% male, 93% white, av. age 41.
Only 3 of 87 were just carisoprodol; the rest
also involved other substances, especially
hydrocodone and alprazolam.
Inhalants
% Texas Secondary Students Who
Had Used Inhalants Ever or in the
Past Month, by Grade: 2004
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Grade 7
Grade 8
Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
Lifetime Use
Past-Month Use
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Percentage of Texas Students Who Had
Ever Used Inhalants, by Grade and
Number of Different Types Used: 2004
20%
15%
4+ Types
10%
2-3 Types
1 Type
5%
Gr
ad
e
Gr 4
ad
e
Gr 5
ad
e
Gr 6
ad
e
Gr 7
ad
e
Gr 8
ad
Gr e 9
ad
e
Gr 1 0
ad
e
Gr 1 1
ad
e
12
0%
% Texas Reform & Secondary School
Students Who Had Ever Used
Specific Inhalants: 2000-2001
Correction Fluid
8%
6%
Glue
5%
7%
Aerosol Sprays
4%
Lacquer/Toluene
4%
Octane Booster
2%
Freon
2%
Gasoline
Secondary School
11%
Reform School
13%
14%
17%
6%
41%
8%
Spray Paint
0%
10%
61%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Age Groups of Inhalant Abusers As
Seen in National Data Sets
100%
80%
60%
21%
9%
7%
18%
31%
37%
16%
24%
40%
20%
18%
52%
46%
21%
0%
TEDS Tmt.-2004
NSDUH Survey-2005 PY
12--17
18--25
26--34
DAWN Eds--2005
35+
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Occupation by Type of Inhalant
Mention, Texas Deaths: 1988-1998
100%
10%
22%
80%
37%
60%
5%
40%
Blue Collar
Mechanics
40%
49%
42%
20%
4%
Student
16%
0%
Freon
CHC
Toluene
Percent of AIDS Cases Reported by
Selected Modes of Exposure: 1987-2005
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
MSM
IDU
40%
30%
20%
10%
M-M & IDU
Hetero
20
05
20
02
19
99
19
96
19
93
19
90
19
87
0%
Texas Male and Female AIDS Cases
by Race/Ethnicity: 1999-2005
100%
80%
Hispanic Male
Black Male
60%
White Male
Hispanic Female
40%
Black Female
White Female
20%
05
03
20
20
99
01
20
97
19
19
93
95
19
91
19
19
87
19
19
89
0%
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
WWW.GCATTC.NET
SPECIAL K (Ketamine)
• Anesthesia doses 2-10 mg/km; recreational
doses 50-100 mg.
• Unsafe sexual behavior associated with frequent
use of Ketamine. Use at gay circuit parties of
concern.
• Taken in cyclical binges similar to cocaine or
methamphetamine.
• Available as powder to snort or as liquid to
inject; used with “puffers” to get exact dosing.
• Users can become psychologically dependent but
no evidence of physiologic withdrawal syndrome.
Conclusions from NSDUH:
Nonmedical Use of Rx Pain Relievers
• Increases in lifetime users, but current
users relatively stable
• Ages 18-25 had highest rates for all
pain relievers reviewed
• Little variation in rates across States,
regions, metro/non-metro areas
• Most OxyContin users (lifetime) also
used other opiates
Source: SAMHSA
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610
Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Conclusions from DAWN:
Nonmedical Use of Opioid Pain
Relievers
• ED visits in 2004 > 150,000 (131k-185k)
– Oxycodone, hydrocodone, methadone >
fentanyl, morphine, propoxyphene
– Polydrug use is typical
– About half of oxycodone products are
SR type
• Patients aged 21-54 had highest visit rates
• Rates vary across metro areas examined
• Majority of patients treated and released
Source: SAMHSA
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610