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WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Talaviya et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences SJIF Impact Factor 2.786 Volume 3, Issue12, 397-409. Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357 ANALYSIS OF ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS BY RP-HPLC: A REVIEW *1 1 Smita Talaviya and 2Falguni Majmudar Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K. B. Raval College of Pharmacy, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. 2 Department of Pharmacology, Smt. N.H.L. Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Article Received on 01 Oct 2014, ABSTRACT Revised on 25 Oct 2014, Accepted on 18 Nov 2014 aspect in drug discovery process. Development of analytical method Analytical method development and its validation is an important producing accurate and precise data is necessary to ensure the quality *Correspondence for Author and safety of the drug. In today’s scenario, the most common Smita Talaviya analytical method employed for estimation of drugs is Reverse Phase Department of Pharmaceutical High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) because of its high Chemistry, K. B. Raval College sensitivity and speed. Many types of analytical methods are available of Pharmacy, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. for estimation of antifungal agents including RP-HPLC. This review article briefly discusses analytical methods available for the estimation of currently available antifungal agents specifically focusing on RP-HPLC. KEYWORDS: Antifungal agents, Analytical methods, RP-HPLC, analysis of antifungals. INTRODUCTION Fungal infections are caused by microscopic organisms that can invade the epithelial tissue. The fungal kingdom includes yeasts, molds, rusts and mushrooms. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophic, i.e. they obtain nutrients from the environment and not from the endogenous sources. Some of these fungi are pathogenic and can produce mild to severe fungal infections. An antifungal agent is a drug that selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host.[1] They can be categorized in to several categories according to different pharmacophores and different mechanisms. Polyene antifungal drugs like amphotericin B, nystatin interacts with sterols in the cell membrane to form channels through which small molecules leak from the inside of the fungal cell to the outside. Azoles like fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, voriconazole, posaconazole etc. www.wjpps.com Vol 3, Issue 12, 2014. 397 Talaviya et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes (particularly C14-demethylase) involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is required for fungal cell membrane structure and function. Allylamines like naftifine, terbinafine inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis at the level of squalene epoxidase. Antimetabolites like 5-Fluorocytosine act as an inhibitor of both DNA and RNA synthesis via the intracytoplasmic conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil. Echinocandins like anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin are used for systemic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, they inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall via the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase[2,3]. Analytical method Development and validation for newly introduced pharmaceuticals is of importance, as drug or drug combination may not be official in pharmacopoeia and so analytical method for quantification is not available. To check and ensure the quality standards of drug molecules and their formulation various analytical methods are employed. Most of the drugs in single or multi component dosage forms can be analyzed by HPLC method because of the associated advantages like speed, greater sensitivity, improved resolution, specificity, accuracy, precision, reusable columns and ease of automation in this method. [4,5,6] This review article briefly discusses the RP-HPLC methods available for the estimation of antifungal agents in bulk and in various formulations concentrating mainly on the mobile phase, stationary phase and detector type. Table 1 Chromatographic conditions for RP-HPLC methods reported for the estimation of polyene antibiotics. Name of antifungal agent Nystatin[7] Nystatin[8] Nystatin[9] Nystatin[10] www.wjpps.com Chromatographic Column Bulk drug and Symmetry C18 pharmaceutical (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 preparation μm) Ointment Inerstil ODS-3 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Nystatin, Inertsil ODS‐3v Miconazole, (250 mm × 4.6 Hydrocortisone mm, 5 μm) acetate and Neomycin in pharmaceutical preparations Nystatin and muBondapark C18 triamcinolone in (150mm × 4.6m, 5 cream μm) Sample matrix Mobile phase Methanol:water:dimeth ylformamide (55:30:15 v/v/v) Methanol:water (75:25 v/v) Acetonitrile: 25 mM KH2PO4 buffer, pH=2.8) (50:50 v/v) Type of detector UV detection at 305 nm UV detection at 305 nm DAD acquisition wavelength from 200 to 400 nm Methanol: water (65:35 UV v/v) detection at 254 nm Vol 3, Issue 12, 2014. 398 Talaviya et al. Nystatin[11] Nystatin[12] Nystatin[13] Amphotericin B[14] Amphotericin B[15] Amphotericin B[16] Amphotericin B[17] Amphotericin B[18] World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Liposomal muBondapak C18 10 mM sodium Nystatin in (150mm × 4.6m, 5 phosphate, 1 mM plasma and tissue μm) EDTA, 30% methanol and 30% acetonitrile adjusted to pH 6 Miconazole and Phenomenex Luna Methanol:acetonitrile:5 nystatin C18 column (250 0 mM ammonium × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) acetate buffer (pH adjusted to 6 using glacial acetic acid) (60:30:10 v/v/v) Nystatin LichrCARTŖ C18 Methanolhydrocortisone, (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 and µm) gradient elution oxytetracycline Bulk and dosage Spheri-5, CYANO 10 mM sodium acetate form column (30 × 4.6 buffer:acetonitrile mm, 5 μm ) (72:28 v/v with pH-4 ) Liposomal C18 μBondapac Acetonitrile:0.02M amphotericin B column (300 × 4.6 ethylenediamine tetramm, 5 μm) acetic acid disodium Salt at pH 5 (45:55 v/v) Amphotericin B, LiChrosorb-RP-8 Acetonitrile:methanol:0 liposomal column .010 M NaH2PO4 amphotericin B, buffer (41:10:49 v/v) and amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in plasma Amphotericin B C-18 column Acetonitrile:20 mM in human plasma disodium edetate at pH 5 (45:55 v/v) Bulk and dosage Luna C18 column Acetonitrile:Tetrahydro form (250 x 4.6 mm; furan:o-phosphoric 5μ) acid, pH=6 adjusted with TEA (60:30:10 v/v/v) UV detection at 305 nm UV detection at 230 nm Diode-array detector UV detection at 408 nm UV detection at 407 nm UV detection at 405 nm UV detection at 407 nm UV detection at 287 nm Table 2 Chromatographic conditions for RP-HPLC methods reported for the estimation of azoles. Name of Sample matrix Chromatographic Mobile phase antifungal agent Column [19] Fluconazole Human urine LichroCART® Methanol:water C18 (150 mm x (70:30 v/v) 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Fluconazole[20] Fluconazole and Purospher STAR Water:methanol Related RP-18 (150 x 4.6 (60:40 v/v) Compounds in mm, 5 μm) Capsule www.wjpps.com Vol 3, Issue 12, 2014. Type of detector UV detection at 254 nm. UV detection at 260 nm 399 Talaviya et al. Fluconazole[21] Fluconazole[22] Fluconazole[23] Clotrimazole[24] Clotrimazole[25] Clotrimazole[26] Ketoconazole[27] Ketoconazole[28] Ketoconazole[29] Ketoconazole[30] Ketoconazole[31] www.wjpps.com World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Bulk and solid pharmaceutical dosage form Capsules, uncoated and dispersible Tablets Biological Skin Matrices SunFire C18 (250 Methanol:water × 4.5 mm, 5 μm) (70:30 v/v) UV detection at 211 nm C-18 Phenomenix Water:acetonitrile (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 (65:35 v/v) μm) UV detection at 260 nm Lichrospher RP 18 Methanol:0.025 column (250 × 4 mol/L phosphate mm, 5 μm) buffer pH 7.0 (45:55 v/v) Lozenges Gracemart C18 Methanol:0.1% (250 × 4.6 mm, TEA in water pH 5μm) 3 adjusted by Ortho-phosphoric acid (75:25 v/v) Beclomethason Reversed phase Acetate buffere, Clotrimazole, C18 column (250 acetonitrile with Chloramphenic x 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) different gradient ol, lidocaine in program Formulations Clotrimazole C-18 Column (150 Methanol:water:di and x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) ethylamine:glacial ketoconazole in acetic acid, pH 7 Creams, tablets (80:20:0.3:0.2 and shampoos v/v) Plasma Inertsil ODS-80A Water:acetonitrile (150 mm x 4.6 :tetrahydrofuran:a mm, 5 μm) mmonium hydroxide:triethyl amine(45:50.2:2.5 :0.1:0.1 v/v) Tablets and Merck Diisopropylamine creams LiChrospher® 100 :methanol (1:500) RP-18 (5 μm) and ammonium acetate (1:200) (8:2) Commercial LiChrospher® 100 Triethylamine in and simulated RP-18 (125 mm x methanol(1:500 emulsion 4 mm, 5 μm) v/v):ammonium formulations acetate in water (1:200w/v) (75:25 v/v) Serum (human) MicroPak MCH- Methanol:phosph 10 (30 cm x 4 mm, ate buffer, pH 7.5 10 μm) (75:25 v/v) Tablets and Lichrosorb® RP- Methanol:ammoni creams 18 (250 mm x 4 um acetate (80:20 mm, 5 μm) v/v) UV detection at 260 nm Vol 3, Issue 12, 2014. UV detection at 215 nm UV detection at 254 nm DAD-UV detection at 224 nm UV detection at 206 nm UV detection at 225 nm UV detection at 225 nm UV detection at 231 nm UV detection at 225 nm 400 Talaviya et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ketoconazole[32] Shampoo Acetonitrile:phos UV detection phate buffer, pH 4 at 250 nm (45:55 v/v) Econazole[33] Cream lotion Interchrom Nucleosil C-8 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and RP-18 column Voriconazole[34] Bulk and Tablet Inertsil C8 column Dosage Form (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μm) UV detection at 254 nm Voriconazole[35] Voriconazole for injection Voriconazole[36] Voriconazole for injection Voriconazole[37] Intersil ODS-C18 (150 X 4.6 mm, 5μm) Inertsil ODS-2, C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5μm) Voriconazole Zorbax SB-C18 and its related (250mm × 4.6 substances mm, 5 μm) Voriconazole[38] Degradation Inertsil ODS 3V impurities and (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 Diastereomers μm) in tablets Voriconazole[39] Voriconazole For Injection Inertsil ODS-2, C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5μm) Voriconazole[40] Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Stability indicating method Bulk and formulat ion Capsule RP-C-18 Hypersil BDS column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Hypersil C18 (250 × 4.6 mm , 5 μm) Voriconazole[41] Voriconazole[42] Itraconazole[43] www.wjpps.com Hypersil C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Inertsil C-18, (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Vol 3, Issue 12, 2014. Methanol, aqueous ammonium carbonate, tetrahydrofurane 0.01M sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, pH 5:Acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) Phosphate buffer: acetonitrile:Metha nol (65:30:5 v/v/v) OPA:Acetonitrile: Methanol (65:30:5 v/v/v) Ammonium phosphate dibasic buffer, pH=6 by orthophosphoric acid:acetonitrile (52:48 v/v) 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 2.5:mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (90:10 v/v) Ortho phosphoric acid:acetonitrile: methanol (65:30:5 v/v/v) Water:acetonitrile :methanol (50:25:25 v/v/v) Acetonitrile:water (40:60 v/v) Water:acetonitr ile (35:65 v/v) Tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate buffer:Acetonitril UV detection UV detection at 257 nm UV detection at 257nm UV detection at 250 nm UV detection at 256 nm UV detection at 257nm UV detection at 256 nm. Photodiode array detector UV detection at 256 nm UV detection at 225nm 401 Talaviya et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences [44] Itraconazole Zorbax Eclipse and its XDB-C18 (4.6 × impurities 150 mm, 5 μm) Itraconazole[45] Capsule dosage ThermoHypersil form BDS C18 (150mm x 4.6 mm, 5μm) Itraconazole[46] Itraconazole and hydroxyl itraconazole in plasma Capsule Itraconazole Itraconazole[47] Itraconazole[48] Posaconazole[49] Posaconazole[50] Posaconazole[51] Bifonazole[52] Sertaconazol[53] www.wjpps.com Shimadzu C-18 column (3.9 mm × 150 mm, 5μm) e (40:60 v/v) Acetonitrile:water , pH 2.5 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid (50:50 V/V) Tetra Butyl Ammonium Hydrogen Sulphate:acetonitr ile (65:35 v/v) Methanol:water (75:25 v/v) Dionex C-18 (250 Potassium x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) dihydrogen phosphate buffer:Methanol (60:40 v/v) Itraconazole Acclaim RSLC Ammonium and Related 120, C18 (2.1 × acetate Substances 100 mm, 2.2 μm) buffer:CH3CN gradient technique Human serum Sunfire C18 (4.6 x Acetonitrile:water 150 mm, 5 μm) (60:40 v/v) Posaconazole Sunfire C-18 (250 Acetonitrile:water and its related mm x 4.6 mm, (90:10 v/v) substances 5μm) Bulk Assay C8 column Methanol:water (75:25 v/v) Cream Hypersil ODS. 0.08 mol/L triethylamine phosphate, pH 7 :acetonitrile:meth anol (20:10:70 v/v/v) Cream Spherisorb CN Acetonitrile:0.01 column (10 M sodium microns) phosphate (37:63 v/v) Vol 3, Issue 12, 2014. UV detection at 256 nm UV detection at 225nm Fluorometric detection at 250 and 380nm UV detection at 306 nm UV detection at 225 nm UV detection at 262 nm UV detection at 210 nm UV detection at 260 nm UV detection at 254 nm. UV detection at 260 nm 402 Talaviya et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Table 3 Chromatographic conditions for RP-HPLC methods reported for the estimation of allylamines. Name of Sample matrix antifungal agent Terbinafine[54] Terbinafine Hydrochloride in Semi Solids Dosage Form Type of detector Methanol:acetonitrile PDA (60:40 v/v) with detection at (0.15% triethylamine 224 nm and 0.15% phosphoric acid ) PH=7.68 Terbinafine RP C18 (250 mm Methanol:water UV Hydrochloride in × 4.6mm 5μ) (80:20 v/v) detection at pharmaceutical solid 282 nm dosage form Pharmaceutical Vertical® RP-C18 Methanol:water (95:5 UV hydroalcoholic (250 mm × 4.6 v/v) detection at solutions and tablets mm, 5 μm) 254 nm Terbinafine C18 Enable (250 × Methanol:Water UV Hydrochloride and 4.6 mm, 5 μm) (95:5 v/v) detection at Mometasone furoate 248 nm in combined dosage form Terbinafine Neosphere C18 Methanol:0.5% UV Hydrochloride in (250 x 4.6 mm, triethanolamine (v/v) detection at Bulk and in Tablet 5μm) 250 nm dosage form Butenafine Inertsil C18 (250 × Methanol and water UV Hydrochloride and 4.6 mm, 5μm) in gradient technique detection at Betamethasone 254 nm Dipropionate in a Cream Formulation Terbinafine[55] Terbinafine[56] Terbinafine[57] Terbinafine[58] Butenafine[59] Chromatographic Column Intersil L1ODS (4.6 mm × 15cm 5 μg) Mobile phase used Table 4 Chromatographic conditions for RP-HPLC methods reported for the estimation of echinocandins. Name of Sample matrix antifungal agent Anidulafungin[60] Human Plasma and Saline Anidulafungin[61] Micafungin[62] Chromatographic Column Zorbax SB-C8 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) Bulk sample and YMC ODS Pack AQ parenteral dosage C18 (150 x 4.6 mm, 3 form μm) Micafungin Sodium Agilent Zorbax SB in drug substances (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) www.wjpps.com Vol 3, Issue 12, 2014. Mobile phase used 0.005 M ammonium phosphate buffer: methanol (55:45 v/v) Acetonitrile:water:0.1 % v/v trifluoroacetic acid (48:52:1 v/v/v) Buffer consisting sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium perchlorate PH 2.9:acetonitrile (62:38 v/v) Type of detector UV detection at 310 nm. UV detection at 300nm. DAD at 210 nm 403 Talaviya et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences CONCLUSION Presented review covers the analytical methods for the determination of antifungal agents in various pharmaceutical and biological samples alone or in combination with other drugs with help of RP-HPLC. For quantitative estimation of antifungal agents, RP-HPLC method is the most common among others. All the reported methods are sensitive, precise and accurate; consisting mainly RP C18 column as stationary phase and variety of polar solvents (like methanol, water, acetonitrile, buffers) in different ratios as mobile phase. For development of analytical methods, for newly developed or for upcoming novel antifungal agents, this can be taken for consideration. REFERENCES 1. Borne, R. F. In Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Ed.; Willims, D. A.; Lemke, T. L: 5th edition, Lippincott Williums and Wilkins pub., Philadelphia, 2002; pp. 751-793. 2. Enoch DA, Ludlam HA, Brown NM. Invasive fungal infections: a review of epidemiology and management options. J Med Microbiol. 2006; 55: 809-818. 3. Georgopapadakou NH and Walsh TJ. Antifungal agents: chemotherapeutic targets and immunologic strategies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996; 40: 270- 91. 4. Vander Wal S, Snyder LR. 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