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Download Joseph Stalin Lavrentii Beria Georgy Malenkov Nikita Khrushchev
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11/13/2015 Joseph Stalin December 18, 1878 - March 5, 1953 Nikita Khrushchev 1884 - 1971 Lavrentii Beria 1899 – 1953 Georgy Malenkov 1902 - 1988 1 11/13/2015 Ukrainians in Government • Khrushchev – 1st secretary of Communist Party of Ukraine (KPU) until 1949 • Leonid Melnikov removed as 1st Secretary of KPU – 1953 • Oleksii Kyrychenko – 1st Secretary of KPU Second Among Equals • Understanding between Moscow and Ukraine – support and cooperation • Ukraine the junior partner • For those with no desire for self rule – career and opportunities • 300th anniversary of Pereyaslav Treaty – 1954 • Irreversibility of the “ever lasting” union Oleksii Kyrychenko 1908 - 1975 Ukrainians in Government • Khrushchev – 1st secretary of Communist Party of Ukraine (KPU) until 1949 • Leonid Melnikov removed as 1st Secretary of KPU – 1953 • Oleksii Kyrychenko – 1st Secretary of KPU • Ukrainians placed in important government positions • Growth of KPU – 60% Ukrainians Ceding Crimea to Ukraine • • • • Token of friendship of the Russian people Homeland of Crimean Tatars Economic links with Ukraine greater Saddled Ukraine with economic and political problems • Ethnicity – population 1.12 million • 77% Russian • 23% Ukrainian • Increased number of Russians in Ukraine 2 11/13/2015 De-Stalinization • "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" speech – February 24, 1956 • Tourism allowed • Russification toned down • Fear and paralysis of creativity eased Nationality Issues • Instruction in both Russian and native language • Parents given right to choose their children’s language • Formal and informal pressure to learn Russian • Form of Russification • Defiance of authority by younger generation • Western jazz and pop music Changes in Ukraine • Ukrainian complaints • Sorry state of the Ukrainian language • Historians opposed Moscow’s ideological control • Authors complaint about control • Ukrainian historians published journal – 1957 • First Ukrainian encyclopedia – 1959 • Ukrainian journals in natural and social sciences Changes in Ukraine • • • • • • Facilities for nuclear research Computer center in Kiev – 1957 Institute of cybernetics – 1962 Rehabilitation of Ukrainian intellectuals Enrichment of Ukrainian culture Release of millions of Ukrainians from Gulag • Execution of OUN members Economic Experimentation • Prove that communism was superior • Less ideological and more managerial • Agriculture – chronic weak point • Industry output rose 230% - 1949-52 • Agricultural output rose 10% • Increase agricultural output Agricultural Projects • “Virgin lands” project • Bring 40 million acres in Kazakhstan and Siberia under cultivation • Machinery and 80,000 workers transferred • Results uneven • Siphoned off Ukrainian resources • 70 million acres to corn production • Feed livestock 3 11/13/2015 Agricultural Projects • Sale of MTS to collective farms • Lack of technological expertise • Most collective farm chairmen lacked education beyond secondary school • Technological aid brought in from cities • Increased pay of farmers • Farmers penalized for working on own plot • Had to import grain (Canada) Changes in Industry • Emphasis in heavy industry continues • Drop in productivity in late 1950’s • Emergence of light industry • Cars, television, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, etc. • Decentralization – shift of economic planning and management to region • Economic autonomy in Ukraine Intellectual Ferment • Stalin’s tomb moved from Kremlin mausoleum Intellectual Ferment • Stalin’s tomb moved from Kremlin mausoleum • Khrushchev’s visit to grave of Taras Shevchenko – May 1961 • Publication of Dr. Zhivago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich • Increasing creative self expression by authors • The “sixtiers” – end to Party’s meddling in art and literature 4 11/13/2015 Khrushchev’s Reaction • Russian writers warned not to push liberalization too far - 1962 • Vicious attack in press • Ukrainian writers attacked in press • Dramatic decrease in church weddings • Anti-Semitic publications – Ukrainian Academy of Science • Ukrainian nationalist cooperating with Zionists What changed • No more mass arrests, terror tactics and purges • Discipline in work places less vigorous • Secret police gave warnings before arrests • Standard of living improved • Ukraine’s economic importance recognized • Emergence of cultural activists What Did Not Change • Censorship • Communist Party retained monopoly on political power • Economy directed by bureaucrats • Everyone worked in • Government enterprises and institutions • Everyone shopped in government stores Fall of Khrushchev • • • • • Cuban missile crisis Split with China Disorganization of reforms Disastrous harvest in 1963 Brezhnev’s coup in 1964 • Ukrainian interests subordinated to Moscow 5 11/13/2015 The Language Issue • Sophisticated, systematic campaign for use of Russian language • Had strong supporters Leonid Brezhnev 1906 - 1982 • Russians living in Ukraine • Ukrainians who adopted Russian language and culture • Russian used by most numerous and important people in USSR • Only means for communication among diverse nationalities The Language Issue Alexei Kosygin 1904 - 1980 Stability and Stagnation • • • • Order and stability Regional economic councils abolished Stalinist-like bureaucratic rule Concepts of multinational Soviet society • Rastvet – flowering • Sblizhenie – drawing together • Sliianie – merging or fusing • Assimilation and acceptance of Russian linguistics and cultural norms • Ukrainian schools increased rapidly • Russian required for career opportunities • Used in large cities – Ukrainian language as that of “country bumpkins” • Fostered inferiority complex of Ukrainian language and culture • Ukrainians demanded Russian language education for their children Russians in Ukraine • In-migration of Russians • Encourage growth a common identity • Russians believed that they could get best jobs in non-Russian areas • Out-migration of Ukrainians • Identified with Russians • 7 million Russians in1959 • 10 million Russians in 1979 6 11/13/2015 Russians in Ukraine • Russians 21% of Ukraine’s population • 2 Ukraines • Russian • Donbas and other industrial areas • Southern cities • Large cities • Ukrainian • Right Bank • Parts of Left Bank • Western Ukraine Soviet Ukrainian Attitudes • Accepted legitimacy of Soviet government • • • • Increased their income Equality among socioeconomic groups Opportunities for upward mobility Pride in power of USSR Stability and Stagnation • Helsinki Accords – 1975 • Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms • Equal rights and self-determination of peoples • 1977 Constitution • Preserve existence of national republics • Right of constituent Soviet republics to secede from the Union • Russian language of friendship and cooperation - Tashkent Conference Manifestations of Dissent • “Jurists’ Group” led by Levko Lukyanenko • Legal right to secede • Elements of dissatisfaction • Economic favoritism of Siberia and Central Asia at Ukraine’s expense • Resentful of Moscow’s decision making Soviet Ukrainian Attitudes • Disinterest in Marxist-Leninist ideology • Relative stability • Loss of optimism, purpose, and sense of direction • Growing middle-class values and consumerism Levko Lukyanenko Born August 24, 1927 7 11/13/2015 Manifestations of Dissent • “Jurists’ Group” led by Levko Lukyanenko • Legal right to secede • 1963 Conference of Language and Culture • Massive open demonstration against Russification • Statue of Shevchenko became rallying point • Ukrainian Herold – 1970 • KGB attempts to suppress • Wave of mass arrests - 1972 Suppression of Dissent • Dissent failed to attract support • No coherent political program • Almost exclusively the intelligentsia • Government had monopoly on communication and the KGB • Prevented in formation from reaching public • Harsh and vicious repression • Disproportionally large Ukrainian “prisoners of conscience” Ukrainian Helsinki Group • Established by Mykola Rudenko – 1976 • Dissidents • Nationalists • Religious activists • Open group a legal right to exist • Civil and national rights • Ukraine’s independence by exercising existing rights, guaranteed by Soviet Constitution • Arrested and imprisoned - 1980 Mykola Rudenko 1920 - 2004 Yuri Andropov 1914 – 1984 Mikhail Gorbachev Born March 2, 1931 8 11/13/2015 Mikhail Gorbachev • Perestroika • Restructuring of economy • Glasnost • Openness in conduct of government • Chernobyl disaster – April 26, 1986 • Human error • Gross negligence • Faulty design of reactor Chernobyl Disaster • Initial cover up • Admitted scope of disaster – help and assistance from Western experts • 35 deaths – May be much higher • High radiation and cancer risk • 135,000 people forced to abandon homes • Tension between Ukrainian party and Moscow Glasnost and Ukraine • Russian poets published anti-Soviet materials • Ukrainian Culturological Club – 1987 • Former dissidents • Test limits of glasnost – sensitive issues • Famine of 1932-33 • Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine • Struggle for independence – 1917 to 1920 Glasnost and Ukraine • Huge public gatherings in L’viv • Tens of thousands participants • Erection of monument to Shevchenko in L’viv • KGB arrested some organizers for “anti-Soviet activity” • Rukh – Movement of Ukraine for Restructuring • Political, economic, environmental, and cultural reforms • Protection of Ukrainian language • Condemnation of anti-Semitism The Church • Greek Catholic Church emerged from underground • Supported by Vatican and Ukrainian diaspora • Allowed to register parishes – 1989 • Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church formally restored its hierarchy – 1990 • Strong in Right Bank • Vatican established Polish Catholic hierarchy in Ukraine Crimean Tatars • Exonerated of charge of treason – 1967 • Right to return to Crimea – 1988 • Crimean Tatar population • 38,000 in 1989 • 120,000 in 1990 • Russians in Crimea called for union with Russia • Declaration of sovereignty for Crimean Tatars 9 11/13/2015 Sovereignty and Independence • Volodymyr Shcherbytsky removed as 1st Secretary of KPU – Sept. 1989 Sovereignty • Growth of Democratic Block • “Free” elections to Verkhovna Rada – March 1990 • Communists retained majority • Democratic Block over 100 seats out of 450 • Declaration of Ukrainian Sovereignty- July 16, 1990 • Control its own affairs Independence Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 1918 - 1990 • Kravchuk adopted nationalist position • Soviet coup d'état attempt – August 19– 21, 1991 • State Committee on the State of Emergency • Hard line communists and KGB • Gorbachev vacationing in Crimea Leonid Kravchuk Born January 10, 1934 Gorbachev’s Dacha in Foros, Crimea 10 11/13/2015 Independence • Kravchuk adopted nationalist position • Soviet coup d'état attempt – August 19– 21, 1991 • • • • • State Committee on the State of Emergency Hard line communists and KGB Gorbachev vacationing in Crimea Gorbachev placed under arrest by the KGB Tanks moved into Red Square and in front of the White House Independence • Kravchuk remained on the sidelines during the attempted coup • Spearheaded resolution for Ukrainian independence in Supreme Soviet of Ukraine – August 24, 1991 • Referendum and presidential elections – December 1, 1991 • Referendum passed by 92% - 80% voted • Kravchuk elected president by 62% 11 11/13/2015 Independence • Belavezha Accords - December 8, 1991 • Russia • Belarus • Ukraine • Dissolved the Soviet Union • Commonwealth of Independent States World Reaction • Poland and Hungary immediately recognized Ukraine • Canada • United States • Bush wanted to preserve USSR • Stability in Eurasia • Recognized on December 25, 1991 12 11/13/2015 Commonwealth of Independent States • Moscow perspective • Supra-national organization • Own bureaucratic structure • Co-ordinate military, political and economic policies • Ukraine perspective • Domination by Russia • Forum for discussion of primarily economic problems • Ukraine has not ratified CIS treaty – Associate member Resignation of Gorbachev December 25, 1991 Russian Response • • • • • Loss of Ukraine was a painful shock Threatened Russia’s position of power Undermined role as “elder brother” 11 million Russians in Ukraine Crimean issue • Not Ukrainian – transfer in 1954 • Black Sea fleet at Sevastopol • 300 ships and 65,000 men • Dual control – mid 1992 Nuclear Weapons • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty • Ukraine – Third largest nuclear power • Willing to transfer nuclear weapons to Russia • Financial aid • Security guarantees Leonid Kravchuk First President of Ukraine 1991 – 1994 13 11/13/2015 Politics • Avoided ethnic conflicts • Restructuring of the army • 700,000 troops – officers 70% Russian • Replacement of Russian officers with Ukrainians • 400,000 troops by 1995 • 200,000 troops by 2000 • Plan for all volunteer armed forces Politics • State-building neglected • constitution not completed • Division of power unclear • Kravchuk tried to establish strong presidency • Kuchma – premier in 1992 • Triangulation of power Economic Strengths • Possessed important industries • • • • Coal mining Metallurgy Machine production Ship building • Agriculture • 21% of total USSR output in 1989 • 30% of the world’s rich black soil • Large cheap labor source Economic Weaknesses • Natural resources exploitation near collapse – iron ore and coal • Outdated technology • Cost of mining exceeded profits • Modernization – vast capital resources • Worsening energy crisis • Industrial output – 70% in heavy industry • 40% served Soviet military sector Politics • Power at local level • • • • • Presidential degrees ignored Oblast councils Factory chairman Collective farm chairman Unreconstructed communists • Murphy’s Law • Law of the jungle Economic Weaknesses • Consumer goods – 30% of industrial output • Factories source of pollution • Inefficient, unbalanced, and ecologically dangerous • Agriculture decline 15% in 1992 • Inflation – disincentive for production • Energy crisis – paralyzed transportation and food distribution • Decline of rural population – shrank 16% between 1975 to 1990 14 11/13/2015 Economy First Decade • • • • • • • • GDP decreased 63% Trade plummeted Debt increased substantially Practically no foreign investment Uncompetitive factories barely functioned Dangerous mines unprofitable Urban infrastructure in bad repair Collective farms barely sustainable Kravchuk Policies Economy First Decade • Soviet economic system vulnerable • Decline unavoidable • Russia almost exclusive market for Ukrainian products • Separated by tariffs and duties • Ukrainian industry lopsided Vitold Fokin Prime Minister 24 August 1991 – 1 October 1992 • Military-industrial sector • Industrial output could not be completed without using products of materials from another republic Economy First Decade • Those who presided over collapse of Soviet economy were now in charge of transforming Ukraine to a market economy • Introduced reforms that served their own interest • Lack of consensus Economic Policies • Concentrated on state and nation building • Avoided serious economic reform • Social and political stability • Withdrew from ruble zone • Karbovanets or coupons • Large subsidies to money losing industry • Huge budget deficits • Inflation – 435% in January 1992 15 11/13/2015 Yukhym Zvyahilsky Acting Prime Minister Economic Policies Leonid Kuchma Prime Minister 13 October 1992 to 22 September 1993 • State control • Stopped privatization • Raised subsidies to factories and collective farms • Inflation 10,000% - 1993 • Goods remained unsold • Production decreased • Loss of savings Economic Policies • • • • • • • • Strict monetary control Subsidies reduced Deficit reduced Salaries unpaid Welfare payments slashed Pensions postponed Privatization started Donets miners’ strike Economic Policies • Masses plunged into poverty • Well-placed elites accumulated tremendous wealth • Oligarchs • Transformed Communist party funds into private property • Factory directors obtained large government loans • Illegally exchanged for dollars • Converted some dollars to coupons – devalued • Repaid loans and kept rest of dollars 16 11/13/2015 Leonid Kuchma President of Ukraine 1994 – 2005 Leonid Kuchma • Born in rural Chernihiv Oblast - August 9, 1938 • Worked in aerospace engineering • Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine • Member of the Verkhovna Rada – 1990 • Prime Minister from October 13, 1992 until September 22, 1993 • Ran against Kravchuk in 1994 The Kuchma Years 1995 - 2005 Yevhen Marchuk Prime Minister June 8, 1995 – May 27, 1996 17 11/13/2015 Marchuk Policies • Decreased subsidies • Decreased wages • Wages lowest in CIS • Rise in unemployment • 33% - those not paid and on furlough not included • Kuchma dismissed prime minister Kuchma Reforms • Privatization of state property • Elimination of subsidies to unprofitable enterprises • Liberalization of prices • Reduction of social expenditures • Stabilization of currency Hryvnia • Ukrainian currency • Introduced in 1996 • Exchanged 2–16 September 1996, at a rate of 1 hryvnia = 100,000 karbovantsiv • Initial foreign exchange rate was UAH 1.76 = USD 1.00 • Fixed to 5.05 hryvnias for 1 US dollar from 21 April 2005 until 21 May 2008 • The peg was changed to a managed float in 2012 Privatization • Small scale enterprises • Shops, restaurants, service facilities • 2% of GDP • Privatization of medium and large enterprises • Opposition in Rada • Russian oligarch may buy Ukrainian industry • Pave way to capitalism Oligarchs Viktor Yushchenko Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine 1993 - 2000 • Bought raw materials – fairly cheap • Obtained export licenses – via friend and bribes • Sold materials at tremendous profit on world market • Undermined economy • Control of political parties • Bought large businesses at very low prices 18 11/13/2015 Rinat Akhmetov $18.3 Billion in 2013 Petro Poroshenko $1 billion in 2012 Viktor Yanukovych $12 billion Ihor Kolomoyskyi $1.36 billion Victor Pinchuk $3.1 billion Yulia Tymoshenko 19 11/13/2015 Agriculture • Production decreased 44% (1990 – 1997) • Soaring energy costs Pavlo Lazarenko $200 million • Rose 6 times faster than prices • Opposition to abolition of collective farms • Blocked in Rada by left • Opposed by powerful collective farm directors • Peasants reluctant to abandon collective farms Kuchma Policies • Decline in wages ($55/month) • Lowest in Commonwealth of Independent States • Rise of unemployment 10% to 33% • Not included those who were not payed or on furlough • Increasing deficits • Increase in taxes as high as 90% • Shadow economy – 50% of GDP • Massive capital flight – $25-30 billion Kuchma Policies • Difficulties in attracting foreign investment • Corruption, exorbitant taxation, and stifling regulation • Relatively stable currency • Help from International Monetary Fund • Foreign debt $12.5 billion in 1998 Society • Rapid growth of socioeconomic inequality • Elites, wealth and power, 0.5% • Blackmarketeers turned “businessmen”, directors of vast enterprises – 2% • Lacked political power of top stratum • Features of middle class – 10% • Profited modestly from market economy Society • Economic disaster for 75% • Poor or very poor 33% • Rest barely managed to stay above the poverty line • Pensions of elderly decreased to $8-12/month • Derelicts, alcoholics, mentally and physically impaired – 10-12% • Garden plot 20 11/13/2015 Consequences • Decrease in life span • 1989 - men 66 years, women 75 years • 2000- men 63 years, women 73 years • Increase in TB and HIV • 0.79 children per family • 500,000 Ukrainians emigrated • Best and the brightest • Population decline • 1989 – 52million • 2006 – 49.7million Kuchma • Opposition in Parliament after March 2002 election • Our Ukraine party – Yushschenko – 112 seats • Yulia Tymoshenko • Media censorship • Buy parliamentary deputies • Tax officials harassed opposition businessmen Kuchma • Secret sale of arms to Iraq • Closer ties with Putin Georgiy Gongadze 21 May 1969 – 17 September 2000 • "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership" with Russia • Negotiations for membership in Eurasian Economic Union • He referred to Russian as "an official language" Election of 2004 • Kuchma decide not to run – Constitutional Court allowed him a third term • Supported Viktor Yanukovych • Challenged by Yushchenko Georgiy Gongadze monument in Kiev 21 11/13/2015 500,000 Demonstrators Orange Revolution • Demonstrations began November 22, 2004 – peaceful • Several Cities, including L’viv refused to recognized election results • Yulia Tymoshenko joined protests Election of 2004 • Kuchma decide not to run – Constitutional Court allowed him a third term • Supported Viktor Yanukovych • Challenged by Viktor Yushchenko • Run off election November 21, 2004 • Results – Yanukovych won by 3% • Election fraud - exit polls showed Yushchenko ahead by 11% 22 11/13/2015 Orange Revolution • Demonstrations began November 22, 2004 – peaceful • Several Cities, including L’viv refused to recognized election results • Yulia Tymoshenko joined protests • Central Election Commission declared Yanukovych winner • Almost 1 million people demonstrated Orange Revolution • 10,000 troops stationed outside Kiev – Ukrainian intelligence service halted deployment • Financial support from Boris Berezovsky • Youth party Pora received aid from American agencies • Orange Revolution – resounding defeat for Putin Orange Revolution • Separationist threats by Yanukovych supporters – criticized by Rada • Yushchenko formed Committee of National Salvation – nationwide political strike • Supreme Court on Dec. 3 – election not recognized because of widespread fraud • New election to be held Dec. 26, 2004 Orange Revolution • 12,500 neutral observers came to monitor election • Election results • Yushchenko – 51.99% • Yanukovych – 44.20 % • Reconstituted election Commission – Yushchenko winner – Jan. 10, 2005 • Yushchenko inaugurated President – Jan. 23, 2005 23
