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NEW METROPOLITAN FRONTIERS: THE SOUTH
EXPANSION OF THE CAPIXABA METROPOLIS FACING A
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE – ANCHIETA’S CASE
ENEIDA MARIA SOUZA MENDONÇA
CAROLINE JABOUR DE FRANÇA
THAIS GONÇALVES SARTORI
Address: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo – Centro de Artes – Núcleo de Estudos de
Arquitetura e Urbanismo – Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 – Goiabeiras – Vitória – Espírito
Santo – Brasil – CEP: 29.075-015
e-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
ABSTRACT:
This article is based on research that tries to identify the territory belonging to
the town of Anchieta, in the state of Espírito Santo, Southeast of Brazil, as a
new South expansion frontier of Vitória, the state Capital, metropolitan region
and as well as analyze the characteristic of this metropolitan insertion. The
method used is based on the history of the production of its urban space,
taking into account the examination of plans and actions. Although known as an
urban agglomeration since the end of the 1960s, Great Vitória, made up of five
municipalities, officially becomes a metropolitan region only in the 1990s, by
the patterns established by the Federal Constitution of 1988. In the passage of
the 1990s to 2000s, Vitória metropolitan region, acquired a dispersed character
upon officially receiving, Guarapari to the South and Fundão to the North,
totaling seven municipalities and currently reaching more than one million and
six hundred thousand inhabitants. This paper analyzes the formation of new
borders of this metropolitan region, considering the historical process of
occupancy and planning, also regarding the forecast of implanting in Anchieta,
South of Guarapari, of an industrial center and heavy duty services. It is a
municipality of about twenty thousand inhabitants in which the new occupancy
expectancy is increasing the land value and promising big changes in the
metropolitan and urban dynamic.
1. (GREAT) VITÓRIA: FROM CITY TO URBAN AGLOMERATION
Aiming to debate the characterization of Anchieta, a capixaba municipality, as
a new frontier in Espírito Santo’s metropolitan dynamic, this article is based on
the historical production of its urban space, highlighting significant local
aspects resulted from territorial planning in a state, regional and national scale.
In spite of metropolitan Anchieta’s impending insertion being immediately
related, nowadays, to forecasts in state planning of implementing a broad
industrial and services polo in the municipality’s territory, we intend to
demonstrate the historical possibility of this construction, including the future
perspectives as a continuity nurtured by prior plans and actions. For this
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purpose, prior to the focus related to the municipality of Anchieta, the
following introductory approach is considered fundamental, on the shaping of
urban and metropolitan Vitória.
Even harboring some of the oldest urban areas in the country, with countless
cities originated from villages and towns established by the Portuguese in the
sixteenth century (Novaes, s/d. Oliveira, 1975), Espírito Santo and more
specifically the region of Vitória and its surroundings, had a late urban and
economic development, related to the growth and export of coffee in the mid
of the nineteenth century. On this occasion the agro-export activities were
done more significantly in three ports: São Mateus, Vitória and Itapemirim
which polarized the state North, South and Central regions. (Campos Júnior,
1996. Mendonça et all, 2009).
The effort to centralize these activities in Vitória began after the Republic, in
the 1890s, through a government plan that aimed to converge to Espírito
Santo’s capital the distribution of the state production also involving part of
Minas Gerais. The goal was not only to centralize the economic aspect but also
make Vitória a populous urban center assimilating the political, economic and
administrative function of a great area beyond the state territory. To this end
three fronts were launched: the modernization of the port, the railway
structuring, converging to Vitória’s port area all state production and also the
capital expansion project, expanding at the rate of six times the existing urban
area, along the lines of hygienist urbanism (Campos Júnior, 1996. Mendonça et
all, 2009).
This venture took place gradually throughout the twentieth century, becoming
in the mid of this century, the basic infrastructure required for the state’s
insertion in the industrial economy.
Rocha and Morandi (1991) place the period between 1955 and 1985 as of
economic transition of the state of Espírito Santo, when going from an economy
based on agro-export to major industry, ruled by the coffee culture and steel
industry respectively. These authors refer to the intense rural exodus that
happened in the state, initially brought about by the agricultural crisis caused
by eradication of coffee culture followed by the implementation of major
industries fostered by the so-called great industrial projects for Vitória region in
the Second National Development Plan (Brasil, 1974).
Pointing out that the implantation periods of the eradication program happened
during the 1960s (1962-1966 e 1966-1967), Rocha and Morandi (1991) have
alerted to the fact that the crisis related to the product value in the market
still referred to the prior period, situated in the second half of the 50s. Table
01 allows us to assess the order of magnitude of the immigration that happened
in Espírito Santo state, particularly about the rural exodus, by means of
population evolution in Vitória and neighboring towns. Although this evolution
has been seen, in general, in the rise since the 1940s, it has become clearer
from 1960, when the agricultural crisis was exacerbated and the perspective for
a transformation in the state’s economic base became a real and tangible
possibility.
So, if until the 1960s the population impulse in Vitória and nearby towns was
more closely related to the crisis in the agricultural economy, from the next
decade on the main factor for the continuing increase in population became the
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expectancy from industrialization. In this sense it is observed that since 1973 it
had already been declared by the federal government the implementation of
Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão – CST – (Brasil, 1974) north of Vitória, on the
border with the municipality of Serra. This was under construction throughout
the 1970s, being inaugurated in the beginning of the 1980s.As observed,
however, since the second half of the 1960s, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce was
already installed in the same neighborhood and developed activities related to
the construction of Tubarão Port. Thus, it is observed that even before the
deployment of the activities at CST, it had already generated intense
attractiveness to the site, due to the construction of facilities direct or
indirectly intended for these services. (MENDONÇA, 1995).
Municipality
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1991
2000
2010
Cariacica
15.228
21.741
39.608
101.422
189.089
274.532
323.861
348.933
Serra
6.415
9.245
9.192
17.286
82.581
222.158
322.518
409.324
Viana
7.661
5.896
6.571
10.529
23.440
43.866
52.674
64.999
Vila Velha
17.054
23.127
55.589
123.742
203.406
265.586
345.880
414.420
Vitória
45.212
50.922
83.351
133.019
207.747
258.777
291.941
325.453
ES (State)
750.525
861.562
1.169.553
1.599.333
2.023.388
2.600.618
3.094.390
3.512.672
/State
Table 01 – Population evolution in Great Vitória municipalities – 1940-1991. Source: IBGE,
ESET/ES, 1992 and Brasil, 2011. Data related to 2000 and 2010 complemented and
updated by the authors.
Before continuing on the narrative of the evolution of this urban agglomeration
to a metropolitan region, it is still acceptable to draw attention to the fact that
in the midst of great national projects, crucial for the installation of Companhia
Siderúrgica de Tubarão in Vitória region, was also under way the installation of
Samarco Mining, in the town of Anchieta, therefore requiring the construction
of Ubu Port in its shores and the installation of Aracruz Cellulose in the town of
Aracruz.
The predicted location of those enterprises, Samarco Mining and Aracruz
Cellulose, respectively less than 100 Km to the south and north of Vitória, has
contributed to reach some conclusions. One refers to the strategic location of
Vitória, with potential to perform the function of Central metropolis and
polarize a future metropolization space. Another conclusion refers to the
potential, strategically envisioned since the 1970s, in the Second National
Development Plan, of inserting the municipalities of Anchieta and Aracruz,
within the metropolitan capital.
Even considering the urban complexity and population growth that exceed the
national one, Vitória was not given the status of Metropolitan area until the
Federal Constitution allowed the states to give this assignment. It was in this
context that the five already mentioned towns - Vitória, Vila Velha, Cariacica,
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Serra and Viana – passed on February 21 1995, according to Declaratory Statute
58 to be a part of Great Vitória Metropolitan area (Espírito Santo, 2005).
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GREAT VITÓRIA METROPOLITAN
REGION
Nowadays, Great Vitória Metropolitan Region – RMGV – is formed by the towns
of Cariacica, Vila Velha, Vitória, Serra, Viana, Guarapari and Fundão. Guarapari
entered in the RMGV by the Declaratory Statute 159 from July 8 1999 and
Fundão by the Declaratory Statute 204 from June 21 2001.
Figure 01 highlights the seven towns, but it also allows visualizing the place of
Anchieta and Aracruz, respectively and immediately, to the south and north of
this metropolitan region.
Figure 01 – Great Vitória Metropolitan Region. Source: IJSN, 2009.
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As a characteristic of metropolitan regions, it concentrates a significant portion
of the state population, harboring a total that exceeds 1.600.000 inhabitants
according to the data from demographic census of 2010 (Brasil, 2011).Although
located in the south part of the state, it works as central focus in relation to all
state area being a focal point to investments related to industry, trade and
services and a technological and cultural diffusion vector. Its territorial
dimension occupies 5% of the total area of Espírito Santo, harboring almost half
of the state population.
The population growth rate observed between the years of 2001 and 2006 in
RMGV was of 2,4%, a rate higher than the one from Belo Horizonte, Porto
Alegre, Recife, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo metropolitan area.
Among the municipalities of RMGV, Vitória the state capital is the most
developed in urban and economic terms, although it has the smallest area and
it is the fourth most inhabited town in the region.
As already reported, the RMGV concentrates nowadays in its territory two of
the largest industrial bases in the country, Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão
(CST),located in the municipalities of Vitória and Serra specialized in steel
production and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD), nowadays Vale, an iron ore
pellet plant located in the municipality of Vitória. All this industrial structure
attracted investments related to services, mainly trade and real estate
activities that support the secondary sector.
“The total income generated in the region represents 63% of the total GPD per capita
(R$18.304,23)84% more than the average from the other municipalities in the state.”
(Vescovi; França, 2008).
This development also contributes to a series of negative factors, such as
unequal wealth distribution, air pollution, high violence levels etc… It is known,
according to the data obtained by the Unified Registry of federal programs CADÚNICO -, in 2007, that 20% of the total population of Vitória Metropolitan
Region was living in poverty. There is also a problem related to urbam mobility.
According to the State owned Urban Transportation Company – CETURB – in the
period between 1985 and 2007, the fleet of private cars increased 466% what
did not happen to the public system that only registered a 73% increase. This is
a complex and aggravating situation, even considering the state and municipal
governments recommendations about sorting the metropolitan space and
articulating public policies in education, heath, public safety, sanitation and
assistance, as well as the strategies created by the Metropolitan Development
Council of Great Vitória (COMDEVIT) and its alignment to the Development plan
of Espírito Santo-ES 2025 (Espírito Santo, 2006).
On the other hand, assuming that the RMGV has a huge potential for economic
and urban growth, it can be observed that some impacting investments in the
logistic area, indicated by the ES 2025 Plan (Espírito Santo, 2006) will be able to
stimulate even more the secondary and tertiary sector of this RMGV and the
state coastline.
Among these, some schematic illustrated in figure 02, it is worth mentioning
the following: Southern Coastal railway, doubling North-South road,
enhancement of the longitudinal coastal axis, doubling BR 101 road, Vitória’s
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airport extension and expansion of the ports of Ubu and Barra do Riacho,
modernization of Vitória’s port.
It is important to highlight that many of these accomplishments are still under
study and since the world economic crisis initiated in 2008, may be reduced or
even cancelled. However, to support the increase of the economic activity
expected for the state, the Strategic Logistic and Espírito Santo Transportation
Plan - PELTES – includes investments in various sectors of transportation
(Espírito Santo, 2009).
Figure 02 – Schematic map of the improvement in the transportation infrastructure until
2025, according to ES 2025. Source: Macroplan preparation with data from the Transport
and Planning Ministry, 2005. Preparation: edited by the authors.
It is still worth mentioning that nowadays Espírito Santo stands out in the
national oil sector as a state with a great potential for exploring and producing
oil and natural gas.
In this context it is forecasted that the exploration, extraction, transport and
processing of oil activities will bring deep consequences for the state economy,
taking as a reference the process that happened in the period characterized by
the transition of the agro economy to industrial in the state in earlier decades.
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Petrobras investments in oil and gas production in the state of ES, from 2006 to
2010, were estimated in a total of US$ 6 billion, at a rate of US$ 1,2 billion a
year (Espírito Santo, 2006, v.9, p.25).
Petrobras has also signed a memorandum of intentions with Samarco, a
company located in Anchieta and the Espírito Santo state government to build a
new offshore operation terminal in Ubu.
The state government has announced the intention of reverting the trend of
excessive concentration of wealth and opportunities on the coast, mainly in
RMGV (Espírito Santo, 2006). However, if there is a continuity to the present
economic reality, with economic growth, consolidating the exportation role and
increase in oil exploration (with the growth in revenues from the royalties
specially concentrated on the coast towns) the strengthening of the
municipalities in RMGV is expected as a center of convergence and
dissemination of flows and growth of its municipalities borders, particularly
those by the coast with a high gas and oil production.
So we would draw attention to the possibility of consolidating the metropolitan
expansion to the south and its impacts, being the municipality of Anchieta,
located south of Guarapari, a focal point of interest for locating industrial and
service ventures.
3. ANCHIETA AS THE NEW ESPÍRITO
METROPOLITAN BORDER FRONTIER.
SANTO
SOUTH
Anchieta is among the oldest cities in Espírito Santo and Brazil, established by
Jesuits in the mid sixteenth century. They named the region Reritiba (that in
Tupy language means “ the place of many oisters”) and stayed there until 1759,
when they were expelled from the land by the Portuguese Crown.
Shortly after the removal of the Jesuits, Reritiba became a village and received
a different name: Vila Nova de Benevente. Its occupancy was that of coastal
towns colonized by the Portuguese, that is, virtually facing out.
Only in the nineteenth century, when the coffee agriculture began, the
countryside occupancy began designing a new spatial configuration. All
agricultural production from Alfredo Chaves, a municipality located northeast
from Anchieta, and its vicinities was shipped through the Benevente River and
finally exported by the port that once was used as entrance for immigrants.
Vila Nova de Benevente thrived from the exportation of coffee produced in the
countryside and in 1883 became a town named Anchieta in homage to the one
who is believed to be its founder: the Jesuit priest José de Anchieta. Besides
living in the location for several periods of his life it is the place of his death. In
this context the city is marked by a strong religious culture, having as its
symbol, besides the memory of the priest, now beatified by the Vatican, and by
the church Our Lady of the Assumption from Anchieta, an architectural
monument of special prominence in the landscape and listed by the Institute for
National and Historical Heritage - IPHAN. Annually, during the celebrations of
Corpus Christi there is a pilgrimage called Anchieta’s steps that lasts four days,
from Vitória to Anchieta, an allusion to the route that would have been done by
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the priest.
The prosperity felt by Anchieta, in the last decades of the nineteenth century,
decreased in the second half of the twentieth century. With the construction of
the railway in 1910 connecting Vitória to Cachoeiro do Itapemirim, Anchieta no
longer harbored the port that shipped the coffee from Alfredo Chave’s region
that began to be transported by the railway (Anchieta, 2005).
As already said in the 1970s, Anchieta returned to the state economic scenario
for being the chosen place for setting up the mining company Samarco. It’s a
mining, processing, transport, pelletizing and exporting of iron of the company
that nowadays has the largest share in the GDP in the municipality. The
establishment of the company in 1977 changed the town characteristics.
Data from the mid 2000 indicates that the secondary sector participated with
73,6 % of the composition of the entire municipality GDP. In relation to the GDP
for added value, Anchieta at the time was in eighth place and had the state
biggest per capta GDP (Espírito Santo, 2006), employing only 17% of the
population though. On the other hand, 42% of the population was associated to
the primary sector, accounting for only 1, 32 % of the town’s total GDP.
The agribusiness of Anchieta is characterized by the low use of technology, low
productivity and quality, with the predominance of family farms (85% of the
properties). Tracking the data from the 2000s, it can observed that although
the GDP per capta is of R$ 33.360,00, a number that is superior to the state and
even the one from Vitória, the average monthly income per capta was of R$
227,80 (table 02).This indicates that significant part of the wealth produced in
Anchieta remains in the hands of a small portion of the population, a common
social problem in Brazilian cities characterized by the unequal wealth
distribution.
Following the high GDP per capta, despite the average low monthly income per
capta, Anchieta hopes to increase its economic growth, being nowadays the
focus point of a new development phase, with forecasts of setting an industrial
hub in Ubu, which provides for the construction of a Petrobras port with a gas
processing unit besides the second expansion of Samarco.
Among the Project mentioned by the State Strategic Plan – ES 2025 –, some will
have a direct impact on the economic and urban dynamic of Anchieta, as listed
below: Petrobras new natura gas processing unit, construction of the new south
coast railways, new offshore operations Terminal in Ubu and ongoing expansion
plan by Samarco.
Income per capita
Unit
GDP (in R$1.000,00)
GDP per capita (in
montly income
year 2002
R$1,00) year 2002
year 2000 (in
R$1,00)
Espírito Santo
24.723.000
7.631
289,6
Vitória
6.723.463
22.269
667.7
Anchieta
680.310
33.360
227,8
Table 02 – GDP and income. Source: IJSN.
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The historical case reported here and the foreseen perspectives from the
current state plan – o ES 2025 – allows us to see not only the clear trends of
consolidation of Anchieta in the state capital metropolitan sphere as a
continuation of previous procedures, originated by II PND. The uncomfortable
contrast between the high GDP in the town of Anchieta and the low monthly
inputs of its inhabitants seems to remain as a tendency, taking into
consideration the projects characteristics that will happen directly or indirectly
on the municipality.
Within the projects directly applied to the municipality, it is worth mentioning
the forecast in Anchieta’s municipal master plan for use in connection to the
industrial and services polo, in an area already expropriated by the state
government (Anchieta, 2006. BARBOSA, 2010). The occupancy of the area, still
not settled has been disputed by international companies, but the real
occupancy might be connected to Petrobras. The speculative occupancy of this
area followed by the population via media, has already caused uprising
oscillation in the value of the soil in the municipality, even if it hasn’t become
a reality, any change in the physical characteristics of the place that show real
perspective of the construction of the so mentioned polo.
4. IMPACT AND OTHER PERSPECTIVES
Examining the possibilities for economic activation, some socio-economic
characteristics and Anchieta’s strategic location it can be seen that the possible
impacts and consequences of forecast investments, particularly the ones
related to the industrial and service poles, must intensify existing situations and
expand beyond the municipal context.
The great amount of workers in town due to Samarco and Ubu Port’s structure
and activity characteristic, along the years, has substantially changed the local
real estate dynamic. Because of this differentiated demand, hotels and inns had
their services contracted exclusively by subcontracted firms to host their
employees. The same happens to houses rented continuously for the same
purpose. This procedure is overlapping, as choice, in lieu of renting for
vacationers, once a common procedure in Anchieta as well as all state coast
towns.
As a consequence a change in the social local dynamic can be seen, considering
the fact that the increase in number of temporary workers is interfering in the
manners of using public space, such as squares, the coast line, and the
collective space such as restaurants and snack bars. Situations like these will
remain, and even grow due to expected population increase, due to labor
interest, greater offer for temporary jobs, mainly in the investment
implementation phase and in the operation phase of the projects (ES em ação,
2008, p.34).
An expected increase in the value of the land can also be an indicator, further
stimulating the already existing real estate speculation. This can be illustrated
from the fact that large urban areas belong to Samarco, that keep them out of
the real estate market (BARBOSA, 2010).
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Therefore, besides the increase in real estate value, an urban expansion has
been observed, inherent to Anchieta, taking places outside its urban area, in
coastal districts from the town but specially in the neighboring towns of Piúma,
to the south and Guarapari to the north. The continuity of impacts of such a
nature is something expected. The Strategic Environment Assessment
completed in November 2008, confirms that Anchieta has stronger ties with the
towns from Great Vitória Metropolitan Region (RMGV) than with the rest of the
state (Es em ação, 2008, p.75). The trend indicated by the same document is
that this municipality along with Guarapari and Piúma, will definy a single
territory integrated it to the metropolitan region and that this new territory
(“RMGV enlarged”) will have more important links with foreign markets than
with the rest of the state.
The increased insertion of Anchieta in the metropolitan dynamic is no doubt
bound, among other aspects, to the intensification of its port operations, the
broadening of its specialized services relation with Vitória and its housing and
social services related to housing to Guarapari.
The state and private strategic enthusiasm seems to attribute to Anchieta an
important industrial and logistic function in the state Metropolitan Region, in
order to characterize the visible urban and social impacts as inevitable
consequences of smaller significance in the light of the place economic
potential. The expropriation of a large area of the municipality by the state and
the indication, in the plan, for the same, of use related to the industrial and
service polo confirm the state determination (BARBOSA, 2010).
On the other hand, as one of the oldest places in Espírito Santo and harboring
natural elements such as beaches, cliffs, mangroves, rain forest, lush flora and
fauna and mountainous countryside Anchieta may also, to update its
metropolitan insertion, divulgate and conserve its colonial and historical
heritage, also favoring tourism.
The historical overview that allowed the reflexion on Anchieta’s insertion as the
new metropolitan frontier also permits two digressions briefly presented here,
by means of conclusion but at the same time alluding to the continuity of
studies.
One of them consists in the search of a remote origin of this metropolization ,
in times before the concept of metropolis. The reference remembered
corresponds to the Jesuits occupational strategy in Espírito Santo, in
establishing in Anchieta, a religious enterprise linked to the Jesuit school in the
capitanias’ headquarter, as it was determined to other locations nearby
Vitória. This initial territory occupancy strategy has since defined what the
urban settlement afterward was, followed by great Vitória Metropolitan Region.
The other digression, unlike the first, refers to the future, considering the
accomplishment of the outlined projects and accomplishment of the growth of
industrial and logistic business foreseen for Anchieta.
In view of the contiguous urban occupancy, in several parts of the state south
coast as well as the finding of oil in this region it is possible to establish a link
between this area and the existing and programmed economic ventures in the
north of Rio de Janeiro State.
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The oil related business concerning Campos bay as well as the real estate
business in the north of Rio de Janeiro state let us see expansion vectors in this
state direct to Espírito Santo what may , at any given time or circumstance be
added to the state south coast urban dynamic
In this sense, the perspectives of examining the metropolitan regional potential
defined last year as well as the possibility of a continuous urban seaside along
the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, may act as hypothesis for new
investigations.
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