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Your Professor is Great Your Professor is Great Your Professor is Great Your Professor is Great Your Professor is Great Your Professor is Great Your Professor is Great Your Professor is Great What does “subliminal” really mean? Webster’s New World Dictionary defines it as: adjective, sub (up to) + limen (threshold) + -AL below the threshold of consciousness; specifically, involving stimuli intended to take effect subconsciously through repetition. “Supraliminal” messages are consciously recognized and processed Series vs. Parallel Processing P Series Processing Stimulus Receptor Sensory Processes P Physiological processes underlying phenomenal representation Parallel Processing Stimulus Receptor Physiological processes underlying phenomenal representation X R Sensory Processes Response R Response “Subliminal” concerns & observations have been around for a long time Philosophers: 400 B.C. - Democritus Plato Aristotle Leibniz 1950s - Tachistoscope used in research The Poetzl Effect (1917) - stimuli that did not necessarily affect us during the day can play a bigger or smaller place in our dreams. Types of Subliminals Flashed for a short time Soft sounds Visual embeds Backmasking Accelerated speech James Vicary’s Hoax 1957, James Vicary announced he had developed a subliminal projection machine Tested it in a NJ movie theater Eat Popcorn Drink Coke Claimed sales increases 18% Coke 58% Popcorn Vicary Backpedals 1957- Rep. Dawson asked FCC to get to the bottom of the secret pitch 1958 - Vicary demonstrates subliminal method to members of Congress & FCC Vicary downplayed subliminals, calling them a “mild form of advertising”/“very weak persuader” 1958 - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation attempted its own subliminal persuasion-failed More Subliminal Concerns Wilson Bryan Key wrote three books that increased fear of subliminals Subliminal Seduction: Ad Media’s Manipulation of a Not-So-Innocent America (1973) Media Sexploitation (1977) The Clam-Plate Orgy (1980) “SEX is the most frequently embedded word in the American advertising industry.” 1985 - Judas Priest trial Other Subliminal Claims American Life League (ALL) says that Disney’s recent animated films contain “naughty messages” Religious groups (e.g. The Watchtower Observer) Intentional subliminal messages (tapes, software, etc.) What about the future? • http://www.artistmike.com/Temp/Sublimina lAd.html • http://www.poleshift.org/sublim/ • http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/ Subliminal Glasses US Patent Issued In 1992 You will be happy, you will play perfect ping pong... hey, is it working? You know, the subliminal messages you are getting from your glasses. Subliminal messages are often graphic or word messages flashed in front of you so fast you don't consciously notice them but your subconscious may go, aha! Subliminal messages have long been banned from TV and advertising but who's to say you don't want to subliminate yourself? (We just make the words up as we go along here folks). The Subliminal Glasses come with various graphic messages that you place inside your special subconscious lenses and stare at them all day and all night. The inventor suggests you won't even notice them after a while. So next time you want to cut down on your vices, or smile more or we're not really sure what the message is with that ping pong paddle thing, but next time you want to change your personal behavior, maybe modify your mind and become one with the smiley face, then it's time to stare through your Subliminal Glasses and go to that happier place. Schools of thought regarding Subliminals It works It doesn’t work We don’t have all the data and thus cannot say whether it works or not NOTE: There has been no proof of subliminal effect on behavior Recent findings… Early 2000s: subtler effect than previously thought. 2006: May work in advertising after all, in certain situations. Thirst study (Lipton tea and Simpsons) 2007: May also enhance academic performance. In a 2007 study, researchers flashed students hidden words related or unrelated to intelligence, such as “talent” and “grass,” respectively, before a practice exam. Those who saw the intelligence words performed better on a midterm one to four days later. 2010–2015: Imaging studies have shown that our brain responds to subliminal messages in measurable ways. Activity levels change in the amygdala, which processes emotions, the insula (involved in conscious awareness), the hippocampus (involved in processing memories) and the visual cortex.