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Serial ATA
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SATA
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA, IPA: /ˈseɪtə/,
/ˈsætə/ or 'sɑrtə
) is a computer bus primarily designed for transfer
of data between a computer and mass storage devices such as
hard disk drives and optical drives.
Serial ATA
The main advantages over the older parallel ATA interface are
faster data transfer, ability to remove or add devices while
operating (hot swapping), thinner cables that let air cooling
work more efficiently, and more reliable operation with tighter
data integrity checks.
It was designed as a successor to the legacy Advanced
Technology Attachment standard (ATA), and is expected to
eventually replace the older technology (retroactively renamed
Parallel ATA or PATA). Serial ATA adapters and devices
communicate over a high-speed serial cable.
Contents
1 Advanced Host Controller Interface
2 Features
2.1 Throughput
2.1.1 SATA 1.5 Gbit/s
2.1.2 SATA 3.0 Gbit/s
2.1.2.1 SATA II Misnomer
2.1.3 SATA 6.0 Gbit/s
2.2 Cables and connectors
2.2.1 Data
2.2.2 Power
2.3 Topology
2.4 Encoding
3 External SATA
4 Backward and forward compatibility
4.1 SATA and PATA
4.2 SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 3 Gbit/s
5 Comparisons with other interfaces
5.1 SATA and SCSI
5.2 eSATA in comparison to other external buses
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 External links
First generation (1.5 Gbit/s) SATA
ports on a motherboard
Year created:
2003
Number of
devices:
Capacity
1
Style:
Hotplugging?
External?
1.5 Gbit/s, 3.0
Gbit/s
Serial
Yes
Yes, with
eSATA
Advanced Host Controller Interface
The standard interface for SATA controllers is Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), which allows
advanced features of SATA such as hot plug and Native Command Queuing (NCQ). If AHCI is not
enabled by the motherboard and chipset, SATA controllers typically operate in "IDE emulation" mode
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which does not allow features of devices to be accessed that are not supported by the ATA/IDE standard.
Windows device drivers that are labeled as SATA are usually running in IDE emulation mode unless they
explicitly state that they are AHCI. While the drivers included with Windows XP do not support AHCI,
AHCI has been implemented by proprietary device drivers.[1] Windows Vista and the current versions of
Mac OS X and Linux [1] (http://linux-ata.org/driver-status.html#ahci) have native support for AHCI.
Features
The current SATA specification can support data transfer rates as high as 3.0 Gbit/sec per device. SATA
uses only 4 signal lines; cables are more compact and cheaper than for PATA. SATA supports
hot-swapping and NCQ. There is a special connector (eSATA) specified for external devices, and an
optionally implemented provision for clips to hold internal connectors firmly in place. SATA drives may
be plugged into Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) controllers and communicate on the same physical cable as
native SAS disks, but SATA controllers cannot handle SAS disks.
Throughput
SATA 1.5 Gbit/s
First-generation SATA interfaces, also known as SATA/150 or unofficially as SATA 1, communicate at a
rate of 1.5 gigabits per second (Gbit/s). Taking into account 8b10b coding overhead, the actual uncoded
transfer-rate is 1.2 Gbit/s, or 1,200 megabits per second (Mbit/s). The theoretical burst throughput of
SATA/150 is similar to that of PATA/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ
which improve performance in a multitasking environment. Data transfer rates are limited by mechanical
hard drives themselves, not the interfaces: the fastest modern desktop hard drives transfer data at a
maximum of about 120 MB/s,[2] which is well within the capabilities of even the older PATA/133
specification.
During the initial period after SATA/150's finalization adapter and drive manufacturers used a "bridge
chip" to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface. Bridged drives have a SATA
connector, may include either or both kinds of power connectors, and generally perform identically to
their PATA equivalents. Most lack support for some SATA-specific features such as NCQ. Bridged
products gradually gave way to native SATA products.
SATA 3.0 Gbit/s
Soon after SATA/150's introduction a number of shortcomings were observed. At the application level
SATA could only handle one pending transaction at a time, like PATA; the SCSI interface has long been
able to accept multiple outstanding requests and service them in the order which minimises response
time. This feature, Native Command Queuing (NCQ), was adopted as an optional supported feature for
SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 3.0 Gbit/s devices.
First-generation SATA devices were at best little faster than parallel ATA/133 devices. A 3 Gbit/s
signaling rate was added to the Physical layer (PHY layer), effectively doubling maximum data
throughput from 150 MB/s to 300 MB/s. SATA/300's transfer rate is expected to satisfy drive throughput
requirements for some time, as the fastest desktop hard disks barely saturate a SATA/150 link. A SATA
data cable rated for 1.5 Gbit/s will handle current second-generation SATA 3.0 Gbit/s drives without any
loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance.
Backward compatibility between SATA 1.5 Gbit/s controllers and SATA 3.0 Gbit/s devices was
important, so SATA/300's autonegotiation sequence is designed to fall back to SATA/150 speed (1.5
Gbit/s rate) when in communication with such devices. In practice, some older SATA controllers do not
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properly implement SATA speed negotiation. Affected systems require the user to set the SATA 3.0
Gbit/s peripherals to 1.5 Gbit/s mode, generally through the use of a jumper.[3] Chipsets known to have
this fault include the VIA VT8237 and VT8237R south bridges, and the VIA VT6420 and VT6421L
standalone SATA controllers.[4] SiS's 760 and 964 chipsets also initially exhibited this problem, though it
can be rectified with an updated SATA controller ROM.
This table shows the real speed of SATA 1.5 Gb/s and SATA 3 Gb/s (note the bottom row shows
megabytes per second (MB/s, not Mbit/s):
SATA 1.5 Gbit/s SATA 3 Gbit/s
Frequency
1500 MHz
3000 MHz
Bits/clock
1
1
8b10b encoding 80%
bits/Byte
Real speed
80%
8
8
150 MB/s
300 MB/s
SATA II Misnomer
The 3.0 Gbit/s specification has been widely referred to as "Serial ATA II" ("SATA II" or "SATA2"),
contrary to the wishes of the Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) which defines the
standard. SATA II was originally the name of a committee defining updated SATA standards, of which
the 3 Gbit/s standard was just one. However since it was among the most prominent features defined by
the former SATA II committee, the name SATA II became synonymous with the 3 Gbit/s standard, so
the group has since changed names to the Serial ATA International Organization, or SATA-IO, to avoid
further confusion.
SATA 6.0 Gbit/s
SATA's roadmap includes plans for a 6.0 Gbit/s standard. In current PCs, SATA 3.0 Gbit/s already
greatly exceeds the sustainable (non-burst) transfer rate of even the fastest hard disks. The 6.0 Gbit/s
standard is useful right now in combination with port multipliers, which allow multiple drives to be
connected to a single Serial ATA port, thus sharing the port's bandwidth with multiple drives.[5]
Solid-state drives such as RAM disks may also one day make use of the faster transfer rate.
Cables and connectors
Connectors and cables are the most visible difference between SATA and Parallel ATA drives. Unlike
PATA, the same connectors are used on 3.5-in (90 mm) SATA hard disks for desktop and server
computers and 2.5-in (70 mm) disks for portable or small computers; this allows 2.5" drives to be used in
desktop computers without the need for adapters.
Both SATA power and connectors have been criticized for their fragility and poor robustness — the thin
plastic tops of the connectors (see power connector picture at left) can easily break due to shearing force
when the user pulls the plug at a non-orthogonal angle, as can the connectors on drives they connect to.
In the case of a broken connector on a hard drive, this could result in a complete loss of access to all data
stored on the drive.
Data
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The SATA standard defines a data cable with seven conductors (3 grounds
and 4 active data lines in two pairs) and 8 mm wide wafer connectors on
each end. SATA cables can be up to 1 m (39 in) long, and connect one
motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA ribbon cables, in
comparison, connect one motherboard socket to up to two hard drives,
carry either 40- or 80-conductor wires, and are limited to 45 cm (18 in) in
length by the PATA specification (however, cables up to 90 cm (36 in) are
readily available). Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in
closed spaces and reduce obstructions to air cooling. They are more
susceptible to accidental unplugging and breakage than PATA, but cables
can be purchased that have a 'locking' feature, whereby a small (usually
metal) spring holds the plug in the socket.
Pin #
Function
Ground
2
A+
3
A-
4
Ground
5
B-
6
B+
7
Ground
Parallel ATA uses single-ended signalling. In this system, the noise
combines with the data signal during the signal transmission. Noise causes
significant interference with the data signal at higher speeds. In order to
reduce the noise interference, the driving voltage of Parallel ATA is as
high as 5 V. Although the higher voltage can reduce the noise
interference, the 5 V is too high for modern high speed silicon devices.
Thus the fabrication cost of driving ICs is higher, and the speed is limited
in comparison to low voltage silicon ICs.
1
A 7-pin Serial ATA data cable.
In comparison, SATA systems use differential signaling. In this system, it is easy to filter out the noise
from the data signal at the receiving end. The higher noise rejection allows the SATA system to use only
500 mV peak-to-peak differential voltage to carry the signal at higher speeds without distortion or noise
interference.
Compared with the 5 V driving voltage in PATA ribbon cables, the 0.5 V in SATA cables in theory
make the SATA system much more power efficient. However most SATA chipsets need significantly
more power than PATA chipsets, due to the faster required encoding per wire.
Power
The SATA standard also specifies a new power connector. Like the
data cable, it is wafer-based, but its wider 15-pin shape prevents
accidental misidentification and forced insertion of the wrong
connector type. Native SATA devices favor the SATA
power-connector over the old four-pin Molex connector (found on
all PATA equipment), although some SATA drives retain older
4-pin Molex. The seemingly large number of pins are used to
supply three different voltages: 3.3 V, 5 V, and 12 V. Each voltage
is supplied by three pins ganged together, while ground is provided
by five pins. Each pin should be able to provide 1.5 A. Pin 11 is
used in newer drives for staggered spinup. The supply pins are
ganged together because the small pins by themselves cannot
supply sufficient current for some devices. One pin from each of
the three voltages is also used for hotplugging.
Pin #
Function
1–3
3.3V
4–6
Ground
7–9
5V
10
Ground
11
Staggered spinup
(in supporting drives)
12
Ground
13–15 12V
Adaptors are available to convert a 4-pin Molex connector to a
SATA power connector. However, because the 4-pin Molex
connectors do not provide 3.3 V power, these adapters provide
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only 5 V and 12 V power and leave the 3.3 V lines unconnected.
A 15-pin Serial ATA power connector.
This precludes the use of such adapters with drives that require 3.3
V power. Understanding this, drive manufacturers have largely left
the 3.3 V power lines unused. However, without 3.3 V power, the SATA device may not be able to
implement hotplugging as mentioned in the previous paragraph.
Topology
SATA is a point to point architecture. The connection between the
controller and the storage device is direct.
In a modern PC system, the SATA controller is usually found on the
motherboard, or installed in a PCI slot. Some SATA controllers have
multiple SATA ports and can be connected to multiple storage devices.
There are also port expanders which allow multiple storage devices to be
connected to a single SATA controller port.
Encoding
SATA topology: host –
expansor - device
These high-speed transmission protocols use a logic encoding known as
8b10b. The signal is sent using Non-return to Zero (NRZ) encoding with
Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS).
In the 8b10b encoding the synchronizing signal is included in the data sequence. This technique is
known as Clock Data Recovery, because it doesn't use a separate synchronizing signal. Instead, it uses the
serial signal's 0 to 1 transitions to recover the clock signal.
External SATA
Standardized in mid-2004, eSATA defined separate cables, connectors,
and revised electrical requirements for external applications:
Minimum transmit potential increased: Range is 500–600 mV
instead of 400–600 mV.
Minimum receive potential decreased: Range is 240–600 mV
instead of 325–600 mV.
The official eSATA logo
Identical protocol and logical signaling (link/transport-layer and
above), allowing native SATA devices to be deployed in external
enclosures with minimal modification
Maximum cable length of 2 m (USB and FireWire allow longer distances.)
The external cable connector is a shielded version of the connector specified in SATA 1.0a with
these basic differences:
The External connector has no “L” shaped key, and the guide features are vertically offset and
reduced in size. This prevents the use of unshielded internal cables in external applications.
To prevent ESD damage, the insertion depth is increased from 5mm to 6.6mm and the contacts are
mounted further back in both the receptacle and plug.
To provide EMI protection and meet FCC and CE emission requirements, the cable has an extra
layer of shielding, and the connectors have metal contact points.
There are springs as retention features built into the connector shield on both the top and bottom
surfaces.
The external connector and cable are designed for over five thousand insertions and removals
while the internal connector is only specified to withstand fifty.
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Aimed at the consumer market, eSATA enters an external storage market
already served by the USB and FireWire interfaces. Most external hard
disk drive cases with FireWire or USB interfaces use either PATA or
SATA drives and "bridges" to translate between the drives' interfaces and
the enclosures' external ports, and this bridging incurs some inefficiency.
Some single disks can transfer almost 120 MB/s during real use,[2] more
than twice the maximum transfer rate of USB 2.0 or FireWire 400 (IEEE
1394a) and well in excess of the maximum transfer rate of FireWire 800,
though the S3200 FireWire 1394b spec reaches ~400 MB/s. Finally,
some low-level drive features, such as S.M.A.R.T., may not be available
through USB or FireWire bridging.[6] eSATA does not suffer from these
issues.
It is likely that eSATA co-exists with USB 2.0 and FireWire external
storage for several reasons. As of early 2008 the vast majority of
mass-market computers have USB ports and many computers and
consumer electronic appliances have FireWire ports, but few devices
have external SATA connectors. For small form-factor devices (such as
external 2.5" (70 mm) disks), a PC-hosted USB or FireWire link supplies
sufficient power to operate the device. Where a PC-hosted port is
concerned, eSATA connectors cannot supply power, and would
therefore be more cumbersome to use.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ATA
SATA (left) and eSATA (right)
connectors
HDMI, Ethernet, and eSATA
ports on a Sky HD Digibox
As of 2007, an eSATA external drive enclosure will typically ship with a
passive eSATA-to-SATA bracket/cable-adapter to install on desktops that lack an eSATA port or that
need another. Desktops can also be upgraded with the installation of an eSATA host bus adapter (HBA),
while notebooks can be upgraded with Cardbus[7] or ExpressCard[8] versions of an eSATA HBA. With
passive adapters the maximum cable length is reduced to 1 meter due to the absence of compliant eSATA
signal levels. Full SATA speed for external disks (115 MB/s) have been measured with external RAID
enclosures.
From the second half of 2008, SATA-IO expects eSATA to provide power to eSATA devices without the
need for a separate power connection. In a news release from 2008-01-14, SATA-IO calls it the "Power
Over eSATA initiative."[9]
eSATA may be of interest to the enterprise and server market, which has already standardized on the
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) interface, because of its hotplug capability and low price .
Note: Prior to the final eSATA specification, there were a number of products designed for external
connections of SATA drives. Some of these use the internal SATA connector or even connectors
designed for other interface specifications, such as FireWire. These products are not eSATA compliant.
The final eSATA specification features a specific connector designed for rough handling, similar to the
regular SATA connector, but with reinforcements in both the male and female sides, inspired by the USB
connector. It's harder to unplug, and can withstand yanking or wiggling which would break a male
SATA connector (the hard drive or host adapter, usually fitted inside the computer). With an eSATA
connector considerably more force is needed to damage the connector, and if it does break it is likely to
be the female side, on the cable itself, which is relatively easy to replace.
Backward and forward compatibility
SATA and PATA
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At the device level, SATA and PATA devices are completely incompatible—they cannot be
interconnected. At the application level, SATA devices are specified to look and act like PATA
devices.[10] In early motherboard implementations of SATA, backward compatibility allowed SATA
drives to be used as drop-in replacements for PATA drives, even without native (driver-level) support at
the operating system level.
The common heritage of the ATA command set has enabled the proliferation of low-cost PATA to
SATA bridge-chips. Bridge chips were widely used on PATA drives (before the completion of native
SATA drives) as well as standalone ‘dongles’. When attached to a PATA drive, a device-side dongle
allows the PATA drive to function as a SATA drive. Host-side dongles allow a motherboard PATA port
to function as a SATA host port.
Powered enclosures are available for both PATA and SATA drives, which interface to the PC through
USB, Firewire or eSATA, with the restrictions noted above. PCI cards with a SATA connector exist that
allow SATA drives to connect to legacy systems without SATA connectors.
SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 3 Gbit/s
SATA is designed to be backward and forward compatible with future revisions of the SATA
standard.[11]
According to the hard drive manufacturer Maxtor, motherboard host controllers using the VIA and SIS
chipsets VT8237, VT8237R, VT6420, VT6421L, SIS760, SIS964 found on the ECS 755-A2 which was
manufactured in 2003, do not support SATA 3 Gbit/s drives. To address interoperability problems, the
largest hard drive manufacturer Seagate/Maxtor have added a user-accessible jumper-switch known as
the Force 150, to switch between 150 MB/s and 300 MB/s operation.[3] Users with a SATA 1.5 Gbit/s
motherboard with one of the listed chipsets should either buy an ordinary SATA 1.5 Gbit/s hard disk,
buy a SATA 3 Gbit/s hard disk with the user-accessible jumper, or buy a PCI or PCI-E card to add full
SATA 3 Gbit/s capability and compatibility. Western Digital uses jumper setting called "OPT1 Enabled"
to force 150 MB/s data transfer speed.
Comparisons with other interfaces
SATA and SCSI
SCSI currently offers transfer rates higher than SATA, but is a more complex bus usually resulting in
higher manufacturing cost. Some drive manufacturers offer longer warranties for SCSI devices,
however, indicating a possibly higher manufacturing quality control of SCSI devices compared to
PATA/SATA devices. SCSI buses also allow connection of several drives (using multiple channels, 7 or
15 on each channel), whereas SATA allows one drive per channel, unless using a port multiplier.
SATA 3.0 Gbit/s offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB/s per device compared to SCSI with a
maximum of 320 MB/s. Also, SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than SATA drives
because of disconnect-reconnect and aggregating performance. SATA devices are generally compatible
with SAS enclosures and adapters, while SCSI devices cannot be directly connected to a SATA bus.
SCSI, SAS and FC drives are typically more expensive so they are traditionally used in servers and disk
arrays where the added cost is justifiable. Inexpensive ATA and SATA drives evolved in the home
computer market, hence the general opinion is that they are less reliable. As those two worlds started to
overlap, the subject of reliability became somewhat controversial. It is worth noting that generally a disk
drive has a low failure rate because of increased quality of its heads, platters and supporting
manufacturing processes, not because of having a certain interface.
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eSATA in comparison to other external buses
Raw
bandwidth
(Mbit/s)
Transfer
speed
(MB/s)
SAS
3000
375
8
No
4
eSATA
3000
375
2
No[12]
15 (with port
multiplier)
SATA 300
3000
375
1
No
15 (with port
multiplier)
SATA 150
1500
187.5
1
No
1 per line
PATA 133
1064
133
0.46 (18 inches)
No
2
FireWire
3200
3144
393
100; alternate cables
available for 100m+
15 W,
12–25 V
63 (with hub)
FireWire
800
786
98.25
100[13]
15 W,
12–25 V
63 (with hub)
FireWire
400
393
49.13
4.5[13][14]
15 W,
12–25 V
63 (with hub)
USB 2.0
480
60
5 [15]
2.5 W, 5 V
127 (with
hub)
USB 3.0
4800
600
TBD (To Be Determined),
uses new cabling integrating
fiber optics with copper
2.5 W, 5 V
127 (with
hub)
Ultra-320
SCSI
2560
320
12
No
16
Fibre
Channel
over copper
cable
4000
400
12
No
126
(16777216
with switches)
Fibre
Channel
over fiber
10520
2000
2–50000
No
126
(16777216
with switches)
No
1 with Point
to point
Many with
switched
fabric
Name
Infiniband
12X
Quad-rate
Max. cable length (m)
Power
provided
5 (copper)[16][17]
120000
12000
<10000 (fiber)
Devices per
Channel
Unlike PATA, both SATA and eSATA are designed to support hot-swapping. However, this feature
requires proper support at the host, device (drive), and operating-system level. In general, all
SATA/devices (drives) support hot-swapping (due to the requirements on the device-side), but requisite
support is less common on SATA host adapters.
USB allows hot-swapping; this is supported by virtually every current operating system. However,
USB-based storage hardware can infrequently sustain data loss when disconnected. This problem exists
with media players and digital cameras using flash memory as well as mobile 2.5-inch USB hard drives.
Firmware damage and data loss can occasionally result from unclean spin-downs and power loss when
the drive or device is removed from the USB port without first initiating a device shutdown via the
computer's operating system.[18]
SCSI devices with SCA-2 connectors are designed for hot-swapping. Many server and RAID systems
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provide hardware support for transparent hot-swapping. The SCSI standard prior to SCA-2 connectors
was not designed for hot-swapping, but, in practice, most RAID implementations support hot-swapping
of hard disks.
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is designed for swapping.
See also
Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI)
AT Attachment (ATA)
Compare SATA Bandwidth
Compare eSATA Bandwidth
Native Command Queuing (NCQ)
List of device bandwidths
Notes and references
1. ^ Intel Matrix Storage Technology (http://www.intel.com/support/chipsets/imst/sb/CS-020825.htm) . Intel
Support.
2. ^ a b Samsung Spinpoint F1 HDDs: New Winners?
(http://www.tomshardware.com/2007/11/21/samsung_overtakes_with_a_bang/page9.html) . Tom's Hardware.
3. ^ a b Barracuda 7200.10 SATA (http://www.seagate.com/support/disc/sata/st3250620as.html) Seagate.
4. ^ Service and Support (http://wdc.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/wdc.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=1337) Western
Digital.
5. ^ Serial ATA Port Multiplier Technology (http://www.sata-io.org/portmultiplier.asp) . SATA-IO. Retrieved on
2007-07-12.
6. ^ Questions about the indicators of health/performance (in percent) (http://www.hddlife.com/eng/faq.html) .
HDDlife. Retrieved on 2007-08-29.
7. ^ CardBus SATA adapter (http://www.addonics.com/products/host_controller/adcb2sa-e.asp)
8. ^ ExpressCard SATA adapter (http://www.addonics.com/products/host_controller/adexc34-2e.asp)
9. ^ SATA-IO's Powered eSATA press release (http://www.sata-io.org/documents/eSATAp_PR_FINAL_001.pdf)
10. ^ A comparison with Ultra ATA Technology
(http://www.sata-io.org/docs/Serialata%20-%20a%20comparison%20with%20Ultra%20ATA%20Technology.pdf)
(PDF). SATA-IO. Retrieved on 2007-07-12.
11. ^ Serial ATA - Next Generation Storage Interface
(http://www.hitachigst.com/hdd/technolo/SerialATA_white_paper.htm) Hitachi Global Storage Technologies.
12. ^ SATA-IO states power will be added by 2009
13. ^ a b FireWire Developer Note: FireWire Concepts
(http://developer.apple.com/documentation/HardwareDrivers/Conceptual/HWTech_FireWire/Articles/FireW_concepts.html
. Apple Developer Connection.
14. ^ 16 cables can be daisy chained up to 72 m
15. ^ USB hubs can be daisy chained up to 25 m
16. ^ Minich, Makia (2007-06-25). Infiniband Based Cable Comparison
(http://download.intel.com/design/network/products/optical/cables/ornl.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-02-11.
17. ^ Feldman, Michael. "Optical Cables Light Up InfiniBand (http://www.hpcwire.com/hpc/1729056.html) ",
HPCwire, Tabor Publications & Events, 2007-07-17, pp. 1. Retrieved on 2008-02-11.
18. ^ USB 2.0 Storium Drive
(http://www.hbe.co.kr/english/download/download_file/HSD314PN_en_manual_v04.pdf#page=6) HANBiT
Electronics Company.
External links
Serial ATA International Organization ( SATA-IO ) (http://www.sata-io.org/)
"SATA-1" specification, as a zipped pdf; Serial ATA: High Speed Serialized AT Attachment,
Revision 1.0a, 7-January-2003 (http://www.sata-io.org/docs/serialata10a.zip) .
Errata and Engineering Change Notices to above "SATA-1" specification, as a zip of pdfs
(http://www.sata-io.org/docs/10a_ECN.zip)
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Dispelling the Confusion: SATA II does not mean 3Gb/s
(http://www.sata-io.org/namingguidelines.asp)
SATA-IO White Paper - External SATA (eSATA)
(http://www.sata-io.org/docs/External%20SATA%20WP%2011-09.pdf)
PDF (502 KiB)
SATA motherboard connector pinout (http://pinouts.ru/HD/serialATA_pinout.shtml)
AHCI/RAID Intel® Matrix Storage Technology: Unattended installation instructions under
Windows XP (http://www.intel.com/support/chipsets/imst/sb/CS-020825.htm)
Intel® Matrix Storage Manager: How do I install an operating system on single serial ATA hard
drive? (http://support.intel.com/support/chipsets/imsm/sb/CS-021736.htm)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA"
Categories: Serial ATA | Computer buses
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