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Available online at http://www.urpjournals.com International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved Original Article TRADITIONALLY USING ANTIDIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS IN TAMIL NADU. B.JAYAPRASAD, D.THAMAYANDHI and P.S.SHARAVANAN* Department of Botany, Annamalai University Chidamabaram, Tamil Nadu, INDIA E-mail id- [email protected] Mobile No- 9443939852 Received 28 June 2011; accepted 22 July 2011 Abstract Herbal medicine is gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin. The herbal drugs with antidiabetic activity are yet to be commercially formulated as modern medicines, even though they have been acclaimed for their therapeutic properties in the traditional systems of medicine. The present article gives a brief idea about diabetes mellitus and its treatment by using herbal remedies. A survey have been done in various place of Tamilnadu and communicated with the traditional healers, Siddha and Ayurvedha doctors, regarding the herbs that control diabetes. List of those medicinal plants and their common name, botanical name, family and various uses has been discussed in this article. This article may help the forth coming researcher’s work in diabetes. © 2011 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved Key words: Antidiabetic, Medicinal plants, Traditional healers, Diabetes and its types. Introduction: In the last few years there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and these drugs are gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin. Many traditional medicines in use are derived from medicinal plants, minerals and organic matter (7). Number of medicinal plants, traditionally used for over 1000 years named rasayana are present in herbal preparations of Indian traditional health care systems (16). In Indian systems of medicine most practitioners formulate and dispense their own recipes (17). The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed 21,000 plants, which are used for medicinal purposes around the World. Among these 2,500 species are in India, out of which 150 species are used commercially on a fairly large scale. India is the largest producer of medicinal herbs and is called as Botanical garden of the World (17 a). Ayurvedha and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in treatment of various human ailments. India has about 45,000 plant species and among them, several thousands have been claimed to possess medicinal properties. Research conducted in last few decades on plants mentioned in ancient literature are used traditionally for diabetes has shown anti-diabetic property. It is estimated by World Health Organization (WHO) that at least 80% of human population rely on traditional systems of medicine 1 for their primary health needs and these systems are largely medicinal plant based. The rich Indian plant wealth has made a good contribution to the development of ancient Materia Medica (11). Today traditional societies throughout the World possesses a wealth of indigenous knowledge which they have accumulated during prolonged interactions with the nature, which remains fundamental to their physical, spiritual and social well being (2). Ethno botanists, throughout the World are busy to collect, document and conserve the indigenous medicinal plants. In the last two decades, many reports on medicinal plants used to cure different common as well as severe diseases have been published from the various states of India (1). Diabetes: Diabetes is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism characterized by increased fasting and post prandial blood sugar levels. The global prevalence of diabetes is estimated to increase from 4% in 1995 to 5.4% by the year 2025. WHO has predicted that the major burden will occur in developing countries. Studies conducted in India in the last decade have highlighted that not only the prevalence of diabetes high but also that it is increasing rapidly in the urban population (15). It is estimated that there are approximately 33 million adults with diabetes in India. This number is likely to increase to 57.2 million by the year 2025. Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8 disorder resulting from either insulin insufficiency or insulin dysfunction. Most of the food we eat is broken down into simple sugar called glucose. This glucose is the main source of fuel to get energy for the body. After digestion the glucose reaches our blood stream where it is available for body cells to utilize for energy. But insulin is needed for the glucose to get into the cells. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. It is the duty of the pancreas to secrete the adequate amount of insulin, to transport glucose from blood into different cells of the body. If the said pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the produced insulin does not work properly, the glucose cannot get into the body cells. So glucose stays in the blood. This makes blood sugar level become high causing diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disorder of metabolism in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger). Types of Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is sometimes called Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), immune-mediated or juvenileonset diabetes. It is caused by an auto-immune reaction where the body’s defense system attacks the insulinproducing cells. This disease can affect people of any age, but usually occurs in children or young adults. People with this form of diabetes need injections of insulin every day in order to control the levels of glucose in their blood. Typeu2cdiabetes is sometimes called Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes, and accounts for at least 90% of all cases of diabetes. It is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, either of which may be present at the time that diabetes becomes clinically manifest. The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes usually occurs after the age of 40 but can occur earlier, especially in populations with high diabetes prevalence. It is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired beta cell function. Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a form of diabetes consisting of high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. It develops in one among 25 pregnancies worldwide and is associated with complications in the period immediately before and after birth. GDM usually disappears after pregnancy but women with GDM and their offspring are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Approximately half of women with a history of GDM go on to develop type 2 diabetes within five to ten years after delivery. Herbs for diabetes treatment are not new. Since ancient times, plants and plant extracts were used to combat diabetes. Though pathophysiology of diabetes remains to be fully understood, experimental evidences suggest the involvement of free radicals in the pathogenesis of diabetes (10) and more importantly in the development of diabetic complications (9). Free radicals are capable of damaging cellular molecules, DNA, proteins and lipids leading to altered cellular functions. Many recent studies reveal 2 that antioxidants capable of neutralizing free radicals are effective in preventing experimentally induced diabetes in animal models (12) as well as reducing the severity of diabetic complications. For the development of diabetic complications, the abnormalities produced in lipids and proteins are the major etiologic factors. In diabetic patients, extra-cellular and long lived proteins, such as elastin, laminin, and collagen are the major targets of free radicals. These proteins are modified to form glycoproteins due to hyperglycemia. The modification of these proteins present in tissues such as lens, vascular wall and basement membranes are associated with the development of complications of diabetes such as cataracts, microangiopathy, atherosclerosis and nephropathy (8). During diabetes, lipoproteins are oxidized by free radicals. There are also multiple abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL),low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in diabetes. Lipid peroxidation is enhanced due to increased oxidative stress in diabetic condition. Apart from this, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed by non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins. AGEs tend to accumulate on long-lived molecules in tissues and generate abnormalities in cell and tissue functions (6). In addition, AGEs also contribute to increased vascular permeability in both micro and macrovascular structures by binding to specific macrophage receptors. This results in formation of free radicals and endothelial dysfunction. AGEs are also formed on nucleic acids and histones and may cause mutations and altered gene expression. As diabetes is a multifactorial disease leading to several complications, and therefore demands a multiple therapeutic approach. Patients of diabetes either do not make enough insulin or their cells do not respond to insulin. In case of total lack of insulin, patients are given insulin injections. Whereas in case of those where cells do not respond to insulin many different drugs are developed taking into consideration possible disturbances in carbohydrate-metabolism. Although several therapies are in use for treatment, there are certain limitations due to high cost and side effects such as development of hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver toxicity etc (5). Based on recent advances and involvement of oxidative stress in complicating diabetes mellitus, efforts are on to find suitable antidiabetic and antioxidant therapy. Medicinal plants are being looked up once again for the treatment of diabetes. To date, over 400 traditional plant treatments for diabetes have been reported, although only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. The hypoglycemic effect of some herbal extracts has been confirmed in human and animal models of type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization Expert Committee on diabetes has recommended that traditional medicinal herbs be further investigated. A survey have been done in various place of tamilnadu and communicated with the traditional healers, Siddha and Ayurvedha doctors, regarding the herbs that control diabetes. List of those medicinal plants are given in this article. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8 Materials and method In this article we have collected information from traditional healers, Siddha and Ayurvedha doctors all over Tamil nadu regarding herbs that can control diabetes. List of those plants with their various therapeutic activity have been given below. Vernacular name S.no Botanical name Family Extracts of the plant parts used 1. Devil’s cotton Abroma augusta Stericulaceae Young fruit 2. Thuthi Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Seeds 3. Velvellam Acacia leucophloea Mimosaceae Resin 4. Nauruvi Achyranthus aspera Amaranthaceae Root 5. Aanaipuli Actinodaphne hookeri Amaranthaceae Leaf 6. Mayil kondai Adiantum incisum Adiantaceae Whole plant 7. Malati Aganosma calycina Apocynaceae 8. Konda vagai Albizia procera Mimosaceae Whole plant Leaves, Flower and Pod. 10. Garlic Allium sativum Lilliaceae Bulb 11. Indian alder Alnus nepalensis Betulaceae Stem bark 12. Onion Allium cepa Lilliaceae Bulb 13. Sitharathai Alpinia calcarata Zingiberaceae Root 14. Periya elakkai Amomum subulatum Zingiberaceae Rhizome 15. Gopuramthangi Andrographis echioides Acanthaceae Whole plant 16. Vellaikadamba Anthocephalus chinensis Rubiaceae Stem bark 17. Nilavembu Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Leaf and seed 18. Thalaisuruli Aristolochia indica Aristolochiaceae Leaf 19. Niirbrahmi Bacopa monnieri Scrophulariaceae Whole plant 3 Local and therapeutic uses Uterine tonic, Emmenagogue, Urinary trouble and Bronchitis. Cough and Fever. Astringent, Cough and Inflammation. Kidney stone, Piles, Haemorrhagia, Diuretic and Snake bite. Diaphoretic, Antipyretic and Dysentry. Asthma, Antibiotic, Spasmogenic and Skin disease. Bile disorder. Liver disorder. Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Rheumatism and Bronchitis. Hypoglycemic and Spasmogenic. Anti malarial, Antirheumatic, Antibacterial, Appetizer and Night blindness. Skin disease, Rheumatism and Bronchitis. Antifungal, Stimulant and Purgative. Diuretic and Jaundice. Dyspepsia and Anthelmentic. Chikenguinea, Swine flu and Typhoid. Liver disorder. Tranquilizer, Muscular relaxant, International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8 20. Calcutta cane Bambusa nutans Poaceae Whole plant 21. Janti Barleria cristata Acanthaceae Whole plant 22 Hinjor Barrington acutangula Lecythidaceae Root 23. Kadalthengai Barringtonia racemosa Barringtoniaceae Seed 24. Indian Barberry Berberis aristata Berberidaceae Root 25. Jhallapustipa Biophytum sensitivum Oxalidaceae Leaf 26. Pissumar Boenninghausenia albiflora Rutaceae Whole plant 27. Kungli Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Stem and root 28. Kottargovai Casearia zeylanica Samydaceae Root 29. Avaram Cassia auriculata Caesalpiniaceae Seed 30. Konnei Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Stem bark 31. Sarakonrai Cassia fistula Caeslpinaceae Bark 32 Mudakathan Cardiospermum halicabium Sapindaceae Leaf Ponaavarai Cassia siameae Caesalpiniaceae Tender leaves 34. Nithyakalyani Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Leaves and flower 35. Devadaru Cedrus deodara Pinaceae Bark 36. Carab tree Ceratonia siliqua Caesalpiniaceae Pods 37. Kovai Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceaae Fruit and leaf 33. 4 Antispasmodic, Spasmogenic and Anticancer. Anticancer and Hypoglycemic. Anaemic, Cough, Inflammations and Spasmogenic. Cholera, Tooth ache, Liver trouble and Antiprotozoal. Insecticide, Antimalarial and Antidote. Eye complaint, Bile disorder and Anticancer. Antibacterial, Rheumatism and Ant excitement. Insecticide, Antibacterial and Spasmogenic. Epilepsy, Leucoderma and Snake bite. Astringent, Cathartic and Piles. Astringent, Skin disease, Anthelmentic and Opthalmia. Purgative, Skin disease, Antiviral, Anticancer and Antifungal. Diabetes and Liver disorder. Hypotensive, Spasmolytic, Depressant and Antibacterial. Purgative, Intestinal worms and Anticonvulsant. Anticancer. Anticancer, Astringent and Diarrhea. Purgative and Astringent. Skin disease, Fever and Asthma. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8 38. Maramaneal Coscinium fenestratum Menispermaceae Stem 39. Mavilangam Cretaeva nurvala Capparaceae Root leaves Bark flowers 40. Kilu killupai Nillapanaikilang u Crotalaria retusa Fabaceae Aerial parts. Anti inflammatory, Anodyne and Ophthalmic. Antilithic, Anti-inflammatory and Antiseptic. Skin disease. Curculigo orchiodes Hypoxidaceae Rhizome Gastric Problem. 41. 42. Jeeragam Cuminum cyminum Apiaceae Seeds 43. Mull Vellarikai Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Fruit 44. Nilapani Curculigo orchiodes Hypoxdaceae Whole plant 45. Arugampull Cynodon dacytylon Poaceae Grass 46. Karungalli Diospyras ebenum Ebenaceae Leaf 47. 48. Punnukilangu Kavalakodi Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscorea oppositifolia Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Aerial Parts Whole plant 49. Karisilangani Eclipta alba Asteraceae Leaves and root 50. Nellikai Euphorbiaceae Fruits 51. Vellarugu Gentianaceae Leaf and seeds Antioxidant. 52.. Maavilangam Emblica officinalis Enecostema hyssopitolium Eretaeva nurvala Carminative, Digestive and Appetizer. Whooping cough. Filarial, Venereal disease and Anticancer. Gastric ulcer, Bleeding, Convulsion, Diuretic, Skin disease and Asthma. Improves nutrition and Appetizer. Antifungal. Skin disease. Skin disease and Eye problem. Blood Purifier. Capparaceae Root 53. Lavangam Eugenia aromatic 54. Thillai chedi Excoecaria agallocha Euphorbiaceae Root Skin disease. Pain killer, Carminative and Anthelmentic. Sores , Leprosy, Anticancer, Antibacterial and Antiviral. 55. Aalamaram Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Leaf, root and bark 56. Vendhayam Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae Seeds 57. Sarkarai kolli Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae Leaves 58. Sembaruthi Hibiscus rosa sinensis Malvaceae Flower 59. Kudasapalai Holarrhena pubscens Apocynaceae Seed 60. 61. Dharbai pull Pushkaramulam Sarkaravalikilang u Imperata cylindrical Inula racemosa Poaceae Asteraceae Stem and Roots Roots Stomach disorder and Cooling agent. Diabetes and Liver disorder. Hair growth and Increase memory. Anthelmentic, Diarrhea and Skin disease. Cooling agent. Skin disease. Ipomoea batatas Convolvulaceae Roots and tubers Food supplement. 63. Avarakai Lablab purpureus Fabaceae Seeds 64. Odhiya maram Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Bark 62. 5 Bark Tooth aches. Anticholesterolemic and Antidote. Anticancer, International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8 65. Aarakeerai Marsilia quadrifilia Myrsiliaceae Leaves 66. Vembu Melia azadiracta Meliaceae Leaves 67.. Thotachurungi Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Leaf and stem 68. Karuvepilai Murraya koenigii Rutaceae Leaf and Bark 69. Puunaikaalli Mucena pruriens Fabaceae Leaves 70. Sadhipathiri Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Seeds 71. Jadhipathiri Myristica fragrsans Myristicaceae Root 72. Mahavilvam Naringi crenulata Rutaceae Leaf 73. Venthamarai Nelumbium album Nelumbonceae Flower and leaf 74. Pugayilai Nicotiana tobacum Solanaceae Leaf 75. Thulasi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Leaves 76. Nayi thulasi Ocimum americanum Lamiaceae Leaves 77. Elumicham thulasi Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae Leaves 78. Kasakasa Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae Bark 79. 80. 81. Peramutti Keezhanelli Devadaru Pavonia colorata Phyllanthus amarus Pinus roxburghii Malvaceae Euphorbiaceae Pinaceae Root Root and seeds Leaf 82. Thipilli Piper longum Piperaceae Rhizome 83. Siriyanangai Polygala chinensis Polygalaceae Leaf 84. Madhulai Punica granatum Puniceae Leaf and fruit husk 85. Maasikai Quercus infectoria Fabaceae Seed husk 86. Kadal alinjil Salacia chinensis Hippocrateaceae Leaf 87. Sarkaraivembu Scoparia dutcis Scophularaceae Leaf 88. Paadhiri Stereospermum personatum Bignoniaceae Root 89. 90. Thetrankottai Naval Strychnos potatotum Syzigium cumini Strchnaceae Myrtaceae Seeds Seed and leaves 6 Narcotic, Dyspepsia and Gout. Food supplement. Stimulant, Insecticide, Leprosy and Antibacterial. Antidepressant and Skin disease. Hair growth and Skin disease. Parkinson’s disease, Stimulates growth and hormone. Skin disease, Aphrodisiac and Rheumatism. Antioxidant. Body pain, Colic and Dysentery. Abdominal cramps and Bloody discharge. Anesthetic. Cough , Cold and Fever. Mosquito repellent and Antibacterial. Flavour. Analgesic, Anodyne and Antitussive. Apetizer. Jaundice. Stomach disorder. Stomach ache and Bronchitis. Expectorant and Stimulant. Blood purifier and Skin infection. Wound and Anti-inflammatory. Rheumatism, Gonorrhea and Skin disease. Cold fever, Enteritis, Beriberi and Edema. Antimicrobial, Antipyretic and Ear problem. Increases body weight. Food supplement International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8 91. 92. 93. Thalisapathiri Marudha maram Thandrikai Taxus baccata Terminalia arjuna Terminali bellnica Taxaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae seeds Bark Fruits 94. Erumaikainjori Tragia plukeneteii Euphorbiaceae Root 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. Sirunerungil Sittirappadalai Pulichan Pineymaram Ulundhu Pasi payiru Niirnochii Amukran Tribulus terrestris Uraria picta Uvaria narum Vateria indica Vigna mungo Vigna radiate Vitex trifolia Withania somnifera Zygophyllaceae Fabaceae Annonaceae Dipetrocarpaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Verbenaceae Solanaceae 103. Maruloomathum Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae 104. Makka solam Zea mays Poaceae Seed Whole Plant Aerial Parts Aerial Parts Seeds Seeds Aerial Parts Whole plant Roots Seeds Styles Inji Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizome Ellandai Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Leaves 105. RESULTS All together, 105 plants belonging to 64 different families have been documented for their Antidiabetic properties and their other medicinal uses have been given. The collected information’s are arranged in the alphabetic order of the plant Botanical name with the local (or) common name, family name and therapeutic use for each plant. Some of these plants have been already mentioned in “Medicinal plants in India (vol-1) (3), Dictionary of medicinal plants (4), Poorvega maruthuva nool kalanjiyam (13) and Antidiabetic medicinal plants of India” (14). DISCUSSION Among the plants used for the diabetes, Gymnema sylvestre (Retz et al.,) Melia azadiracta (L.) Bacopa monnieri (L.) and Achyranthus aspera (L.), seems to be most common plants used to treat diabetes and are available everywhere. Along with these Tragia plukenetii, Polygala chinensis and Scoparia dulcis are the major traditional drugs used for treating this disease. The detailed natural plants not only used for the treatment of diabetes but also treated for other ailments also. The claims from the present survey need to be subjected to phyto chemical studies in order to discover their true potential, as it is very difficult to judge the effectiveness of herbal medicine. The main purpose is not to prescribe any remedies for any of the diseases but to document the uses and draw the attention of pharmacognosist, botanist, phytochemist and pharmacologist for further scientific research in this area. CONCLUSION Thus many different plants have been used individually or in formulations for treatment of diabetes and its complications. One of the major problems with this herbal formulation is that the active ingredients are not well defined. It is important to know the active component and their molecular interaction, which will help to analyze 7 and Appetizer. Cardiac remedy Skin disease Apetizer Antitumor, Antioxidant and Anticancer. Skin infection Antibacterial Stomach disorder Skin disease Food supplement Food supplement Cooling agent Male infertility Antispasmodic Food supplement Apetizer and Stomach disorder. Blood purifier therapeutic efficacy of the product and also to standardize the product. Efforts are now being made to investigate mechanism of action of some of these plants using animal models. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr.R.Panneerselvam, Professor and Head Department of the Botany of Annamalai University for encouraging me in research work. My hearty thanks to my research supervisor Dr.P.S.Sharavanan Assistant Professor in Department of Botany Annamalai University for his marvelous guidance and constant encouragement. My deep thanks to Dr.Pulavar Vinayagam, Dr.B.Jayagowri BAMS and Dr.Loganathan Ph.D, for timely help. 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