Download The clones of common lime (Tilia×vulgaris Hayne) planted in

New Phytol. (1992), 121, 487^93
The clones of common lime
(Tilia X vulgaris Hayne) planted in England
during the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries
BY DONALD PIGOTT
University Botanic Garden, Cory Lodge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 lJF, UK
{Received 22 January 1992; accepted 20 March 1992)
SUMMARY
Most avenues of limes planted in England and Wales during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century
contain two distinct clonal types of common lime {Tilia x vulgaris Hayne). They differ in many morphological
characters.
Clonal group A has a fluted trunk with epicormic bosses or sprouts, a conical crown, scarlet, shining, ellipsoid
overwintering buds, bright green leaves with obliquely asymmetric bases, long bracts narrowed to both ends and
inflorescences normally of seven flowers. Clonal group B has a cylindrical trunk which is almost without epicormic
buds or shoots, a hemispherical crown, crimson, pruinose, ovoid and sub-acute buds, more or less cordate, dull
green leaves, bracts narrowed to the stalk but broadly rounded at the distal end, and inflorescences with 3-5
flowers.
Clonal group A includes the Dutch clones ' Pallida' and ' Koningslinde'. Clonal group B is closely related to, but
not identical with, the Dutch clone ' Svartelinde'.
Both clonal groups were probably originally imported from the Netherlands and were possibly derived from
ancient village trees, which in the Netherlands are usually T. x vulgaris.
Keywords: Tilia x vulgaris, clones, park avenues.
name T. x vulgaris Hayne is used here for this
hybrid.
Counts of annual rings and comparative measureAt least two very different types of common lime
ments of the diameter of the trunks show that many can be distinguished in trees planted before 1750. As
avenues of limes {Tilia spp.) in England and Wales many ancient avenues contain both, they can be
still contain trees which, even if not always the directly compared. Although the existence of two
original ones, were certainly planted either during variants was clearly described by Elwes & Henry
the late seventeenth or first half of the eighteenth
(1913), it has been overlooked in many recent
century. The age of the trees in an avenue can be taxonomic descriptions which combine some of the
estimated from the average diameter of the trunks of characters of each, so that neither is correctly
10-20 of the largest trees (Pigott, 1989). Normally described. As a consequence, it is implied that
limes which were planted before 1750 have an certain supposedly undesirable characters apply to
average diameter greater than 1-2 m at a height of
all trees of the hybrid, but this is untrue. This
1"3 m above the ground. Such trees can often be confusion is particularly unfortunate when it is used
recognized as a distinct class, scattered among as an argument for rejecting the common lime for
younger trees which have been planted piecemeal as replanting historic avenues where it is undoubtedly
replacements. Occasionally an avenue still consists the correct choice for restoration. The extent of
predominantly of very old trees. Such trees are confusion was well illustrated by the prolonged and
sometimes Tilia platyphyllos Scop, but in the great often misinformed argument over the restoration of
majority of Englieh avenues they are common limes, the lime walk of the Great Fountain Garden at
which are generally accepted to be hybrids between
Hampton Court (see Appendix 1*).
T. platyphyllos and T. cordata (Pigott, 1969).
* All localities mentioned in the text are listed in Appendix 1
Following Browicz (1968) and Dandy (1969) the
with their national grid reference or longitude and latitude.
INTRODUCTION
33-2
488
D. Pigott
Figure 1. Growth-forms of trees of Tilia x vulgaris. (a)
Clonal group A, Lockleys, Welwyn, Hertfordshire (dbh
1-08 m); (b) clonal group B, Ahhey precinct, St Albans,
Hertfordshire (dbh 1-21 m). Photocopied from photographs.
1 cm
almost perfect uniformity of many characters exist
within each type.
These original clones continued to be planted
throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries. Sometimes the two types seem to have
been perpetuated within a particular park. At
Hatfield House in Hertfordshire, for example, only
two types were, until very recently, represented in all
of the avenues. Both were present in parts of the
avenue running south from the house, and mixed
with T. platyphyllos in the south-eastern branch of
this avenue. These trees were planted about 1700
and 1730 respectively. Both are still present in the
western, northern and north-eastern avenues which
were almost entirely replanted during the period
1820-1840. Modern replanting at Hatfield has used
material obtained from nurseries.
In general, plantings of common lime made after
1820 may include other clones, which are represented either as individual trees, or as groups of
apparently morphologically identical trees. Both of
the original clonal groups are fertile, and it seems
that by the nineteenth century seedlings, or sprouts
of trees which had arisen as seedlings, were occasionally used. The range of variation which would
arise in this way has been investigated in seedlings
collected in May 1986 from under the canopies of old
trees of common lime in the ancient avenue at
Buxted Park, near Uckfield, Sussex. From these,
twenty plants have been grown on and in 1989,
although the shoots were still juvenile, they already
showed that the individuals vary widely in the size,
shape and texture of the leaves, and in the distribution of simple and compound hairs. Some
individuals closely resemble T. platyphyllos and
some are small-leaved dwarf trees but very distinct
from T. cor data.
(a)
METHODS
The descriptions which follow are based on trees
which from the diameter of their trunk are likely to
Figure 2. Overwintering buds of Tilia x vulgaris. (a) have been planted before 1750 (Pigott, 1989).
In each of 36 avenues, at least five trees of
Clonal group A; (b) clonal group B, both from the north
each
distinguishable growth-form were selected at
avenue at Hatfield House, Hertfordshire (replanted c.
1830, but identical to trees of c. 1730).
random. Shoots with either flowers or fruits were
then collected from the unshaded part of the crown
at a height of 2-5 m above the ground. The
Contemporary sources, which are listed by Pigott descriptions therefore apply to the normally acces(1989), show that from 1650 to 1750 lime trees were sible part of the crown. Hypocotylar or epicormic
usually propagated from their sprouts, either directly shoots, and non-flowering shoots from the shaded or
or by layering. Consequently much of the young lower parts of the crown are markedly different and
material used for planting was clonal in origin. What are unreliable for identification. Shoots from the top
is remarkable is the enormous numbers of trees used, of the crown also differ from those described in
all of which seem to have been derived from very few- having smaller leaves and fewer flowers on the
original genetic stocks. Many of these trees still inflorescence.
The descriptions are of fresh material and the
survive, and a careful comparison of material
collected from ancient avenues and other plantings colours are defined on the Munsell system (Munsell,
from all over England and Wales shows that an 1963). Leaf shape and bract shape were recorded by
Common lime clones planted in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
direct photocopying and the diagrams are based on
pressed and dried material. Characters of the treeform, trunk and bark were recorded in the field
and the silhouettes in Figures 1 and 5, are made
from photographs with a wide-angle lens which were
converted into photocopies by adjusting the contrast.
489
veins of the adaxial surface (opposite the attachment
of the flowers), length 5-5-6-5 times the width,
characteristically expanded near the middle and
narrowed towards both ends (Fig. 4-a-d): the base of
the wing unequally extended with an unwinged
stalk; size variable, the largest bracts (9-13 x 1-5-2-0
cm) on the terminal long shoots, the smallest
(5-9 X 1-0-1-5 cm) on the short shoots. Cyme norRESULTS
mally with seven flowers but up to nine in inDescriptions of the clonal groups
florescences of the terminal long-shoots. InflorTilia X vulgaris Hayne {clonal group A). Tall tree, escences from the top of the tree have fewer flowers.
normally attaining a height of 25-28 m. Trunk ex- Fruits spherical when sterile, to ellipsoidal when
panded at the base by prominent buttresses which fertile (9x7 mm), with five slightly raised ridges
extend upwards as broad ridges; cross-section ir- when dried, often with a small terminal protuberregularly lobed. Clusters of epicormic buds forming ance; densely covered by a light brown tomentum of
hemispherical bosses, 20—40 cm in diameter, on and tufted hairs; wall 0-4-0-6 mm thick.
at the base of the trunk. In the absence of browsing
by deer or cattle, the buds may grow into tufts of Tilia X vulgaris Hayne {clonal group B). Tall tree,
sprouts.
normally attaining 27-32 m. Trunk cylindrical alBark grey, smooth except for vertical rows of most to the expanded base, without buttresses and
lenticels until branches exceed 20 cm diameter, then circular in cross section. Epicormic bosses normally
with smooth broad ridges, 3-5 cm wide which are absent but occasional sprouts may arise from former
separated by shallow irregular vertical fissures, the branch bases and from the hypocotylar zone.
ridges becoming narrower and the furrows deeper on
Bark grey, similar to that of clone A on the
the most rapidly expanding surfaces of the ridges on branches, but on the main limbs and trunk, forming
the trunk.
an elongated reticulum with evenly spaced, slightly
Crown characteristically conical; the trunk often sinuous, narrow ridges and furrows, arranged in
dividing into 3—5 almost vertical main limbs with poorly deflned diamond-shaped groups.
branches of the second order curving gently outCrown with characteristically hemispherical top
wards, those of the third order horizontal or and more or less vertical sides, the trunk dividing
descending (Fig. 1 a).
into 3-5 gradually divergent and outwardly curving
Terminal extensions of the twigs, glabrous, shin- main limbs, branches of the second order curved,
ing, green; by winter suffused with orange or scarlet some becoming horizontal; branches of the third
on the exposed sides. Buds scarlet (5R 4/8-4/10), order spreading but not markedly descending (Fig.
ellipsoid with rounded apex (Fig. 2 a), the terminal 1 b). Terminal extensions of the twigs, glabrous, dull
8-9 mm long and 4-5-6 mm wide with the lowest green, by winter dull crimson red on the exposed
scale exposed and bulging outwards (length to side. Buds dull crimson (2-5R 5/6), pruinose, ovoid
with subacute apex (Fig. 2b); the terminal 9-12 mm
breadth ratio 1-4-^1-7).
Leaves of the terminal long-shoots and of the long and 5-6 mm wide with the lowest scale not
intermediate and larger short-shoots, with slender conspicuously swollen (length to breadth ratio
glabrous petioles, 3-O-3-5 cm long, and with blades 1-8-2-1).
Leaves of the terminal long shoots and of the
7-5-10-0 cm long and 6-5-9-5 cm wide, asymmetric at
intermediate
and larger short shoots with slender
the base; the forward lobe weakly semi-cordate,
forming an obtuse angle to the midrib (120°-140°); glabrous petioles, 3-0—4-0 cm long, and with blades
the rear lobe truncate, forming an acute or right 7-5-10-0 cm long and 7-5-9-0 cm wide, cordate at the
base, asymmetric with the forward lobe forming an
angle (80°-95°) to the midrib (Fig. 3a-d).
Upper surface of the lamina quite flat, bright obtuse angle to the midrib (115°-140°) and also the
green (5GY 5/6), shining, glabrous, the lower rear lobe (1O5°-115°) (Fig. 3e-h). Margin of the
surface pale green to glaucous (2-5G 6/2), glabrous lamina entire at the base and on the abruptly
at maturity, except for discrete small groups of pink narrowed apex; the remainder with the regular,
tufted hairs in the angles of the main and first-order evenly spaced pairs of triangular teeth, each terveins, and a few paired longer hairs lying along the minated by a pale green point, which is less clearly
sides of the main vein. Margin of lamina entire at deflned than that of clonal group A.
the base and on the abruptly narrowed apex, the
Upper surface of lamina with slightly sunken
remainder with very regular, evenly spaced pairs of veins, glabrous, dull or slightly shining, dark green
triangular teeth, each abruptly terminated by a pale (7-5GY 5/4 or 5/6); lower surface pale green (7-5GY
green, short, blunt point.
6/4) but not normally glaucous, veins of the third
Inflorescence pendulous. Bract pale yellowish order clearly visible in the fresh leaf, with small
green, glabrous except for a few tufted hairs on the patches of pink tufted hairs in the angles of the main
490
D. Pigott
(d)
Inflorescence pendulous. Bract pale yellowish
green, glabrous except for a few tufted hairs on the
vein at the point of insertion of the stalk of the
inflorescence, length 4-0-5-5 times the width, characteristically narrowed to the base but beyond the
attachment of the inflorescence with more or less
parallel sides and a semicircular end (Fig. 4e-h); the
base unequally extended with the wing on one side
almost reaching the base of the stalk. T h e largest
bracts 9-0-11-0 x 1-8-2-7 cm, on the terminal long
shoots, the smallest 4-0-7-0 x 1-2-1-7 cm on the short
shoots. Cyme normally with 2-4 flowers. Fruits as in
clonal group A but without the apical protuberance.
Variation within the clonal groups
Trees of clonal group A are extremely uniform in all
Figure 3. Mature leaves from the middle part of flowering morphological characters but vary in the extent to
long shoots on fully-exposed parts of the crown from trees which epicormic clusters of shoots develop. Some
of clonal group A. (a) Hampton Court, Middlesex (1689); trees, which have the typical flat faces on the trunk,
{b) Hatfield House, Hertfordshire (c. 1730); (c) Theobalds produce relatively few epicormic bosses or clusters
Park, Hertfordshire {c. 1740); (d) Albury Park, Surrey (c. of shoots on their trunks, while the majority of trees
1685), and from clonal group B; (e) Studley Park, North
Riding of Yorkshire (c. 1700); (f) Betchworth Castle, produce several or many large bosses. In some trees
Surrey (1716); (g) Hatfield House, Hertfordshire (c. 1730) epicormic sprouts form dense growths within the
and {h) Hampton Court, Middlesex (1689). Photocopied central part of the crown (Fig. 5), and because all
from specimens.
trees of particular plantings develop this feature it is
possible that it indicates a distinct clone within the
group.
Trees of clonal group B vary in respect to the
presence or absence of flat stellate hairs on the minor
veins on the underside of the leaves. The signiflcance
of this variation is discussed in the next section.
cm
The identity of the English clonal groups
Clonal group A. This clonal group appears morphologically identical with the clone 'Pallida' as it is
defined in the Netherlands (Grootendorst, 1970) and
Germany (Kriissmann, 1977). Both these authors
treat 'Pallida' as synonymous with ' Koningslinde'
(or in German ' Kaiserlinde') but this may not be
correct.
Several trees of both ' Pallida' and ' Koningslinde ',
Figure 4. Bracts and inflorescences from trees of clonal planted side by side, were examined at three sites in
group A. {a) Hatfield House, Hertfordshire (c. 1730); (b) the Netherlands in 1989 in the company of Mr G.
Wimpole Park, Cambridgeshire (1723); (c) Albury Park, Arends (cemetry at Opheusden near Wageningen;
Surrey (c. 1685); {d) Theobalds Park, Hertfordshire (c. field edge at Ijzendoorn near Ochten; roadside at
1740), and from clonal group B; (e) Studley Park, North
Riding of Yorkshire (c. 1700); (/) Betchworth Castle, Hengelo, south east of Zutphen). The leaves,
Surrey (1716); {g) Hampton Court, Middlesex (1689), and inflorescences and flowers appeared to be identical
{h) Hatfield House, Hertfordshire (c. 1730). Photocopied but there were slight differences in the form of the
from specimens.
trees. Young trees of ' Koningslinde' have stronger
dominance of the leader and more erect shoots, so
that the crown is pointed. Trees of 'Pallida' have a
and flrst order veins and scattered longer simple or flatter top and, as the branches age, they become
paired hairs along much of the length of the main more pendulous. In both clones the trunks have
veins. In some trees there are also flat stellate hairs uneven radial growth so that flat faces develop in
sparsely distributed on the underside of the lamina, young trees. Epicormic shoots begin to develop
when trees are 20-30 yr old but this tendency is more
and not associated with the main veins.
Common lime clones planted in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
491
Haarlem, and Het Loo, near Apeldoorn, show the
same characteristic features described for English
trees: large buttresses, irregular cross-section of the
trunk and numerous epicormic bosses. In every
respect they appear to be identical with their English
counterparts. No trees examined in the Netherlands
had dense epicormic shoots within the crown.
Figure 5. Growth-form of tree of Tilia x vulgaris, clonal
group A with dense epicormic sprouting; Parmoor,
Buckinghamshire (planted 1886-7).
Clonal group B. Trees of this clonal group planted
before 1750 are at present known only from English
parks. Although many of the distinctive characters
are shared by the Dutch clone ' Svartelinde ' (Grootendorst 1970), they are not identical. The name
'Hatfield tall' is proposed for this clone.
Young trees of the clone ' Svartelinde ' from Dutch
nurseries ' id planted at various times since 1930 in
the Netherlands were found to be identical with
older trees in towns and churchyards, and to trees
planted in 1721 in the park at Huis het Manpad.
These old trees have cylindrical trunks with neither
prominent buttresses nor epicormic burrs. The
narrowly ridged bark and the hemispherical growth
form are similar to English trees. Trees of both the
clone ' Svartelinde' and of clonal group B are very
susceptible to heavy infestations of aphids.
In other characters the clone ' Svartelinde' differs
from English trees. The shape of the leaves is very
uniform and commonly the width of the lamina
exceeds its length (Fig. 6a,b). The underside is
glaucous, the tertiary veins obscure and, on material
collected in July, there are numerous Hat stellate
hairs on the network formed by the ultimate divisions
of the veins (Fig. 6c). This is in marked contrast to
English trees where stellate hairs are very sparse or
absent. The form of the bract is similar to that of
English trees but the number of flowers in the
inflorescence is greater and usually 6-8 (the same as
in 'Pallida').
The names of the clonal groups
The name 'Pallida' is an unfortunate choice but is
well established in the horticultural trade and widely
used, so that to change it would probably be both
ineffective and confusing. The most acceptable
alternative for the clonal group would be ' Koningslinde'.
Figure 6. Mature leaves from the middle part of flowering
Tilia pallida of Salisbury's Prodromus (1796) is
long-shoots of Tilia x vulgaris ' Svartelinde ' from {a) Utrecht (1900); {b) Wageningen (1930) and {c) a small part of the North American species T. heterophylla Vent,
the under surface of the leaf from a tree at Arnhem but the name was also given by P. Wierzbicki to trees
showing simple hairs on the main vein and stellate hairs on growing in woodland then in Hungary but now in
a secondary vein and on the veins of the islets.
Romania. The fine illustration in Reichenbach
(1844) shows seven-flowered inflorescences and a
bract-shape identical with that of T. x vulgaris
marked in 'Pallida'. The leaf buds of 'Pallida' were 'Pallida'. The leaves, however, are shown as perreported to open several days before those of fectly cordate and do not have the oblique semicordate base so characteristic of the clone. Wagner
' Koningslinde'.
Trees of clonal group A planted in the eighteenth (1932) treats T. pallida Wierzb. as the hybrid
century in Dutch parks, as at Huis het Manpad, near between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos ssp. pseudo-
492
D. Pigott
England from Holland. In that case the same clones
should be found in Holland. This is true of
T.x vulgaris 'Pallida'. Although many parks in
Holland have been replanted, in a few places trees of
this clone, which were planted in the early eighteenth
century, survive. These trees could be derived from
lime-trees planted as long ago as the Middle Ages in
villages and by manor houses. The Low Countries
share the tradition with the German-speaking nations of planting limes in towns and villages; under
these trees court proceedings were often conducted
('Gerichtslinde'). Many of these trees, now of
remarkable size, survive and in Germany they are
usually either Tilia platyphyllos or T. cor data, and
both species also occur widely in woodlands.
In the Netherlands, however, the two species are
very rarely native and most ancient village trees are
T. X vulgaris (Maes, 1990), often of the clonal group
'Pallida'. From where these hybrid trees came is
unknown but, in the absence of wild populations,
they could well have been the source of material
propagated for parks.
The origin of the other English clonal group
'Hatfield tall' is an unsolved problem. In the
Netherlands there are plantings of T. x vulgaris
' Svartelinde' from the early eighteenth century, but
no ancient trees of this clone have yet been found in
English parks, where its place is taken by the closely
The origin of the clones
related English clone. If, as seems probable from the
mixed
contemporary plantings, the English clone
The earliest dates of planting of Tilia x vulgaris,
which have been confirmed by reliable counts of also came from Holland, then it would seem that in
annual rings, are 1695 for trees at Diana's Fountain England it has been preserved, while in Holland,
in Bushy Park and 1689 for trees in the Great where so many parks have been replanted, the clone
Fountain Garden at Hampton Court, both in ' Svartelinde' has been preferentially selected for
Middlesex. A ring count is reported for a tree in the propagation.
avenue at Buxted Park in Sussex which indicates
planting about 1670 but a complete section obtained
in 1991 showed a planting date about 1700. Trees of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T. X vulgaris ' Pallida' with trunk diameters greater
than 1-5 m exist in several parks. At Burghley in I thank the owners of many parks for giving me permission
to collect material, Mr Mark Hudson for his help at
Northamptonshire, a discontinuous line of trees of Hatfield House, Dr Piet C. de Jong, Dr Bert Maes, Mr
' Pallida' with relatively uniform diameters of about Albert Hoekstra and Mrs Eugenie van Weede for their
1-8 m could date from the beginning of the seven- help on my visit to the Netherlands and I acknowledge
teenth century. An estate map of 1610 shows an the information given to me by Mr G. Arends. I thank the
early avenue in the park but not exactly on the same University of Cambridge for a grant from the Travelling
alignment.
Expenses Fund towards the costs of visiting the NetherIn 1611, John Tradescant obtained 200 limes from lands.
Holland but it is not known if these were T. x vulgaris. They were possibly the trees planted at New
Hall near Chelmsford in Essex (Allan, 1964) but
these trees do not now exist. By the end of the REFERENCES
seventeenth century and in the early eighteenth ALLAN, M . (1964). The Tradescants. Joseph, London.
century, when lime avenues became fashionable, BROWICZ, K. (1968). In: Flora Europaea 2. (Ed. by T. G. Tutin et
al.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
there is documentary evidence that large numbers of
DANDY, J. E. (1969). Nomenclatural changes in the List of British
lime-trees were being imported from The NetherVascular Plants. Watsonia 7, 157-178.
lands (Jacques & van der Horst, 1988).
ELWES, H . J. & HENRY, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain and
Ireland, 1. Privately printed, Edinburgh.
Almost all these early plantings which still survive
GROOTENDORST, H . J. (1970). Tilia Keuringsrapport van de
contain a mixture of trees of both clonal groups, so
regelingscommissie sierbomen N.A.K.B. Dendrologia 69-81.
that it would seem probable that both clones came to HAYNE, F . G . (1805). Getreue Darstellung und Beaschreibung der in
rubra and gives its distribution as the locus classicus
near Orawiza and the Bukk mountains in Hungary.
T. vulgaris is itself typified by the fine drawing in
Hayne (1805) which shows all the characters of the
clone 'Pallida', including the oblique semi-cordate
base of the lamina.
The specimen (679/1) of Tilia europaea in the
Linnaean Herbarium in London has leaves, young
twigs and inflorescences with flowers all of which
agree in detail with the clonal group 'Pallida'. The
origin of the specimen is unknown and there are
strong arguments against using the Linnaean name
for the hybrid (Hylander, 1945; Stearn, 1966).
Clonal group B is certainly not identical with the
clone ' Svartelinde' which could only be included by
broadening the definition of the group. It seems,
however, that ' Svartelinde' is so uniform and
distinct that it should be kept separate. Many
individual trees of the English clonal group have
good characteristics for avenues and parks, so that
propagation of selected trees would be valuable to
preserve this special element of English parks. Like
'Svartelinde' the English trees are subject to infestation by lime-aphid and are not suitable for
urban sites.
Common lime clones planted in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
493
der Arzneykunde gebrduchlichen Gewdchse, vol. 1. Published by platyphyllos on the Derbyshire limestone. Journal of Ecology 57,
the author, Berlin.
491-504.
HYLANDER, N . (1945). Nomenklatorische und systematische
PIGOTT, C. D . (1989). Estimation of the age of lime trees (Tilia
Studien uber nordische Gefasspflanzen. Uppsala Universitets
ssp.) in parklands from stem diameter and ring counts.
Arrsskrift, 7, pp. 337.
Arboricultural Journal 13, 289-302.
IACQUES, D . & VAN DER HoRST, A. J. (1988). The Gardens of
REICHENBACH, L. (1844). Incones florae Germanicae et Helvetica
William and Mary. Helm, London.
6. Hofmeister, Leipzig.
KRUSSMANN, G . (1978). Handbuch der Laubgeholze 3. Parey, SALISBURY, R. A. (1796). Prodromus Stirpium in Horto ad Chapel
Berlin, Hamburg.
Allerton vigentium. London.
MAES, B. (1990). De lindesoorten van Nederland. Gorteria 16
STEARN, W . T . (1966). Unpublished letter to B.C.Schubert
61-81.
deposited in the National History Museum, London.
MUNSELL (1963). Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues, edn 2. WAGNER, J. (1932). Die Linden des historischen Ungarns.
Munsell Color Company, Baltimore.
Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 44,
PIGOTT, C. D . (1969). The status of Tilia cordata and T.
316-345.
APPENDIX 1
National grid references of English localities
Albury Park, Surrey
Betchworth Castle, Surrey
Burghley House, Northamptonshire
Bushy Park, Middlesex
Buxted Park, Sussex
Hampton Court, Middlesex
Hatfield House, Hertfordshire
Lockleys, Welwyn, Hertfordshire
New Hall, Chelmsford, Essex
Parmoor, Buckinghamshire
St Albans Abbey, Hertfordshire
51/063477
51/190500
53/049061
51/158692
51/485229
51/157685
52/237084
52/241163
52/735103
41/796897
52/145070
Studley Park, Yorkshire
Theobalds Park, Hertfordshire
Wimpole Park, Cambridgeshire
44/280695
52/344007
52/337509
Longitude and latitude of Dutch localities
Hengelo, Gelderland
Ijzendoorn, Ochten
Manpad, Heemstede
Opheusden
52.03
51.55
52.21
51.56
N,
N,
N,
N,
6.18
5.35
4.37
5.37
E
E
E
E