Download Fluctuations in Rotifera Fauna of Keban Dam Lake

Turkish Journal of Science & Technology
Volume 5, No 2, 53-58, 2010
Fluctuations in Rotifera Fauna of
Keban Dam Lake-Ova Region (Elazıg-Turkey) During Spring
Serap SALER
Fırat University Faculty of Fisheries, 23119 Elazığ /Turkey
[email protected]
(Received: 11.11.2009; Accepted: 29.03.2010)
Abstract
Fluctuations in rotifer fauna of Keban Dam Lake-Ova Region (Turkey) in spring were investigated at weekly
intervals from March to May 2006. Totally 19 rotifer species were identified during whole spring period, but
only a few of them appeared at significant densities. Keratella cochlearis was the dominant species with respect
to individual number and frequency of occurrence. A maximum density of 4829 ind. m-3 rotifer was observed at
the middle of May. Statistically a significant positive correlation between rotifer abundance and water
temperature was recorded.
Keywords: Abundance, Fluctuations, Keban Dam Lake, Rotifera.
Keban Baraj Gölü-Ova Bölgesi (Elazığ-Türkiye)
Rotifera Faunasının İlkbahardaki Değişimi
Özet
Keban Baraj Gölü-Ova bölgesi Rotifer faunasının ilkbahardaki değişimi Mart ile Mayıs 2006 arasında haftalık
aralıklarla incelenmiştir. Tüm ilkbahar boyunca toplam olarak 19 rotifer türü teşhis edilmiş, fakat sadece bazı
türler önemli yoğunluklarda ortaya çıkmışlardır. Keratella cochlearis birey sayısı ve ortaya çıkış sıklığı
bakımından baskın tür olmuştur. Maksimum rotifer yoğunluğu 4829 birey m-3 ile Mayıs ortasında gözlenmiştir.
İstatistiksel olarak rotifer bolluğu ve su sıcaklığı arasında önemli pozitif bir ilişki kaydedilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bolluk, Değişim, Keban Baraj Gölü, Rotifera.
1. Introduction
Rotifers are important components of
planktonic communities. In spring, because of
their rapid heterogonetic reproduction, they are
the first metazooplankters to cause an impact by
grazing on the phytoplankton. Furthermore,
rotifers influence various interactions within the
microbial food-web which occur at several
trophic levels [1].
While many studies in Turkey have dealt
with rotifers in lentic systems [2-11]
considerably fewer have provided data about
them in lotic environments [12-16]. The aim of
this paper was to determine fluctuations in
Rotifera fauna of Keban Dam Lake Ova Region
during spring and hence contribute to the
knowledge of Rotifera fauna of East Anatolia.
2. Materials and Methods
Keban Dam Lake was built on Euphrates
River in the eastern part of Turkey and is the
second largest artificial lake in Turkey. It is 845
m above sea level and has a surface area of 675
km2 at maximum level. Its maximum depth is
160 m and its catchment basin is 64100 km2.
Ova Region is located in east part of Keban Dam
Lake and dense fishing activities were recorded
in this Region of the dam lake (Figure 1) [17].
Serap Saler
Figure 1. Keban Dam Lake-Ova Region and sampling stations
and water temperature (oC) (Oxi 315i/SET) were
determined using a transportable meter.
Correlation analysis was computed using SPSS
12.0 ® for the following parameters; rotifer
abundance with temperature, pH and dissolved
oxygen at a level 0.01- 0.05 [22].
Rotifera was sampled weekly at four
stations between March and May 2006. Samples
were collected with a plankton net (55u pore
sized Hydro-Bios Kiel). Specimens were
preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution in 100
ml plastic bottles. After providing to make
plankton samples in the laboratory homogenous,
1 ml quantity was taken and put in the counting
container and all of the samples were counted
under microscope. This process was repeated for
10 times totally and the average number of
individual 1 ml was determined. In addition, live
rotifers were examined to obtain qualitative
information about the soft-bodied species which
are difficult to identify and easily overlooked in
preserved samples. In some cases, reliable
species identification requires examination of
trophy, after the animals were macerated in 5%
NaOH. Quantitative analysis and evaluation
were carried out based Koste [18] Edmondson
[19] and Telesh [20].The taxonomical
investigations of samples were performed
according to the key given by Koste [18],
Edmondson [19] and Kolisko [21].
In addition, from the research platform, pH
(Lamotte pH 5-WC), dissolved oxygen (mg L-1)
3. Results and Discussion
A total of 19 rotifer species is recorded from
Keban Dam Lake Ova Region between March
and May 2006. The most numerous rotifer
species were representatives (six species) of the
family Brachionidae. Two species of Keratella
were encountered during this survey and form an
important component of rotifer population of this
Region. Keratella cochleraris was one of the
dominant rotifer found in great numbers. Other
very common species were included P. vulgaris
and A. priodonta. While examining the weekly
distributions of samples collected from Keban
Dam Lake Ova Region, the most rotifers species
were found in the end of March (13 taxa) and
the least were found in the middle of May (3
taxa) (Table 1).
54
Fluctuations in Rotifera Fauna of Keban Dam Lake-Ova Region (Elazıg-Turkey) During Spring
Table 1. Changes in rotifer abundance (ind.m-3) in Keban Dam Lake Ova Region between March and May 2006
March
Rotifer taxon
April
May
6
13
20
27
2
9
16
24
1
8
15
20
%
Brachionus urceolaris
(Müller, 1773)
2229
2388
--
4140
3980
3821
3980
--
--
--
--
--
7.1
Brachionus calyciflorus
(Pallas, 1776)
--
--
477
159
--
--
--
2707
2229
1273
--
--
2.8
Keratella cochlearis
(Gosse, 1851)
2070
2229
3662
2388
3821
4299
2707
5891
4140
2070
6050
7165
8.0
Keratella quadrata
(O. F. M., 1786)
--
--
--
3184
3343
3662
2866
--
2547
--
--
--
6.5
Notholca squamula
(O. F. M., 1786)
--
3662
2547
2388
--
5095
--
--
--
--
--
--
7.1
Kellicottia longispina
(Kellicott,1879)
--
--
--
--
--
--
1910
3503
12818
1910
--
--
10.4
Trichotria tetractis
(Ehrenberg, 1830)
--
--
--
--
1592
1751
1114
3343
--
4299
5732
4617
6.7
Colurella uncinata
(O. F. M., 1773)
--
--
955
--
796
1433
--
--
--
--
--
--
2.2
Lepadella ovalis
(Müller, 1786)
--
--
--
--
159
1433
1273
796
477
--
--
1592
1.9
Lecane luna
(Müller, 1776)
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
796
636
3662
--
--
3.5
Lecane lunaris
(Ehrenberg, 1832)
1433
--
1592
1751
--
3662
4299
--
--
4299
--
6050
6. 9
Lecane pyriformis
Daday, 1905
--
--
--
318
--
--
159
955
1114
3025
--
--
2.3
Cephalodella gibba
(Ehrenberg, 1838)
1273
1751
--
1910
--
3503
--
--
--
1751
--
--
4.2
Cephalodella forficula
(Ehrenberg, 1838)
--
--
--
2707
--
--
2547
--
--
3025
--
--
5.7
Synchaeta pectinata
Ehrenberg, 1832
--
--
1433
3343
--
3662
--
--
--
3821
--
--
5.6
1273
3343
3025
3343
--
3662
4458
3821
4617
--
2707
4299
7.2
Asplanchna priodonta
Gosse, 1850
--
2707
2866
4299
3025
4936
--
5095
3343
4249
--
--
9.1
Filinia longiseta
Ehrenberg, 1834
--
--
1114
955
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
2.1
159
477
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
0.7
1406
2365
1963
2375
2388
3409
2531
2989
3546
3034
4829
4744
Polyathra vulgaris
Carlin, 1943
Filinia terminalis
(Plate, 1886)
From beginning of March to the second
week of April water temperature showed
increases from 7 to 17 oC, rising 20 oC in the end
of May. pH values were changed between 7.17.9. The highest pH value was recorded in end of
May. In the beginning of March, dissolved
oxygen was recorded in its highest value as 10.3
mg L-1 (Table 2).
During March the rotifer density was
reached below 2375 ind.m-3. In the beginning of
April rotifer individual numbers had reached
2388 ind.m-3. In the middle of the same month an
increase was occurred. A maximum density of
4829 ind.m-3 was reached in the middle of May,
followed by a decrease to 4744 ind.m-3 at the end
of the month (Table 1).
55
Serap Saler
Table 2. Changes in water temperature (oC), pH and dissolved oxygen (mg L-1) in Keban Dam Lake Ova
Region between March and May 2006
Sampling
periods
Mar.06
Mar.13
Mar.20
Mar.27
Apr 2
Apr 9
Apr 16
Apr 20
May.01
May.08
May.15
May.20
Temperature
o
C
7
8
12
14
14
17
16
13
15
17
16
20
pH
7,1
7,2
7,3
7,4
7,5
7,6
7,5
7,4
7,5
7,9
7,6
7,9
Dissolved oxygen
(mg L -1)
10,3
10
7,6
8,9
9,6
8,9
8,6
9,2
8,9
7,6
7,3
7,1
Maximum egg production occurres in spring
[21].
A significant positive correlation between
rotifer abundance and water temperature was
observed (rs = 0.790 α = 0.01). Rotifer abundance
and pH showed a direct relationship (rs= 0.757 α
= 0.01), an inverse relationship between rotifer
abundance and dissolved oxygen (rs= -0.674 α =
0.05) were recorded.
Rotifer communities in freshwater are often
dominated numerically by members of the
genera Keratella and Brachionus. Keratella
founds throughout the world in freshwaters and
successful in brackish and marine habitats as
well [20-23]. In eutrophic lakes, permanent
dominant rotifer species have been reported as
Brachionus and Keratella [24]. K. cochlearis
was dominant in Keban Dam Lake Ova Region
almost in all sampling periods. Kellicottia
longispina one of the member of family
Brachionidae was found to be the most important
species as relative abundance (10.4 %).
Various researches have used the rotifer
species as indicator organisms in determining the
water quality of fresh-water ecosystems. Saksena
[25], regards the Brachionus type as an indicator
of eutrophication, whereas Baker [26], stated that
Keratella quadrata and Keratella cochlearis
existed abundantly in eutrophic lakes. These
rotifer species were dominant in Ova Region in
all sampling period.
According to Kolisko [21], the predominant
representatives of mesotrophic lake in temperate
climatic Regions are Keratella cochlearis,
In early March Brachionus urceolaris,
Keratella cochlearis and Lecane lunaris were the
dominant species but the abundance of each
taxon remained below 2229
ind.m-3. B.
urceolaris, K. cochlearis, K. quadarata and A.
priodonta were the most common rotifers in
early April. At the beginning of May K.
longispina reached its peak abundance with
12818 ind m-3. In mid-may K. cochlearis attained
a peak of 6050 ind. m-3 and T. tetractis showed
its maximum abundance of 5732 ind.m-3. The
slight decrease in total rotifer abundance
observed towards the end of May (Table 1).
According to the frequency of occurrence
Keratella cochlearis which occurred during in all
sampling period reached its maximum in the end
of May 7165 ind. m-3. Its lowest individual
number was recorded in the beginning of March
2070 ind.m-3. P. vulgaris, the second dominant
species, as frequency of occurrence, was
observed 10 sampling during the study period
and showed its peak in the beginning of May
with 4617 ind.m-3, and the lowest was recorded
in the beginning of March with 1273 ind.m-3. A.
priodonta was the third dominant species among
of all. It was observed 8 sampling and reached its
maximum in the end of April with 5095 ind.m-3.
K. longispina has been found in 4 samples, but
this species has got the highest individual
numbers with 12818 ind. m-3. The population
structure of K. longispina is usually unimodal, in
most lakes the peaks occurred in spring. The
timing of the population peak appears to depend
upon the size of overwintering population.
56
Fluctuations in Rotifera Fauna of Keban Dam Lake-Ova Region (Elazıg-Turkey) During Spring
dependent. Rotifer species have a preferred
temperature range is well established [28]. The
data presented here reveal that rotifer densities
show a direct correlation with temperature (rs =
0.790 α = 0.01). Less rotifer abundance was
recorded during March between 7-14 oC in Ova
Region. It is clear that species abundance of
Rotifera increased gradually from the beginning
of March to the end of May. Rotifer individual
numbers were reached their maximum in the
middle (4829 ind.m-3) and at the end of May
(4744 ind.m-3) when temperatures were changed
between 16-20 oC. This diversity patterns greatly
depend on the water temperature.
In summary, results of this study indicated
that rotifers were significant component of
zooplanktonic community of Ova Region. The
ecological features of the species show that most
of the rotifer species are cosmopolitan and it is
possible for them to exist in all freshwater
systems. Continuous studies of the plankton
communities should become an inalienable
feature in the management of Keban Dam Lake,
due to ability both phytoplankton and
zooplankton assemblages to rearrange their
relative composition and growth in reply
changing conditions.
Polyarthra vulgaris and Asplancna priodonta
.These three species were the most important
species of the survey area (Table 1).
When the species numbers according to the
families are taken into consideration, it appears
that Brachionidae (6 species) is the richest.
Members of this family are commonly found in
the plankton of lakes and ponds are able to adapt
to various physical and chemical environments
[21]. The nature of Ova Region and abundance
of these species support the above conclusion.
The fluctuations in rotifer relative
abundance were directly related with temperature
variations. It has been demonstrated that
abundance of rotifers closely follows
temperature variations. Temperature has a major
influence on their reproductive rate, feeding,
movement and longevity [21-27].
At the beginning of March low water
temperature was presumably the main factor
limiting the growth of rotifer populations.
Throughout April and May, the individual
numbers of rotifers were increased due to water
temperature in Ova Region. Temperature does
not exert a single simple influence on rotifers.
Growth
functions
such
as
embryonic
development or somatic growth and other
physiological
functions
are
temperature
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58