Download Le Chaland Resort Hotel Sand dune forest restoration A Brief for

 Ecological Consultants Le Chaland Resort Hotel Sand dune forest restoration A Brief for Forestry Service 12 October 2015 1. Motivation for Restoration The EIA Ecological Survey report (2012) prepared by Diospyros Ltd made the following recommendations concerning the site’s environmental assets management, enhancement and restoration: 1. An Ecological and Environmentally sustainable strategy should be adopted for the long term preservation, enhancement and best use policy of these precious and unique assets. Policy and management strategies will be documented in an Environmental Master Plan. 2. Every effort should be made to harmonise the hotel and resort landscape with that of the natural environment and the sand dune. 3. It is recommended, in view of the proximity to the sea and saline spray and to harmonise the site with the marine park environment, that emphasis be placed on the use of appropriate native vegetation for the general landscaping of the resort and hotel. 4. No landscaping should be done with alien plants that are known to be invasive or could potentially be invasive. 5. Every effort should be made to use native vegetation throughout the project. Native plants have evolved and adapted to their particular environments and are very resistant to local climatic conditions which include cyclones and droughts. They are also quite fast growing if planted correctly. Native plants are robust which will result in decreased maintenance and management costs when used. Finally, their attractiveness and uniqueness value will offer important additional benefits such as ecological conservation and the preservation of endangered species. 6. The ecological restoration of the sand dune ecosystem is strongly recommended. The sand dune ecosystem has been highly modified by man, the original native coastal forest long gone. The sand dune and coastal ecosystem restoration will enhance the value and prestige of the hotel and serve the aesthetic and recreational objectives of a hotel resort. It will also restore important ecosystem services, thereby adding a buffer to the potential impacts of climate change and sea level rise. Diospyros Ltd
28A Dr de Chazal Rd
Vacoas 73441
Mauritius
Telephone /Fax
(230) 696 4353
Cell Phone
(230) 54 23 60 32
Registration No
C06067521
VAT Registration No
20375152
2 Currimjee Jewanjee and Company Ltd. (CJCL) has recognised the environmentally sensitive nature of the area with its beaches, sand dune, lagoon, coral reefs and cliffs, and will do all it can to protect, enhance, restore and sustainably manage these assets under its responsibility. This includes, as per the recommendations above, the full restoration of the sand dune and adjoining areas totalling about 28 000 m² (7 arpents) with a total beach frontage of about 450m and a restored sand dune beach frontage of about 350m. 2. The Coastal Forest When the Dutch arrived to Mauritius four hundred years ago, they found an island with a rich and lush variety of trees, from palms to ebonies, so densely forested that they had difficulty penetrating through the vegetation. Figure 1 will give an indication of what it could have been like. Figure 1. Typical climax beach and dune strand vegetation in the tropics (from Chan & Baba Manual for the Rehabilitation of Coastal Forests). Our coastal forests were cut down from the very early days of colonisation and have entirely disappeared. No remnants of the coastal sand dune vegetation now exist in Mauritius and no aboriginal inner littoral forest remains, except for rare relic patches such as Ile aux Aigrettes and individual plants around the island. This forest has been replaced by Casuarina equisetifolia (filao) plantations which is usually accompanied by an undergrowth of dominantly chiendent bourrique Stenotaphrum dimidiatum grass. Where filao establishes itself it will form dense, low biodiversity stands which has negative impacts on native flora, fauna, soil character and dynamics (CABI 2014 Invasive species compendium). The only floral vestige that remains in the original ecosystem is the outpost fringe vegetation consisting of Pemphis acidula (Bois matelot), Suriana maritima (Bois matelot), Tournefortia argentea (Veloutier argenté), Scaevola taccada (Veloutier vert), the creepers Ipomoea pes-­‐
caprae (liane batatran), Canavalia rosea (cocorico) and a variety of grasses and sedges, the bulk of which live in loose substrates that are forever being reworked by storms (J. Sauer, Coastal Plant Geography of Mauritius. 1960). D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
3 The persistence of this vegetation, in comparison with the debacle suffered by the immediately adjacent aboriginal inner littoral forest, is partially explained by their high adaptability to disturbance. This pioneer fringe still serves important though restricted ecological functions for the protection of the fragile coastal zone. The functions or services which were once performed by the aboriginal inner littoral forest have now disappeared and the replacement of this forest ecosystem by Casuarina takes its full significance today in the light of accelerating sea level rise and gaining coastal erosion. 3. Coastal Sand Dune Ecosystems Beaches and dunes occur in tropical and temperate coastal areas worldwide. Dunes are formed from sand delivered to the beach from the near-­‐shore by waves. The exposed sand, dried by the sun, is then transported inland by wind to form dunes. Coastal sand dunes are among the most dynamic and stressful landscapes, shifting with winds, incoming waves and storm tides (Craft et al., 2008; Cochard, 2008; Moreno-­‐Casasola, 2008). They are characterised by shifting sand that abrades vegetation and are exposed to salt spray, soils with extreme temperatures, low water holding capacity and poor nutrient content, especially nitrogen. Coastal dunes are very important as they serve as reservoirs of sand to re-­‐nourish the beach during storms as erosion transports the sand offshore where it is deposited on sand bars to be returned gradually by the tides. They act as a buffer to winds and waves, and they shelter communities in the hinterland. They are also important habitats for plants and animals including the nesting of sea turtles. Plant communities of coastal dunes, known as strand vegetation, play an important part, by trapping sand, in the process of formation and stabilisation of coastal dunes (BPA, 2004). Thus, beaches and dunes are interdependent and provide an important form of natural coastal defence, a point comprehensively illustrated in the Baird Report. They, therefore, cannot be treated as separate features that can be managed individually and separately. In terms of the vulnerability of Mauritius to the effects of climate change it can be assumed that over the next 50 years half of our beaches will be lost to the point of not supporting visitors.’ (Climate Change Adaptation Programme in the Coastal Zone of Mauritius 2013). Approximately 23% of our beaches are currently at risk. This is exacerbated by the present day calculations that sea level is expected to rise over the next 80 years at an average rate of up to 9mm/year as a result of climate change and global warming (IPCC 2013). In addition to its coastal protection qualities, it is scientifically recognised that native coastal and strand vegetation provides suitable habitat for the successful nesting of marine turtles. It is also known that Casuarina equisetifolia will trap and kill nesting turtles as these get entangled in the roots during egg laying. The recent nesting attempts by Chelonia midas not far from the site has re-­‐opened the discussion on a future turtle programme in the area. A restored habitat D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
4 at Le Chaland could encourage future nesting attempts and pave the way for the future release of hatchlings or young turtles from this beach as is being done in other parts of the world. With the disappearance of our coastal forests there is no longer any natural and spontaneous regeneration of this system. Thus, the restored system will serve as a vitally important source for the dispersal of seeds for the natural recolonization of the neighbouring coastal strip and inland zone by native vegetation, a major step in the restoration of this lost ecosystem. Today the restoration of degraded landscapes is no longer a luxury. It has become a necessity and is the only way to regain the essential services lost through the earlier destruction of our natural forests. Ecological restoration is widely recognised as a means to reverse the environmental degradation that often, unfortunately, goes hand in hand with economic development and growth. 4. Objectives of the Le Chaland Sand Dune Restoration Healthy beaches and coastal sand dunes provide many important ecological functions and ecosystem services as listed below: i.
They perform a unique ecological function as a buffering mechanism for coastal erosion and deposition and protection against wave action, wind and tides (Mascarenhas and Jayakumar, 2007; Dahm et al., 2005; Sanjeevi, 1996; Sridhar and Bhagya, 2007). ii.
Store house of sediments and nutrients and sources of beach nourishment iii.
Protection from storm surges, hurricanes and erosion iv.
Provide habitats for adapted plants, birds, reptiles and mammals. v.
Providing nesting site for sea turtle and birds. vi.
Arrest blowing sand and deflect wind upwards. vii. Prevent loose sand from advancing inland on the coastal zone. viii. Assist in the retention of fresh water. Unfortunately, through the disappearance of our coastal forests most of these functions and services have either been considerably weakened or have completely disappeared. Furthermore, with the complete absence of coastal native forests there is no longer the opportunity for natural and spontaneous regeneration of our coastal ecosystem which is increasingly being threatened by intensive urbanisation and the very serious problems of climate change and sea level rise. It can be assumed that, in terms of the vulnerability of Mauritius to the effects of sea level rise, over the next 50 years half of our beaches will be lost to the point of not supporting visitors (Climate Change Adaptation Programme in the Coastal Zone of Mauritius 2013). Approximately 23% of our beaches are currently at risk. This is further exacerbated by the present day calculations that sea level is expected to rise over the next 80 years at an average rate of up to 9mm/year as a result of climate change and global warming (IPCC 2013). D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
5 Thus today the restoration of degraded landscapes is no longer a luxury. It has become an imperative necessity and is the only way to regain the essential services lost through the earlier destruction of our natural resources. Ecological restoration is widely recognised as a means to reverse the environmental degradation that often, unfortunately, goes hand in hand with economic development and growth. The hotel project offers a unique and important opportunity for CJCL to actively participate and take the lead role in this very first attempt to recreate and restore a coastal forest and ecosystem on mainland Mauritius since its disappearance about 300 years ago. Successfully implemented and managed, this project could become a reference and benchmark, setting the guidelines for future coastal sand dune restoration and coastal management in Mauritius. The objectives of the project will be to restore the sand dune and aboriginal coastal forest habitat to as near its original condition as possible so as to: i.
Improve native biodiversity and host habitat for native fauna; ii.
Help restore the sand dune’s natural ecological processes and ecosystem services; iii.
Ensure soil stabilisation and prevent erosion and consequently help protect the hotel’s beach frontage, and the public beach, against wave action; iv.
Help maintain the coastal waters in the lagoon in its present clear and clean condition; v.
Provide a carbon sink to remove greenhouse gases from our atmosphere; vi.
Improve the look and natural character of the coastal landscape; vii. Provide areas for recreation and enjoyment for resort residents and visitors; and viii. Provide opportunities for community awareness and education on nature, the functioning and importance of coastal ecosystems, adaptation and protection measures in the light of climate change and sea level rise. 5. Restoration of the Sand Dune Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It is a process undertaken according to established principles so as to ensure that the restored sites become self-­‐sustaining and fulfil to the best the lost or original ecological functions that existed before degradation. The restoration process at Le Chaland will consist of the following: 5.1 Removal of the Casuarina Trees It is estimated that between 650 and 700 Casuarina equisetifolia (filao) trees are present on the restoration site. These will have to be removed before plantation with native vegetation can be done. D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
6 Casuarina equisetifolia (filao) was introduced to Mauritius during the second half of the 18th century. Plantations around the coast started in 1874 with Ordinance No. 18 which required that at least 20% of the leased Pas Géométriques be replanted with filao trees. For a long time these have contributed to the charm of our coasts where the “grondement rythmique des vagues se mêle à la plainte des filaos monotone”. It has, however, become apparent fairly recently that this tree does have important negative impacts on our coastline. It is now clear that its presence enhances erosion along the beaches, that it has become an invasive tree in many parts of the coastline and will usually exclude all other plants, in particular native plants, where it is present. Though not yet proclaimed an undesirable alien invasive species in Mauritius it is now a proclaimed invasive in many parts of the world such as South-­‐east Asia, Australia, certain Caribbean countries and the State of Florida where its recognised negative impacts include habitat alteration, reduction of native biodiversity, decline of endangered species, modification of successional patterns and hydrology, and physical disturbance. Additionally the species is structurally ill-­‐adapted to extreme weather events such as hurricanes. This is frequently evident during cyclones in Mauritius where older filao plantations are often decimated by the strong cyclonic winds. For these reasons C. equisetifolia has become a major ecological problem in the Americas. The National Invasive Species Strategy for the Bahamas (BEST Commission 2003) lists C. equisetifolia as a priority species for control. The Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC Plant List Committee, 2003) has listed C. equisetifolia as a Category I weed, the state of Florida having proclaimed it illegal to possess, propagate or even transport the species. A cause of concern with the removal of the filao trees has been the potential resulting loss of carbon sequestration capacity. A recent study (van Rooyen et al 2012) on the rehabilitation of mined and disturbed sand dunes in Northern KwaZulu-­‐Natal in South Africa has, however, clearly demonstrated that “the rehabilitated indigenous forest exceeded the mean net carbon storage of C. equisetifolia plantations”. They found that the mean net carbon storage for C. equisetifolia plantations was 87.06 t ha¯ˉ¹ of carbon, whereas a maturing restored sand dune forest, which is similar to what we would develop, reaches up to 121 t ha¯ˉ¹, a significantly higher value. It must be noted that the above figures given are for C. equisetifolia row plantations which are much denser than the current situation at Le Chaland, making carbon values for this dune restoration even more advantageous. Evidence, therefore, does show that the removal of the C. equisetifolia trees and their replacement with appropriate native vegetation to form a restored sand dune ecosystem is advantageous in terms of native biodiversity conservation, habitat creation, beach and coastal protection, and carbon sequestration. 5.2 Selection of Native Species for Restoration and Zonation D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
7 Very little is known about the composition and species mix of the now disappeared coastal dune forest of Mauritius, no detail having been given in accounts by early visitors travelling around the island before the loss of this ecosystem. ‘There is virtually no historical information about the composition of the coastal and dry forests’ (pers. com. Julian P. Hume 2014). Modern literature also says almost nothing about this ecological zone. However, documentation on similar coastal dune forests and systems elsewhere in the world, in particular Northern Zululand and Mozambique (C.M. Breen. Trans RSSAf 1971), the remaining vestiges of native coastal vegetation in Mauritius at sites such as Roches Noires and Ile aux Aigrettes, and emerging information from the recent digs of the Dodo site at Mare aux Songes (Rijsdik et al 2009, Julian P. Hume pers. com.), all provide elements to the puzzle and give strong indications about the type of forests that once existed and their species composition. One can now imagine the dune forest having been a rich and diverse melting pot of species. Based on this it is, therefore, possible to come up with a fairly clear picture and comprehensive list of native plant species that would have been present in the original inner littoral and coastal dune forests. Based on this Tables 1 & 2 provides a list of the indigenous and endemic plant species which will be used for the restoration of the sand dune ecosystem. Coastal sand dune vegetation in tropical islands consists essentially of three successional zones: 1) the pioneer zone with primary stabilising plants of mainly herbaceous species; 2) the outpost or shrub zone with secondary stabilising plants consisting of shrubs, and 3) the forest zone consisting of shrubs and trees. Thus, the species mix and distribution will be done accordingly to conform to the natural distribution patterns and zonation of plant species and types in an undisturbed natural ecosystem. i.
In the pioneer zone which is directly and immediately subject to the action of waves the creepers Ipomoea pes-­‐caprae (liane batatran), Canavalia rosea (cocorico) and a variety of grasses and sedges, the bulk of which live in loose substrates that are forever being reworked by storms, will be maintained and encouraged. ii.
In the outpost fringe vegetation consisting of Pemphis acidula (Bois matelot), Suriana maritima (Bois matelot), Tournefortia argentea (Veloutier argenté), Scaevola taccada (Veloutier vert), will be maintained and enriched where necessary. iii.
The forest zone behind will be replanted with trees and bushes as per the list given in Tables 1 & 2. 5.3 Planting Density A review of the literature shows that in very similar conditions in Northern Zululand the tree density of mature un-­‐tampered dune forest is about 2361 trees per acre (i.e. 0.60 plants/m²) (C.M. Breen. Trans RSSAf 1971). Seedling densities of naturally recruited woody seedling (plants < 50 cm tall) in restored sand dunes in Kwazulu – Natal will average about 5 seedlings/m² but can be as high as 12 seedlings/m² (Lawes et al 2006). D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
8 For the Ile aux Aigrettes restoration programme undertaken by the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation it was initially unclear which species mix and planting densities should be used to produce the fastest native regeneration with best results. Experimentation resulted in a planting density of up to four plants per square metre (4/m²) of seedlings (plants on average 20cm tall when planted) (Global Restoration Network database case study 2013). For the intermediate forest restoration project being undertaken at Ebony Forest, Chamarel a replanting density of 1 plant/m² is now being used (pers. com. Owen Griffiths 2013). Density related issues can partly be adjusted with the size of trees and shrubs to be planted. With the Le Chaland project the average size of plants will be between 1.5 -­‐ 2.00m tall for trees, and about 50 cm tall for bushes and shrubs. On this basis a restoration planting density of about 0.60 plants/m² has been considered as appropriate. Based on figures provided by CJCL (Annexed Plan 1) the area to be replanted is approximately 28 000 m². The total number of plants to be finally replanted on the restoration site will be about 16 800 (28 000m² x 0.6/m²). Government policy requires that each tree cut in the Pas Géométriques must be replaced by at least two trees planted. Unfortunately, however, the Policy does not make it mandatory to replace cut trees with native species. It has been calculated that the trees to be removed for the project will be as follows: a. NCG Training School § Approval received for removal of 11 trees as follows: i.
6 Filaos ii.
3 Badamiers iii.
1 Cassia Florida iv.
1 Coconut Tree b. NCG Post § Approval received for removal of 14 trees as follows: i.
14 Filaos c. Enabling Works § Approval received for removal of 109 trees as follows: i.
87 Filaos ii.
21 Badamiers iii.
1 Coconut Tree d. Hotel Project § Application submitted for the removal of around 200 trees and translocating 10 coconut trees e. Extension and upgrading of public beach § Application will be submitted by the Beach Authority for removal of around 80 trees, principally filaos. f. Sand Dune Restoration D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
9 §
Application will be submitted by the Beach Authority for removal of around 700 trees, principally filaos. This gives a total of 1 114 trees, dominantly filaos. As calculated above these will replaced by about 16 800 native plants replanted on the restoration site. It will be shown below that this number will consist of about 10 000 native trees and about 6 800 to 7 000 native bushes and shrubs. Thus the replacement ratio will be 9 native tree planted for each tree cut (9:1) and a total of about 15 trees and bushes replanted for each tree cut (15:1), a very high replacement ratio. This, of course, excludes all other trees, shrubs and bushes that will be planted for the landscaping of the hotel and peripheral works. 5.4 Schedule of Works The restoration activity will be done in essentially 3 phases in Areas 1, 2 and 3, annexed Plan 1 Restoration and Plantation Layout, as described below: Phase I Areas 1 and 2, which consists of 25 000m² of the sand dune, will be cleared of approximately 600 filao trees. 9 000 native trees and some shrubs or bushes as per the list given in Tables 1 and 2 will be planted. These trees vary in height from 1.5 – 2.00m and have all been hardened to the elements. Enrichment planting with shrubs and bushes will take place in subsequent phases of the project. Phase II The area to be restored (Area 3) is approximately 3 500m² and is a combination of two partially vegetated outpost zones (in pink), a non-­‐vegetated outpost zone (in yellow) and part of the landscaped grass area in front of the hotel. Approximately 50 filao trees will be removed. About 2 100 plants corresponding to 700 trees and 1 400 bushes and shrubs as per Tables 1 & 2 will be replanted. It will also consist of a reconditioning and enrichment planting of the outpost zone where necessary. This phase will be undertaken as soon as the hotel construction permits so as to ensure that this does not interfere with the quality and survival of the plants. Phase III This will consist of a subsequent the planting of about 6 000 bushes and shrubs as per description above to reach a total of about 17 000 plants planted. D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
10 Throughout the restoration process care will be taken to secure the military buildings and plinths which will be part of the cultural heritage conservation and protection programme of the resort. A circular path around the site will be designed during the plantation to allow the future development of a visitor’s trail and pedagogical circuit. D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
11 Plan 1 Restoration and Plantation Layout Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
12 Table 1 Trees Genus Anacardiaceae Apocynaceae Araliaceae Arecaceae " " Boraginaceae Burseraceae Celastraceae Combretaceae Ebenaceae Euphorbiaceae Lecythidaceae Malvaceae Monimiaceae Ochnaceae Pandanaceae Pittosporaceae Rubiaceae Rusaceae Rutaceae Salicaceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Vilaceae Plant Species and Quantities Species Name Common Name Poupartia borbonica Bois Poupart Tabernaemontana persicariifolia Bois de lait Gastonia mauritiana Dictyosperma album Hyophorbe lagenicaulis Latania loddigesii Tournefortia argentea Protium obtusifolium Cassine orientalis Terminalia bentzoë Diospyros egrettarum Diospyros leucomelas Diospyros melanida Diospyros tessellaria Margaritaria anomala Stillingia lineata Foetidia mauritiana Hibiscus tiliaceus Thespesia populnea Tambourisssa quadrifida Ochna mauritiana Pandanus utilis Pandanus vandermeerschii Pittosporum ferrugineum Tarenna borbonica Dracaena concina Dracaena floribunda Vepris lanceolata Zanthoxylum heterophylum Homalium integrifolium Cossinia pinnata Molinaea laevis Mimusops petiolaris Sideroxylon boutonianum Cyphostemma mappia Bois de bœuf Palmiste blanc Palmiste bouteille Latanier bleu Veloutier blanc Colophane bâtard Bois d'olive Benjoin Bois d'ébène B. E à veines noires Bois d'ébène marbré Bois d'ébène noir Bois chenille Fangame Bois puant Var Sainte Marie Bois tambour Bois bouquet banané Vacoas Vacoas Bois de carotte Bois de rat Bois de chandelle Bois de chandelle Bois Patte poule Bois de Poivre Bois de Cyclone Bois de juda Bois sagaie Blanc Makak Bois de Fer Mapou D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
13 Table 2 Plant Species and Quantities Bushes, Shrubs & Creepers Genus Acanthaceae Amaryllidaceae Asphodelaceae Asteraceae Boraginaceae Celastraceae Compositae Convolvulaceae Erythrocylaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Flacourtiaceae Goodeniaceae Leguminoseae Malvaceae Meliaceae Myrtaceae Oleaceae Pittosporaceae Rubiaceae Rusaceae Salicaceae Sapindaceae Sterculiaceae D iospyros Ltd
Species Name Barleria observatrix Crinum mauritianum Lomatophyllum tomentorii Psiadia arguta Psiadia viscosa Hilsenbergia petiolaris Maytenus pyria Distephanus populnea Ipomoea pes-­‐caprae Erythroxylum hypericifolium Erythroxylum sideroxyloides Acalypha integrifolia Croton tiliifolius Drypetes caustica Sophora tomentosa Scolopia heterophylla Scaevola taccada Gagnebina pterocarpa Canavalia rosea Vigna marina Hibiscus fragilis Hibiscus genevii Turraea thouarsiana Eugenia fasciculata Eugenia lucida Eugenia sieberi Olea europea africana Pittosporum senacia Coffea myrtifolia Fernalia buxifolia Dracaena reflexa Ludia mauritiana Dodonaea viscosa Dodonaea viscosa Doratoxylon apetalum Dombeya acutangula Common Name Barleria Lis du pays Mazambron marron Baume de l'ile plate Baume Bois Pipe Bois à poudre Distephanus Liane batatran Bois balais Bois de ronde Bois queue de rat Croton indigène Bois bleu/Bois bitte Griffes du diable Bois de bouchon Veloutier vert Acacia du pays Liane cocorico Hibiscus Hibiscus Bois quivi Bois de clou Bois de clou Bois de clou Bois de carotte Café marron Bois buis Bois de chandelle Bois mozambique Bois de reinette Grandes feuilles Bois Sagaie Rouge Dombeya Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]
14 Surianaceae Urticaceae Verbenaceae Suriana maritima Pouzolzia laevigata Clerodendron heterophyllum Bois matelot Bois de fièvre Bois cabri D iospyros Ltd
Ecological Consultants
28A Dr de Chazal Rd, Vacoas, Mauritius. Tel (230) 696 4353 Email: [email protected]