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8/29/2013 The Character of the Renaissance The Early Renaissance • When was the Renaissance? – Jules Michelet – Jakob Burkhardt – Charles Homer Haskins • Florentine Renaissance characteristics The resurgence of classical culture and the rise of a new humanism Florence, Italy Where the Renaissance begins… – – – – – – Artist as individual seeking fame New artistic realism New growth in economics/trade Florentine banking and commerce Humanism as outgrowth of Classical learning Advancement of self and society through intellectual efforts The First Phase: Masaccio, Ghiberti, and Brunelleschi • Florentine “representative” government – Arti, senior guilds • Wool trade • Banking, banking families – Stable monetary system • Revolutionary Florentine art – Renaissance The First Phase: Masaccio, Ghiberti, and Brunelleschi • Characteristics of artistic change • Gentile da Fabriano (c. 1385-1427) – Adoration of the Magi (1423) – Conservative International Gothic style • Tommaso Guidi, aka Masaccio (1401-1428) – The Holy Trinity (c. 1428) – Clarity of line, perspective, realism, psychology Medieval Art in the International Style Note the bright colors, crowded composition, and rounded figures No single-point perspective 1 8/29/2013 1. 2. 3. a concern with, and technical ability to handle, space and volume in a believable way studious approach to model art from that of ancient Rome departure from more ethereal mode of medieval otherworldliness to a greater concern for human realism This is achieved through: 1. clarity of line 2. mathematically precise perspective 3. close observation of real people 4. concern for psychological states 5. uncluttered arrangements—artist doesn’t fill up all available space The First Phase: Masaccio, Ghiberti, and Brunelleschi • Masaccio – Realistic depiction of human beings • The Tribute Money (c. 1427) – Profound sense of emotion • Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden (c. 1425) – “…brought into existence the modern style” The First Phase: Masaccio, Ghiberti, and Brunelleschi • Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455) – Florence Baptistery, North Door competition – Sentiment, mathematical perspective – East Doors = “Gates of Paradise” • Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1466) – Renaissance architecture – Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore – Gothic + Classical Roman influences 2 8/29/2013 The First Phase: Masaccio, Ghiberti, and Brunelleschi • Foundling Hospital, Pazzi Chapel – Classical order – Intricate mathematical proportions – Serenity • Florentine Renaissance style – Space, ancient models, human realism – Reaffirmation of Classical ideals The pre-Renaissance Gothic style (Notre Dame Cathedral) Florence Cathedral combines Gothic buttressing with Roman dome Brunelleschi’s austere Foundling Hospital Brunelleschi’s Pazzi Chapel; note the similarities to Rome’s domed pantheon Brunelleschi’s Renaissance Pazzi Chapel Ancient Rome’s Pantheon 3 8/29/2013 The Medici Era • Medici rule of Florence: 1434-1492 • Immense banking fortune – Branch banks throughout Western Europe • Extensive geographic, sociological influence – Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride (1434) The Medici Era: Cosimo de’ Medici (1434-1464) • Ancient manuscripts • Greek language, philosophy • Platonic Academy – Search for truth and beauty • Marsilio Ficino – Platonic Love, Christian Platonism • Pater Patriae – Patron of the arts The Medici Era: Cosimo de’ Medici (1434-1464) • Donatello (1386-1466) – Saint George, David, Mary Magdalene • Michelozzo (1396-1472) – Convent of San Marco • Fra Angelico (1387-1455) – Annunciation fresco • Paolo Uccello (1397-1475) – Medici Palace paintings 4 8/29/2013 The Medici Era: The Medici Era: Piero de’ Medici Lorenzo il Magnifico • Ruled Florence from 1464-1469 • Continued Cosimo’s patronages – Religious and civil art and architecture • Medici and the theme of the Magi – Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) – Benozzo Gozzoli (1420-1495) • Accomplished vernacular poet • Ficino, Botticelli, Michelangelo • Laurentian patronage of learning – University of Pisa – The Stadium of Florence – Greek as export from Florence The Medici Era: Lorenzo il Magnifico • Botticelli (1444-1510) – La Primavera (Springtime), The Birth of Venus – Platonic idealism, Christian mysticism • Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) – Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Madonna of the Rocks – Notebooks – Mathematics, natural world and humanity, love for beauty Botticelli’s Birth of Venus; modeled on Greek and Roman statues 5 8/29/2013 Leonardo da Vinci The first “Renaissance Man” 1. He was a master painter 2. He was a keen scientist, mastering fields of geology, botany, and anatomy 3. He was a master engineer, designing airplanes and helicopters 4. He was a master mathematician Leonardo’s Notebooks From left to right: An underwater breathing machine; detailed studies of human anatomy; an artificial wing for human flight (strap it on and jump off a cliff! [don’t try this at home]) Leonardo’s “The Last Supper” Note the mathematical precision The Medici Era: Lorenzo il Magnifico • Michelangelo Buonarroti (1476-1564) – Cameo carving: Madonna of the Stairs – Pietá • Michelangelo’s David – Statement of idealized beauty – Palazzo Vecchio: symbol of civic power 6