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2012‐04‐04
HÄLSA ÄR INTE GRATIS!
Stig Bengmark MD PhD UCL London University London UK
UCL, London University, London, UK
Ett Anitta Olsson – arrangement
Malung‐Sälen 1st April 2012 HEALTH IS BETTER
THAN WEALTH !
OLD ENGLISH PROVERB
http://atforlivet.media.fnf.nu/2/falkoping_2011‐12‐03
www.bengmark.com
THE NEW HUMAN
STROKE‐PRONE FOODS
1. Crackers, chips, and store‐
bought pastries and baked goods
2. Smoked and processed meats
3. Diet soda
4. Red meat
5. Canned and processed/prepared foods
Jean Carper
ISBN: 978‐0‐09‐183951‐9
Boutenko V. Green for Life. Vermillon, London
UK 2010
North Atlantic Books
Calif, USA, 2010 1
2012‐04‐04
”Sedan 1997, då min yngre syster fick bröstcancer, bara 30 år gammal, har jag varit mycket intresserad av kostens och mikrobiotans betydelse för uppkomst av inflammatoriska processer och cancersjukdomar. År 1999 fick min syster metastaser i lunga, lever och hjärna och ingen behandling tycktes hjälpa. Både hon och jag gick då över till raw food och under en tvåmånadersperiod åt vi endast färska grönsaker, å å
å
frukt, bär, nötter och frön. Efter det började vi även äta fisk och kyckling, men har sedan 1999 inte ätit mjölkprodukter eller rött kött. Idag, 12 år senare, finns inga tecken på tumörceller hos min syster och hon utstrålar mer energi och kraft än de flesta människor jag känner.” Yvonne Wettergren, cancerforskare, Göteborg, Mars 2012
•
• pH 9.0 – vattenmelon, sparris , vitlök, morot
• pH app 8,5 ‐ dadlar, fikon, aprikoser, mango, persilja, •
•
citron, lime, grapefrukt, alger sjögräs
• Grönt i alla former – särskilt
•
ekologiska: spenat ruccola
ekologiska: spenat, ruccola, broccoli, groddar, nässlor
•
• Frukt (helst ekologisk): avokado, päron, äpple, •
banan, bär, druvor, persika
• pH app 8.0 ‐ ärtor, pumpa, •
palsternacka pH app 7.5 ‐ gröna bönor, paprika, rödbetor, broccoli, kål av olika slag
Fisk ‐ helst vildfångad
Nötter, mandel & fröer (gärna
ekologiska) ‐ pumpafrön, sesamfrö, linfrö, solrosfrö
Bönor och groddar, kikärtor, svarta bönor, bovete
Kryddor ‐ ingefära, gurkmeja, kanel, kardemumma
Himalaya mineralsalt, carob, kokos
Oljor och fett ‐ linfrönolja, kokosolja, rapsolja, olivolja
Jon Brower Minnoch, USA 1941 ‐1983, är med sina 635 kg världens tyngsta man någonsin
JOE, 7 KG, född 2 veckor för tidigt,
”den största brittiska babyn på 8 år”
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2012‐04‐04
DIFFERENT LIFESTYLE – DIFFERENT DISEASE PATTERN
A NEW PANORAMO OF DISEASES
Clayton P, Rowbotham J Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009;6:1235‐1253
Increase of ChDs from about 1850 parallel to:
100 % increase in saturated fats (20% => app 40 %)
3000 % production of milk /cow (1 l/d => 30 l/d ) 10000 % increase in refined sugars (1/2 kg => 47 kg)
GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX
MORTALITY per 100 000 inhab. 1995
Willcox CF et al Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2007;1114: 434–455
GLOBAL LIFE EXPECTANCY
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GLOBAL RED MEAT CONSUMTION
gr/capita/day
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
Sweden, changes 1960 to 2007
Meat
Cheese
Egg
Fish
MEAT ‐ PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION kg/capita/y(2007)
Luxembourg (1)
United States (2)
Australia (3)
New Zealand (4)
Spain (5)
Denmark (11)
Italy (17)
Argentina (18)
France ((20)
0)
Germany (21)
United Kingdom (24) Brazil (35)
Sweden (36)
Switzerland (43)
Finland (44)
Norway (55)
Russia (61)
Paraguay (82)
Albania (83)
1960
2007 51
8
11
12
86
18
10
16
137 kg
123 kg
123 kg
117 kg
112 kg
98 kg
92 kg
91 kg
89 kg
89
kg
88 kg
86 kg
80 kg
79 kg
74 kg
73 kg
65 KG
61 kg
48 kg
48 kg
WORLD AVERAGE
Japan (86)
Bulgaria (89)
Ukraine (90)
Uruguay (93)
Vietnam (98)
Cuba (100)
Burma (114)
Thailand (115)
Thailand (115)
Turkey (127)
Egypt (131)
Peru (139)
Algeria (142)
Kenya (150) Pakistan 159)
Indonesia (165)
Ethiopia (175)
Eritrea (179)
India (185)
46.6 kg 46 kg
45 kg
45 kg
43 kg
41 kg
39 kg
28 kg
28 kg
28 kg
24 kg
22 kg
20 kg
20 kg
16 kg
13 kg
11 kg
8 kg
7 kg
3 kg
GLOBAL PER CAPITA MILK CONSUMPTION
kg/capita/year
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GLOBAL FAT INTAKE GLOBAL CARBOHYDRATE CONSUMPTION
per cent of food intake
gr/capita/day
GLOBAL OBESITY Risker med övervikt och fetma (TT)
Överviktiga och feta löper ökad risk att drabbas av olika sjukdomar och dö i förtid.
Risken ökar för att få typ 2‐diabetes, högt blodtryck, förhöjda blodfetter, gallsten, hjärt‐kärlsjukdomar samt cancerformer som bröstcancer och prostatacancer.
Psykiska besvär som depressioner är inte ovanliga vid övervikt och fetma.
Ledförslitning och urininkontinens är också vanligare hos feta personer.
Fetma kan även göra det svårare för kvinnor att bli gravida.
Vart femte barn i Sverige är överviktigt. Fler än två av tre barn som är överviktiga i 10–13‐årsåldern blir även överviktiga som vuxna.
Om man är mycket fet, med ett BMI över 40, är risken att dö i förtid mer än tio gånger så stor som för en normalviktig person.
(TT Novdember 2011)
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2012‐04‐04
FUTURE PREVALENCE ‐ DIABETES
GLOBAL INCIDENCE – PROSTATIC CANCER (2008)
GLOBAL INCIDENCE – BREAST CANCER
IBD – GLOBAL INCIDENCE
GLOBAL CORONARY HEART DISEASE
Cosnes J et al Gastroenterology 2011;140:1785‐1794
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Bill Clinton Turns 65 – and Vegan!
Friday Aug 18.2011
Once known for his love of barbecue and
impromptu stops at McDonald's, former President Bill Clinton has radically changed his diet, dropped weight and improved his health.
his diet, dropped weight and improved his health.
The former junk food lover now calls himself a vegan, shunning meat, eggs, dairy and almost all oil.
"I like the vegetables, the fruits, the beans, the stuff I eat now," Clinton tells CNN.
After experiencing periodic heart problems leading up to the 2004 surgery, Clinton has now lost 20 lbs. and says: "I feel good, and I also have … more energy."
CLUSTERING & RISK PROFILE
CLUSTERING
to individual, family, social groups, race, country etc
country etc
Class‐related unhealth increasing
People with low degree of education and low income have a 60 % higher incidence of disease
PROGNOSIS DIABETES USA – 2050
Qvarnstrom M et al J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 805–811
Boyle et al. Population Health Metrics 2010, 8:29
PROGNOSIS ALZHEIMER USA – 2050
FUTURE PROSPECT ‐ CANCER
Hebert LE et al Arch Neurol 2003;60:1119‐1122
Bray F, Møller B Nat Rev Cancer 2006;6:63‐74 7
2012‐04‐04
FORECAST TO 2030 – USA + UK (375 mill)
Wang YC et al Lancet 2011;378:815‐825
Rising prevalence of obesity is a worldwide health concern as it forecasts an increased burden from diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancers, osteoarthritis and stroke . The trends project by the year 2030 in two ageing populations, USA and UK: •
•
•
•
•
•
76 mill more obese adults accruing an
76
mill more obese adults accruing an
6–8∙5 mill additional cases of diabetes 6‐7 mill additional cases of cardiovascular disease
492 000–669 000 additional cases of cancer
Loss of 26–55 mill quality‐adjusted life years Increase in costs of these preventable diseases by $ 50–68 bill/year
DNA – Not Your Destiny!
Stressors like a calorie‐rich diet * activate epigenetic markers * modifie histones * add methyl groups to DNA strands
* turn genes on and off & * may affect what gets passed down to your offspring
THE JAPANESE EXPERIENCE
The age‐adjusted death rate in ChDs such as prostatic cancer rose in Japan during the period 1948 ‐ 98 FUTURE SCENARIO
The annual health care costs in the US was in the year 2002 $1.6 trillion e.g.
about $ 5,440 per person, b
$ 5 440
It is forecasted to have doubled by the year of 2011= $ 10880 e.g. > $ 3 trillion &
2020 to be 4.8 trillion ($ 15000 pp) Heffler S et al. Health Aff (Millwood) 2002;21:207‐218
LESSONS FROM JAPAN
Studies of Japanese monocygotic twins –
one migrating to USA (Hawaij), one
remaning in Japan - taught the world
that lifestyle is more important
than genetic predisposition
Studies also showed that
healthy lifestyle can prevent
disease & premature aging
ANIMAL FAT INTAKE – PANCREATIC CANCER
Otsuko M, Tashiro M Intern Med 2007;46:109‐113
25‐fold
Parallel to increases in intake of :
egg 7 X
meat 9 X dairy 20 X Ganmaa D et al. Int J Cancer 2002;98:262‐267
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FOOD & RISK OF PANCREATIC CANCER
PANCREATIC CANCER & EATING HABITS
Chan JM et al Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:1153‐1167
Thiebaut ACM et al J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;10:11001
•
•
•
•
•
•
• High‐fat/processed‐
meat products: sausage, salami, bacon especially associated with risk:
total dairy 2.6
beef/lamb
2.2
butter
butter 24
2.4
Hamburgers 1.7 •
Egg 1.7 •
Chicken 0.7 •
animal fat 1,9
saturated fat 1.9
total fat
1.6
• cholesterol
1.5
• monounsaturated fat 1.3
EARLY MILK CONSUMPTION & RISK OF PROSTATIC CANCER
Torfadottir JE et al Am J Epidemiol 2011 E‐pub
8,894 men born 1907 to1935 followed a mean 24.3 years & 1123 diagnosed with prostatic cancer, CANCER & GENES Anand P et al Pharm Res 2008;25:2097‐2116
2,268 participants reported their milk intake in early, mid‐, and current life. Daily milk intake in adolescence associated with a 3.2‐fold risk of advanced prostate cancer (95% CI: 1.25, 8.28) suggesting that frequent milk intake in adolescence increases risk of advanced prostate cancer later in life.
LIFE‐STYLE PREVENTABLE CANCERS World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) & American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) 2009
• 70% of endometrial cancers • 69% of esophageal cancers
cancers • 63% of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, or larynx • 47% of stomach cancers • 45% of colorectal cancers • 39% of pancreatic cancers
• 38% of breast cancers • 36% of lung cancers 36% of lung cancers
• 24% of kidney cancers • 21% of gallbladder cancers • 15% of liver cancers • 11% of prostate cancers CANCER & GENES
Anand P et al Pharm Res. 2008;25:2097‐2116
Cancer prevention: Cancer‐related deaths:
Increased intake of fruits 30‐35% linked to diet and vegetables 25 30% due to tobacco
25‐30% due to tobacco 15‐20% due to infections reduced meat & dairy
caloric restriction 5‐10 % genetic defects
smoking cessation
Other links are radiation, moderate use of alcohol
stress, physical activity & regular exercise
pollutants
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2012‐04‐04
TEN COMMANDMENTS
• Get appropriate exercise •
•
• Control your
stress/emotions
•
• Maintain normal body
weight
• Control your insulin levels
• Normalize your vitamin D levels
• Consume enough fish‐
based omega‐3
• Get enough high‐quality
sleep
Maintain your flora
Eat enough greens, fresh
fruits & vegetables
Avoid environmental toxins & transfatty acids: cured foods, high‐calorie/condensed, made from concentrates, high‐temperature treated, hormone‐rich, gluten & gene‐manipulated foods & Reduce: dairy & bread
HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND MORTALITY
Kvaavik E et al Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:711‐718
Negative health factors:
• < 3 times/day fruits and vegetables p y
• < 2 hours physical activity per/week
• smoking • more alcohol/week than 112 gram (women) and 168 gram ( men)
TELOMERES
MEAT & PREMATURE DEATH
Pan A et al Arch Intern Med 2012 E‐pub
37 698 men and 83 644 women (2.96 million person‐
years) followed for > 28 years. Premature deaths: general, cardio‐vascular & cancer increased with 13 % by eating red meat and & 20 % by eating processed meat: cured, bacon, sausages.
Substituting 1 serving per day of red meat per day with other food: fish, poultry, nuts, legumes, low‐fat dairy, and whole grains is associated with a 7% to 19% lower mortality risk. 9.3% of deaths in men and 7.6% in women could be prevented if all the individuals consumed fewer than 0.5 servings per day (app 42 g/d) of red meat.
PREFER FOODS AS:
Fresh and Raw
Cooked low
low‐temperature
temperature
or steam‐cooked, crisp & allowed to cool
Cooked high/low temperature or steam‐cooked, crisp or overcooked, eaten hot
DNA METHYLATION & RISK OF BREAST CANCER
Xu X et al FASEB J 2012 E‐pub
Mayor S BMJ 2009;338:a3024 10
2012‐04‐04
TELOMERES & HEALTH
Cumulative oxidative stress & chronic inflammation reduce the length of telomeres, accelerate aging and promote development of chronic diseases (ChD) Leukocyte telomere length inversely associated with: • fasting glucose, insulin, blood pressure, Il‐6 • carotid intima‐media thickness SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS & HEALTH
Analyses of 308 female twin pairs The working class twin fared worse & showed compared to her professional twin significantly higher :
• most chronic diseases
‐ Systolic blood pressure
‐ Diastolic blood pressure
‐ Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol
Richards JB et al Atherosclerosis 2008;200:271‐277
Krieger N et al PLoS Med. 2005 Jul;2(7):e162
TELOMERE LENGTH & PESSIMISM O´Donovan A et al. Brain Behavior, Immunity 2009;23:446‐449
VITAMIN D IN DEPRESSION
Högberg G et al Acta Paediatrica 2012 E‐pub
54 Swedish depressed adolescents. Mean serum 25OHD was 41 at baseline and 91 nmol/L (p<0.001) after oral supply of vitamin D during 3 months (4000 IU/d during 1 month and 2000 IU/d 2 months) Significant increases observed: • Sleep difficulties (p<0.01) • Well‐being (p<0.001) • Depressed feeling (p<0.001)
• Irritability (p<0.05) (p<0.001) • Tiredness (p<0.001) • Mood swings (p<0.01) • Weakness (p
(p<0.05) )
• Ability to concentrate (p<0.05) • Pain (p<0.05) &
• Significant amelioration of depression according to the MFQ‐S (p<0.05)
MENTAL DEPRESSION & TELOMERE LENGTH
Wolkowitz OM et al. PLoS One 2011;6:e17837
VITAMIN D & TELOMERIC AGING
Vitamin D ‐ a potent inhibitor of inflammation The difference in LTL between the hi h t d l
highest and lowest tertiles
t t til of f
vitamin D was 107 base pairs (P = 0.0009), equivalent to 5.0 years of telomeric aging
Richards JB et al Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1420‐1425
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2012‐04‐04
NUTRITION & TELOMERE LENGTH
MAIN NUTRIENTS – EPIGENETIC ROLE
Paul L J Nutr Biochem 2011 E‐pub
Canini RB et al Nutr Res Rev 2011 E‐pub
A MOTHER OF DISEASE SIGNS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
Bengmark S. J Clin Nutr 2004;23:1256‐1266
Unexplained fatigue, Frequent headache, hair
loss, gray hair, dandruff, acne, skin rashes, dry
eyes, frail nails, dry mouth or increased
salivation, reduced sex functions, unregular
menstruations, obstipation or diarrhea, osteoporosis, overweight, frequent infections, mental depression, easy breathless, sweaty
feet, sweaty hand palms etc.
HEALTH & CIRCADIAN RYTM
Froy O Physiology 2011; 26:225‐235
CHATECHOLAMINES IN PLANTS
Kulma A, Szopa J Plant Sci 2007;172:433‐440 12
2012‐04‐04
AMINO ACIDS
Essential (8):
Non‐essential (13):
Alanine
Asparagine
Cysteine
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Selenocysteine
Serine
Tyrosine
Arginine
Ornithine
Taurine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylanaline
Threonine
Tryptophane
Valine
Semiessential, children (5):
Cysteine, taurine, tyrosine, histidine, arginine
ANXIETY‐REDUCING FOODS
Gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA) Precursors: threonine, glutamic acid
• Green Tea
• Fish espec Halibut & Macherel
• Meat espec Beef & Liver
• Tree Nuts espec Almonds and Walnuts
• Brown Rice
• Rice Bran
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bananas
Broccoli
Lentils
Oats, Citrus Fruits
Spinach
Wheat Germs
SLEEP ‐ MELATONIN
TRANQUILITY & ACTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SEROTONIN: tryptophan DOPAMINE: phenylanaline, tyrosine
• Almonds
Free Range Turkey
• Beets
Flaxseed/ Flaxseed oil
• Blue‐green algae
Buckwheat
•
Celery
Wild Fish and Sea food
• Chicken
Whey protein
• Cucumber
Bananas
• Fish
Free Range Eggs
• Green leafy vegetables
Free Range Beef
• Honey
Sour Cherries
• Cheese & Tofu
Dark Chocolate
• Wheat germs
EXCITEMENT‐ PAIN TOLERANCE – FEELING OF WELLBEING ‐ ENDORPHINS
• Cacao – Dark Chocolate
• Carbohydrates – Pasta/Macaroni, potatoes • Cheese
• Meat, Fish and Legumes with high protein levels produce endorphins to raise dopamine • Peppers, especially those containing capsaicin, like chilis
Â[xtÄà{ |á ÅÉÜx à{tÇ ÅxÜxÄç tuáxÇvx Éy w|áxtáxÊ
M. Twain
Spiritual harmony
(control of stress)
Physical exercise Proper nutrition 13
2012‐04‐04
INFLAMMATION & DEPRESSION – OLD CONCEPT
INFLAMMATION & DEPRESSION –NEW CONCEPT
Kendall‐Tackett K International Breastfeeding Journal 2007;2: 6
Kendall‐Tackett K International Breastfeeding Journal 2007;2: 6
MÅTTFULLHETENS LOV
DEN FRÄMSTA DÖDSSYNDEN
”För litet och för mycket skämmer allt!”
HYPNOTICS & RISK OF DEATH
Kripke DF et al BMJ Open 2012 E‐pub
Any Hypnotic
Hazard Ratio
(95% Confidence P Value
Interval)
U tto 18 pills
Up
ill per year
3 60 (2
3.60
(2.92
92 - 4.44)
4 44)
<.001
001
18 - 132 pills per year
4.43 (3.67 - 5.36)
<.001
> 132 pills per year
5.32 (4.50 - 6.30)
<.001
•Frosseri !!!!
• Vällust !!!
• Girighet !
Gi i h !
•
•
•
•
Avundsjuka!
Vrede!
Likgiltighet (lättja)!!
Högmod !!!
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY & DISEASE Walsh NP et al Exerc Immunol Rev 2011;17:6‐63
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2012‐04‐04
FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD (PENTADE)
EATING DISORDERS (low energy availability)
CALORIC RESTRICTION – DURATION & OUTCOME Rae MJ Rejuvenation Res. 2004;7:3‐8.
MENSTRUAL DISORDERS (amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea)
DECREASED BONE MINERAL DENSITY (osteoporosis and osteopenia)
EARLY ONSET DIABETES
EARLY ONSET CORONARY HEART DISEASE
LIVED IN THREE CENTURIES
WALTER BREUNING, GREAT FALLS, USA, 1896‐2011 115 YRS, His advice:
1. Watch your diet and avoid overeating
2. Keep your mind and body busy
3. Tell yourself that every day is a good day, and make it that way
Louis Cornado (1464‐1566)
Religious man, living an active, happy but
tranquil life, with plenty of sleep and rest
He consumed ½ kg of food/day,
mainly of fruits and vegetables,
bread, egg
bread
egg, olive
oli e oil,
oil
no salt
occasionally fish & lean meat
& ½ l/d new/virgin/fresh red wine
wrote a book: “LA VITA SOBRIA” when > 80 yrs
RESVERATROL IN FOODS
Beverage
Total
resveratrol
Total
in a
resveratrol
(mg/liter) 5-oz glass
(mg)
Food
Serving
1 cup
Total
resveratrol
(mg)
0.05-1.80
0.01-0.27
Peanuts
(raw)
146 g
0.01-0.26
Rosé wines 0.43-3.52
0.06-0.53
Peanuts
(boiled)
180 g
0.32-1.28
258 g
0.04-0.13
Red grapes 160 g
0.24-1.25
White
wines
Red wines
(Spanish)
1.9212.59
Avoid toxicÂsustances! (alcohol, tobacco, pesticides, drugs, AGE & ALEs etc) 0.29-1.89
Red wines
1.98-7.13 0.30-1.07
(global)
Red grape
1.14-8.69 0.17-1.30
juice
Peanut
butter
Avoid processed foods Eat fresh greens 15
2012‐04‐04
GUIDE TO PESTICIDES
Dr Nancy Appelton fann > 100 olika skadeeffekter av socker. •
• Undertrycker immunförsvaret
•
• Minskar upptag av mineraler som Ca, Mg •
• Ökar inlagring i kroppen Ök i l i i k
av fett och cholesterol •
• Skadar arvsmassan och •
påskyndar åldrande
•
• Åstadkommer hyperaktivitet och ångest
Ökar inflammationen i kroppen Minskar vävnaders elasticitet
Bidrager till urkalkning av skelettet
Bidrager till nedsatt syn
Göder cancerceller
Ökar risken för kroniska sjukdomar från Alzheimer, allergi och autism till prostataförstoring
För mycket socker – symptom?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Övervikt
Trötthet och sömnighet Svängigt humör ‐ depression ”Hjä di
”Hjärndimma”
”
Fis‐benägenhet ‐ Magbuller
Svängigt blodsocker
Högt blodtryck
Höga blodfetter
FERMENT YOUR VEGETABLES
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2012‐04‐04
BRAIN & ACUTE & CHRONIC STRESS
Åsberg et al Läkartidningen 2011;36:168+‐1683 CHRONIC DISEASES – NEUROGENIC MECHANISMS
Szczepanska‐Sadowska E et al J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;61:509‐521
COGNITIVE DECLINE ‐ VITAMIN INTAKE
Erickson KI et al Brain Res 2009;197:186‐97
THE NEUTROPHIL
Cortical volume studied with MRI scans:
Larger intake of vit B6 leads to greater gray matter volume in several locations: the medial wall anterior cingulate cortex
the medial wall, anterior cingulate cortex, medial parietal cortex, middle temporal gyrus & superior frontal gyrus
Larger vit B12 intake leads to greater volume in: the left and right superior parietal sulcus
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2012‐04‐04
MONOCYTE ACTIVATION & DISEASE
Wrigley BJ et al Eur J Heart Fail 2011 E‐pub
THE LARGE SURFACES TO THE EXTERIOR WORLD
The skin 2 m2 = ½ table tennis board
The lungs 100 ‐200 m2 = up to1 tenniscourt
The gastrointestinal tract
> 7000 m2 = size of soccer field
THE LARGE NUMBERS
Number of cells in the body: 1013
(10000000000000 = ten trillion)
THE CELL
Number of bacteria in the intestine: 1014
(10000000000000 = 100 trillion)
THE CELL MEMBRANE
DENDRITIC CELLS
Kraehenbuhl JP, Corbett M. Science 2004;303:1624-1625
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2012‐04‐04
DISEASE – IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE
Grandfather
& Father
Mother
at conception
Mother
Early
during pregnancy
childhood
THE
1800, 1812, 1821, 1836 and 1856 were years of total crop failure and extreme suffering & 1801, 1822, 1828, 1844 and 1863 were years with food in abundance.
Bygren LO et al Acta Biotheor 2001 ;49:53‐59
INDIVIDUAL
MOTHER´S EATING– EFFECTS ON OFFSPRING
Canini RB et al Nutr Res Rev 2011 E‐pub
NONBREAST‐FEEDING & UNHEALTH
Non‐breastfeeders: ‐ have an increased chance of becoming over‐weight
Chapman DJ J Hum Lact 2009;25:242–243
‐ suffer an increased risk of breast‐cancer later in life
Stuebe AM et al Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1364–1371
‐ are less stress‐resistent Mezzacappa ES et al. J Psycho Res 2005;58:351–365
‐ are more prone to develop postpartum depression Gallup Jr GG et al Med Hypotheses 2010;74:174–176
‐ may contribute to autism in the next child
Gallup GC et al Medical Hypotheses 77 2011;77:345–346
Daily Mail 2011 Dec 22 ‐ Commentary to IGF‐1 & Breastfeeding
MAJOR HEALTH THREATS
& life expectancy
Madsen AL et al Growth Horm IGF Res 2011;21:199‐204
Stress
? years
p y
activityy
Lack of physical
? years
Alcohol abuse 4 ‐ 5 years
Tobacco abuse 8 ‐ 12 years
Food abuse 20 ‐ 25 years
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2012‐04‐04
EXERCISE CAPACITY & MORTALITY
BENEFITS OF EXERCISE
• Builds strong bones
• Increases the muscular
mass
• Improves brainpower and boosts IQ
and boosts IQ
• Lowers blood pressure
• Relieves pain
• Balances mood and fights depression
• Increases energy levels
• Reduces colds
Kokkinos P et al Circulation 2008; 117:614‐622
15660 male veterans studied. Exercise capacity measured as peak metabolic
equivalents (METs). Follow up for 20 years. Cumulative survival registered. • Reduces weight
• Cures insomnia
• Slows down the aging process
p
• Lowers risk of diabetes & reverses pre‐diabetes
• Lowers risk of heart disease • Lowers risk of cancer
BRISK WALKING – PROSTATE CANCER
Richman EL et al Cancer Res. 2011 E‐pub May 24
CHRONIC DISEASES & NUTRITION
•
•
•
•
•
•
High levels of pro‐oxidants/s (ex. homocysteine)
Low levels of antioxidants
Exaggerated inflammation
Increased coagulability
Low intake of antioxidants, plant fibres (fruits and vegetables) High intake and levels in the body of glycated (AGEs) and lipoxidated molecules (ALEs) • Reduced diversity of microflora especially of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) • Increased translocation of membranes, especially in the GI tract/ leaky gut Bengmark S. Acute and ”chronic” phase response – a mother of disease. J Clin Nutr 2004;23:1256‐1266
DESTABILIZING FACTORS
Excess of refined processed foods: dysfunctioning proteins (AGEs & ALEs), fats, sugars,
hormones & chemicals; pharma, environmental toxins
etc.
increases pro-oxidant actions, stimulates overexpression of inflammatory messengers, reduces
fl
flora,
increases
i
membrane
b
leakages,
l k
destabilizes
d t bili
th
the
immune system
Contributory are:
Lack of physical activity
Mental and physical stress
Vitamin D deficiency
decreases resistance to disease
MICROBIOTA & STRESS
Stress causes release of noradrenaline
& within 24 hours
a 3 – 5 log increase
a 3 –
5 log increase of
GRAM‐NEGATIVE bacteria in the intestine, almost exlusively E coli
Lyte M, Bailey MT. J Surg Res 1997;70:195‐201
20
2012‐04‐04
ADRENALINE & CLOSTRIDIAL GROWTH
Cooper EV Lancet 1946;24:459‐461
HEALTH INFLUENCE OF FOODS
Positive Negative
• Restricted energy intake
• Low‐fat diet • Fish, Marine fish oils: N‐3 fatty acids
• Minerals: Zn, Mg, Se, S etc
• Vitamin D Vitamin D – sunlight & diet
sunlight & diet
• Antioxidants ‐ fruits & vegetables: ex. tomatoes, onions, garlic, cruciferous vegetables, hot chili peppers, turmeric • Berries: ex: pomegranate, red wine, grape seed etc
•
•
•
•
Teas (yerba mate, green & black)
Some whole grain products
Legymes & Soy products
Others ‐ nuts, mushrooms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High energy intake High‐fat diet
High sugar diet
High intake of dairy foods
High intake of processed red meat (bacon, (
sausages)
Animal fat – saturated
Trans‐fatty acids
N‐6 fatty acids
Processed foods
Foods heated above 100 C
Gluten‐containing foods
>2 g calcium/day
TEA/COFFEE & TAKE OF ANTHRAX
Baillie L The Microbiologist March 2008:34‐37 Survival of B. anthracis Sterne (pXO1+) in infusions of English Breakfast tea without milk and with the addition of 20% whole milk Tea infusions were
milk. Tea infusions were prepared at the strength of an average cup of tea (x1). Bacterial cultures were suspended in either tea x1, tea x1 with the addition of whole milk (20% v/v), or PBS as a control.
HEALTHIER FATS Virgin Olives and Olive Oils
Coconuts and Coconut Oils
Eggs from Raw Nuts, such as almonds or organic fed/free range hens
pecans
Meats from grass‐fed cows
Or
Free range pigs
Palm oil
Butter made from raw grass‐
fed organic milk
Avocados
Unheated organic nut oils
PREVENTION OF STROKE – OLIVE OIL
OBESITY – A METABOLIC DISORDER
Samieri C et al Neurology 2011 E‐pub
Cani PD, Delzenne NM Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15:1546‐1558
21
2012‐04‐04
OBESITY – A METABOLIC DISORDER
Cani PD, Delzenne NM Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15:1546‐1558
INFLAMMATION IN OBESE PREGNANT WOMEN
Basu S et al Obesity 2011;19:476‐482
Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns – PAMP
Erridge C Atherosclerosis 2011;216:1‐6
MICROBIOTA, AFRICAN & EUROPEAN
MICROBIOTA – FERMENTATION
De Filippo C et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107:14691–14696
Angelakis E et al Future Microbiol 2012;7:91‐109
22
2012‐04‐04
MICROBIONTA, ENDOTOXIN & OBESITY GUT MICROBIOTA & METABOLISM
Muccioli GG et al Mol Syst Biol 2010;6:392
Vrieze A et al Diabetologia 2010;53:606‐613
Obesity is characterised by altered gut microbiota, low‐grade inflammation &
increased endocannabinoid (eCB) system tone Endotoxin (LPS) acts as a master switch to
Endotoxin (LPS) acts as a master switch to control adipose tissue metabolism
Gut microbiota modulate the intestinale eCB
system tone, which in turn regulates gut permeability, plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels & adipogenesis
PROBIOTICS IN OBESITY Cani PD et al. Gut 2009;58:1091‐1103
Supplementation of Bifidobacterium spp is in HIGH FAT‐treated mice correlate with:
‐
‐
‐
‐
Normalised inflammatory tone
Improved glucose tolerance
Glucose‐induced insulin secretion
Improved control of gut permeability
MG‐DEFICIENCY & METABOLIC DISORDERS
Magnesium (Mg), an essential macroelement, required for cellular energy‐dependent reactions involving ATP and the regulation of calcium channel function. Subclinical hypomagnesemia
‐
‐
‐
‐
MAGNESIUM/s & MORTALITY MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY
Reffelmann Th et al. Atherosclerosis 2011 E‐pub Mortality in subjects with Mg++ ≤ 0.73 mmol/l was in comparison to higher Mg++ concentrations significantly higher for all‐cause deaths: 10.95 death vs 1.45 deaths (7x) & for cardiovascular deaths: 3.44 deaths vs. 1.53 deaths (2.4x) per 1000 person years.
i
increases the severity of the systemic h
i
f h
i
inflammatory response
worsens the systemic response to endotoxins, increases endotoxemia, insulin resistance, promotes organ injuries, commonly seen in critically ill and in various chronic diseases Mg involved in > 300 biochemical processes
Early symptoms of Mg‐deficiency are: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
obesity
body aches, muscle twitches leg cramps, headaches and migraines fatigue or low energy
fatigue or low energy restless sleep
premenstrual syndrome
chronic bowel problems
insulin resistance Left untreated Mg deficiency will lead to more life‐threatening conditions such as hypertension, heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and others.
23
2012‐04‐04
MAGNESIUM – DAILY REQUIREMENT
Children: 1‐3 years old: 80 milligrams 4‐8 years old: 130 milligrams 9‐13 years old: 240 milligrams 14‐18 years old (boys): 410 milligrams 14‐18 years old (girls): 360 milligrams Adult: Females: 310 milligrams Pregnancy: 360‐400 milligrams Breastfeeding women: 320‐360 milligrams Males: 400 milligram
MAGNESIUM IN FOODS mg/100 gr
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pumpkin &Squash seeds 540
Cacao 20‐22 % 520
WHEAT bran 355
Sesami seeds
350
WHEAT germs 290
Almonds
280
S
Soya beans
b
265
Cashew nuts
260
Rosehip, dry
240
OAT bran
235
Peanuts
190
Beans
190
Peanuts
188
Peas
150
Children: Adult: Females: 310 milligrams Pregnancy: 360‐400 milligrams Breastfeeding women: 320‐360 milligrams Males: 400 milligram
SELENO‐ENZYMES DEFICIENCIES
Foster HD Med Hypotheses 2007;69:1277‐1280
• Glutamine
• depressed glutathione peroxidase • depression oxidative stress
• compromised gut barrier integrity • depressed CD4 T lymphocytes
(relaxation of tight junctions)
• depressed trijodothyronine
• diarrhea • myocardial infarction
• muscle wasting • Kaposi’s sarcoma •
Tryptophane
• depression •
•
•
•
•
depressed glutathione
poor wound healing
abnormal immune function
psoriasis
infections and cancers
80
79
52
41
35
35
23
35
24
20
18
15
14
3
Daily need: 10 ‐15 mg 1‐3 years old: 80 milligrams 4‐8 years old: 130 milligrams 9‐13 years old: 240 milligrams 14‐18 years old (boys): 410 milligrams 14‐18 years old (girls): 360 milligrams • Cysteine
Lentils
Spinach Prunes
Avocado
Banana
CHEESE
Broccoli
FRENCH FRIES BREAD, whole wheat
HAMBURGERS
KETCHUP
MILK
CREAM
BUTTER ZINC IN FOODS mg/100 g
MAGNESIUM – DAILY REQUIREMENT
• Selenium
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
depressed niacin and serotonin
immune incompetence
neuroendocrine disregulation
polyneuropathy
dementia
dermatitis
diarrhea
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wheat germ 18
Dry yeast
14
Sesami seed 10.2
Flaxseed, dry 7.8
Pumpkin seed
Pumpkin seed 7.5
75
Squash seed
7.5
Cacao
7.0 Pecan nuts
5.5
Sunflower seeds 5.1
Liver
4‐7
BEEF 4‐6
Soy protein
4.4
Brazil nuts 4.2
Peas
3.8
Lentils
3.1
Peanuts
3.1
BACON
30
3.0
Walnuts
3.0
CHEESE 2‐3
BREAD whole wheat 1 FRENCH FRIES 0.4 • Milk
0.4
• CREAM 0.3
• BREAD, Wheat
0
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CYSTEINE IN FOODS
mg/100 gr food
• Wheat germs
• Gelatin
Lamb
• Sesami seeds
• Wheat bran Wheat bran
• Oat
• Almonds
• Walnuts
• Peanuts
• Beans, dried
• Soya beans, dried • Chicken
750
• Turkey
280
670 • Parmesan cheese 270
600
• Peas, dried
240
520
• Lentils, dried
230
440
• HAMBURGERS 110
390
360
• Cheese
100
350
• Banana
60
340
• Figs
60
315
• FRENCH FRIES
28
310
• KETCHUP
5
290
24
2012‐04‐04
VITAMIN K IN FOODS
METHIONINE IN FOODS
mg/100 g food
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brazil nuts 1010
Sesami seeds 900
Cheese
900
Gelatin
670
Roast chicken 801 Swiss cheese 784 Baked codfish 679
Fish
600
Chicken
570
Beef
560
Pumpkin seeds
550
Roast ham 535
Dry yeast
520
Sunflower seeds 490
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wheat germs
Soya beans, dried
Hard boiled egg HAMBURGERS
Beans, dried
,
Peanuts, dried
Peas, dried
Almonds
Cereals appr
Lentils, dried
Banana
Tofu KETCHUP
mcg/portion
470
410
392 360
325
280
260
230
200
190
75
74 11
HUMAN GUT MICROBIONTA & OBESITY
Ley RE et al. Nature 2006; 444:1022‐1023
12 obese individuals
Fat‐ & carbohydrate restricted diet for 52 weeks
The relative numbers of Bacteroidetes
The relative numbers of Bacteroidetes increased & the numbers of Firmicutes decreased significantly
Increased numbers of Bacteroidetes correlated with percentage loss of body weight PALEOLITHIC DIET
“Much support that our genes, adapted during million of years to the lifestyle of our prehistoric ancestors badly tolerate the dramatic changes, especially in food habits, which have occurred”.
Contained more of: Contained less of:
(X = times more)
(X = times more) (X = times less)
(X = times less)
Minerals
2 X Fibers
4 to 10 X
Protein
2 X
Antioxidants
10 X
Saturated FA 4 X
Omega‐3 FA
50 X Sodium
10 X
Lactic acid bacteria >1010 X
Eaton BS, Konner M. Paleotlithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and
current implications. N Engl J Med 1985;312:283-289
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brussels sprouts,1/2 cup Broccoli, 1/2 cup Cauliflower, 1/2 cup Swiss Chards * 1/2 cup Spinach ra 1 c p
Spinach, raw, 1 cup
BEEF, 3.5 oz
PORK, 3.5 oz
EGGS, whole, large Strawberries, 1 cup Oats, 1oz, dry
MILK, 8 oz, whole * mangold
460
248
150
123
120
104
88
25
23
18
10 Homo erectus
2 milj – 100 000 years bC
”diet consisted of leaves, wild grasses, nuts, berries, flowers, b i fl
tubers, roots, honey, occasional red meat, shellfish and bird's eggs.”
LIFESTYLE & CHOLESTEROL/S Mg/dL
mM/L
Westerners
<200 <5.18
Rural Chinese
127+15 3.3+0.4
Hunters‐gatherers 123+7 3.2+2.2
Non‐human
Primates
90‐135
2.3‐3.5
25
2012‐04‐04
Increase of ChDs 1850 – 2005 parallel to:
100 % increase in consumption of saturated fats 2500 % production of milk/cow (2 l/d => 50 l/d ) 10000 % increase in refined sugar intake (1 lb => 100 lb)
• Reduces inflammation Lowers cholesterol
• Lowers triglyceride levels
• Promotes weight loss
• Promotes healing
• Reduces pain
• Improves skin
• Increases joint mobility
• Improves vision
• Reduces soreness after training
Reduces soreness after training
• Reduces risk of heart disease
• Provides relief inflammatory bowel diseases
• May slow tumor growth
• Eases the effects of Alzheimer’s disease
• Improves brain function • Stabilizes mood
• Eases depression
OMEGA‐3/OMEGA‐6 RATIO Simopoulos AP Mol Neurobiol 2011;44:203‐215
TIDIGT UPPENBARADE
“SANNINGAR”
• “Inget fett av fäkreatur, får och gette s a
getter skall ni äta” 3 Mos 7.23
äta 3 os . 3
• ”Man skall offra till Herren ....... det fett som sitter på inälvorna liksom leverfetter och båda njurarna.” 3 Mos 7.3f resp 8.16
Daniels bok Kapitel 1.
FOREFATHER´S CHOICES
• v.1 Ynglingarna avsågs “äta av Konungens
egen mat och av det vin han själv drack”
• v.11 “Gör ett försök …. i tio dagar och låt giva
oss ggrönsaker att äta och vatten att dricka”
• v.15 “efter de tio dagarnas förlopp befunnes
de vara fagrare att skåda”
• v.19 Konungen “fann dem tio gånger klokare
än någon av hans spåmän”
1. To store foods in the soil
2. To use heat for production and preparation of foods
preparation of foods
3. To cultivate grains for food
4. To domesticate animals
26
2012‐04‐04
RECENT GENERATIONS ADDED
MANIPULATIONS:
HEATING EFFECTS: • PLANT BREEDING
• ANIMAL BREEDING
• MODERN AGRICULTURE
• FOOD PROCESSING: separation, condensation, drying , freezing, irradiation, burning, roasting, curing, microvawing, emulsifying, toasting , supplementing salt etc
• BAKING
• COOKING
• FRYING
• GRILLING
• etc.  app 28 C antioxidants start to disappear
> app 41 C food enzymes
inactivated
 > 80 C addition of
glycated and lipoxidated
molecules called AGEs & ALEs
 > app 130 C addition of
heterocyclic amines
FRUCTOSE IN FRUITS Dr Mercola 2010
IRRADIATED FOODS, 1‐ 30 KiloGray
= between 16,700,000 and 500,000,000 chest x‐rays or 10,000 times human lethal dose.
Boutenko V. Green for Life. North Atlantic Books
Calif, USA, 2010 NUTRITIONAL VALUE ‐ GREENS vs ROOTS
Boutenko V. Green for Life. North Atlantic Books Calif, USA, 2010
Beats Greens Beats Greens Calories
43.0 22.0
Protein (g)
1.6 2.0
Fat (g)
0.17 0.13
Carbohydrates (g) 9.56 4.33
Fiber (g)
2.80 3.70
Sugar (g)
6.76 0.50
Calcium (mg)
16.0 117.0
Iron (mg)
0.8 2.6
Magnesium (mg) 23.0 70.0
Sodium (mg)
78.0 226.0
Copper (mg)
0.1 0.2
Selenium (mg)
0.7 0.9
Zinc (mg)
0.35 0.38
Vitamin C (mg) 4.9 30.0
Thiamin (mg)
0.03 0.30
Riboflavin (mg) 0.04 0.22
Niacin (mg)
0.33 0.40
Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.07 0.11
Folate (mcg) 109.0 15.0
Vitamin B12 (mcg) 0.00 0.0
Vitamin A (IU) 33.0 6326.0
Vitamin E (mg) 0.04 1.50
Vitamin K (mcg) 0.20 400.0
27
2012‐04‐04
CHLOROPHYLL IN RAW VEGETABLES
portion = 1 cup
Parsley
38
Spinach
24
Cress, garden 16
Green beans
Green beans
8
Arugula
8
Leeks 8
Endive
5
Sugar peas
5
Chines cabbage 4
300 calories of CREAM, GLUCOSE or ORANGE JUICE?
Deopurkar R et al Diabetes Care 2010;33:991‐997
ENERGY INTAKE & ENDOTOXIN/plasma Amar J et al Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1219‐1223
FOLIC ACID IN FOOD g/100 g
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yeast
1000
Black eye beans
635
Chicken peas
560
Beans
425
Lentils
425
Soya beans
Soya beans
375
Wheat germs
330
Wheat bran
260
Spinach 195
Peanuts
105
Cereals
50
Orange 30
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Banana
FRENCH FRIES
Fish
Potato
Pasta
Rice
HAMBURGERS
KETCHUP
Milk
Cream
Sausage
20
17
15
13
10 10
7
5
5
4
4
OBESITY – A METABOLIC DISORDER
Cani PD, Delzenne NM Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15:1546‐1558
HYPOTHESIS: NUTRITION‐INDUCED METABOLIC DISORDERS Cani PD et al Diabetes 2008;57:1470‐1481
Bifidobacterim
spp.
LPS concentration 10 to 50 X higher than those obtained during septic shock
Mitaka C. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 351(1‐2):17‐29 28
2012‐04‐04
ENDOTOXIN & PROSPECT OF LIFE
Pussinen PJ et al. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:392–397 ENDOTOXIN‐ASSOCIATED DISEASES
• Alzheimer Jaeger LB et al. Brain • ADHD, allergy, ALS, autism, autoimmune diseases, bipolar
disease, cataracts, chronic
fatigue syndrome, COPD, Cognitive impairment Lee JW minimal encephalopathy, et al. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5: 37
fibromyalgia, glaucoma, gulf Arterio‐/Coronary Diseases
war syndrome, HIV, iritis, liver y
,
,
,
Heo SK et al Immunol Lett 2008;120:57‐
cirrhosis, macular
64
degeneration, multiple
sclerosis, nephropathies, Diabetes type 1 Nymark M et al obesity, osteoporosis, Diabetes Care 2009 32(9): 1689–1693
paradontosis, Parkinson, Diabetes type 2 Andreasen AS polycystic ovary syndrome, Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1548‐1555
rheumatoid disease, schizophrenia, stress, stroke, Cancer Hsu RY et al Cancer Res. uveitis
2011;71(5):1989‐1898
Behav Immun. 2009 May ; 23(4): 507–
517
•
•
•
•
•
A FAT‐RICH MEAL & INFLAMMATION Erridge E et al Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1286‐1292
• Increases circulating leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets) • Activates of the transcription factor nuclear transcription factor B (NF‐B) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells • Increases expression of tumor necrosis factor‐
(TNF‐) in monocytes • Alters some surface adhesion molecules in neutrophils and monocytes
• Activates Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex &
• Activates platelets and coagulation
MEAT STORAGE – INFLAMMATION INDUCTION
Erridge C J Food Sci 2011,76,72‐79
INTAKE OF FOOD & INFLAMMATION
Erridge C Brit J Nutr 2011;105:15‐23
VEGETABLE STORAGE – INFLAMMATION INDUCTION
Erridge C Food and Chemical Toxicology 2011;49:1464–1467
29
2012‐04‐04
HIGH FAT MEAL – HYPERLIPIDEMIA & ENDOXEMIA
HIGH FAT INTAKE, ENDOTOXIN/pl & LEAKY GUT
Erridge E et al Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1286‐1292
Cani PD et al Diabetes 2008;57:1470‐1481
ATHEROSCLEROSIS & BACTERIAL DEBRIS
CHRONIC DEPRESSION & LEAKY GUT
Nicolaou G et al J Atheroscler Thromb 2012;19:137‐1498
Maes M J Affect Dis 2012 E‐pub
Bacterial debris
observed in human atheroma, currently
concidered harmless, harmless
may contribute to
disease progression via TLR‐dependent
lipid body formation in macrophages
CHRONIC DEPRESSION & LEAKY GUT
Maes M J Affect Dis 2012 E‐pub
ENDOTOXIN & METABOLIC SYNDROME
Pussinen PJ et al. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:392–397 30
2012‐04‐04
ALZHEIMER, NEUROINFLAMMATION & PALMITATE‐INDUCED INFLAMMATION
Oberbach A et al PLoS One 2010; 28;5:e10882
ENDOTOXIN (LPS)
Saturated free fatty acids (FFAs) lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0),and stearic acid (18:0) stimulate macrophage activation of NF‐B & expression of proinflammatory cytokines.
Piazza A, Lynch MA Biochem Soc Trans. 2009;37:303‐307
FATTY ACIDS & INFLAMMATION
PALMITATE & ASTROCYTE INFLAMMATION
(in vitro) Gupta S et al J Neurochem 2012;120 :1060‐1071
(in vitro) Weatherill AR et al J Immunol 2005;174:5390‐5397
• The saturated fatty acid, lauric acid, upregulates in dendritic cells:
•
•
•
•
Expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, & CD86) MHC class II Cytokines (IL‐12p70 and IL‐6) &
I
Increased T cell activation d T ll i i
• In contrast, the n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, inhibits: • LPS‐induced up‐regulation of the costimulatory molecules • MHC class II, and cytokine production • LPS‐induced T cell activation induced
FATTY ACIDS & INFLAMMATION
(in vitro) Weatherill AR et al J Immunol 2005;174:5390‐5397
HIGH FAT MEAL – ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION
Nappo F et al J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1145‐1150
31
2012‐04‐04
HIGH FAT DIET & ALLERGY
Woods LG et al J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:1133‐1140
THE 1986 EXPERIENCE
• 1986: review of 81 liver resections • Morbidity: 33% (17 % major)
• Prophylactic antibiotic (ampicillin, cephalosporin, tetracyclines) given to 57/81 patients
• No antibiotics
No antibiotics to 24/81 patients
to 24/81 patients
• ALL INFECTIONS WERE IN ANTIBIOTIC TREATED PATIENTS
• NO INFECTIONS WERE SEEN IN THE PATIENTS WHO DID NOT RECEIVE ANTIBIOTICS
• Ekberg, PhD thesis, Lund University 1986
COCONUT OIL, PALM OIL, OLIVE OIL? Voon PT et al Am J Clin Nutr2011;94:1451‐1457
“THE MICROFLORA ORGAN”
In the intestine:
10 to 20 times more microbial cells than eukaryotic cells in the whole body
whole body
 800 species
 7000 strains
About 40 species in larger amounts
Some 3 mill genes
Grams wet weight:
‐ Eyes
1
‐ Nose
10
‐ Mouth
20
‐ Lungs
20
‐ Vagina 20
‐ Skin 200
‐ Intestines 1000 ‐ 2000
)
Gustafsson BE, In Germfree Research 1985;17‐23 Alan R Liss Inc. NY
MICROBIOTA – FERMENTATION
Angelakis E et al Future Microbiol 2012;7:91‐109
METABOLIC PATHWAYS –HUMAN MICROBIOME
Maccaferri S et al Dig Dis 2011;29:525‐530
32
2012‐04‐04
MICROBIOTA, DIET & IMMUNE FUNCTIONS
Maslowski KM, Mackey CR Nat Immunol 2011;12:5‐9
Western diet, antibiotic use, maternal transfer of flora, but also host genetics influences the immune system through lack of beneficial microbial products, increased in virulence factors promotes systemic inflammation & induces diseases
inflammation & induces diseases
DIET, FATTY ACIDS & ANTI‐INFLAMMATION
Maslowski KM, Mackey CR Nat Immunol 2011;12:5‐9
Microbiota regulates immune and inflammatory responses through anti‐
inflammatory and/or immuno‐
modulatory products: SCFA, polysaccharide A (PSA) and peptidoglycan (PTGN), various vitamins & antioxidants etc
MICROBIOTA – FERMENTATION
MICROBIOTA, AFRICAN & EUROPEAN
Angelakis E et al Future Microbiol 2012;7:91‐109
De Filippo C et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107:14691–14696
MICROBIOTA, AFRICAN & EUROPEAN
MUTUALISM
De Filippo C et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107:14691–14696
(between humans and their distal gut microbiota)
Flint HJ et al Nature Reviews Microbiology 2008; 6:121‐131
Fermentation of undigested g
dietary compounds provide approximately 10% of the daily energy supply in omnivores and up to 70% in herbivores
33
2012‐04‐04
THE LARGE BOWEL
“The after‐burner” of the GI tract
Provides through fermentation:
‐ Increased energy
Increased energy
‐ Antioxidants
‐ Short chain fatty acids
‐ Amino acids
‐ Growth factors
‐ Coagulation factors
Dogs received for 6 weeks treatment with fermentable fibres:
fermentable fibres: beet pulp and oligofructose
Surface area
+ 28 %
Mucosal mass
+ 37 %
Mucosal weight + 35 %
“Glucose uptake” + 95 %
THE ROLE OF MICROBIOTA
Kootte RS et al Diabetes RS et al Diabetes
Obesity Metabolism 2011 E‐pub Buddington RK et al. Am J Vet Res 1999;60:354‐358
MICROBIOTA – ENTEROTYPES
GUT MICROBIOTA
Arumugam M et al Nature 2011;473:174‐80
Roberfroid M et al Br J Nutr 2010;104 Suppl 2:S1‐63
HUMAN GUT & FLORA
MICROBIOTA & DISEASE
Tiihonen K Ageing Res Rev. 2010;9:107‐116
Cani PD, Delzenne NM Pharmacol Ther. 2011;130:202‐212
34
2012‐04‐04
MICROBIOTA & OBESITY
FLORA IN STRESS
Million M Int J Obesity 2011 E‐pub.
•
Obese (n=68) Controls (n=44) P‐value
L. plantarum
L
L. paracasei
i
L. reuteri
L. rhamnosus
L. ruminis
L. salivarius
0 (0%) 8 (18.2%) 0.0004
10 (14 7%) 17 (38 6%) 0 004
10 (14.7%) 17 (38.6%) 0.004
6 (8.8%) 1 (2.3%) 0.16
3 (4.4%) 4 (9.1%) 0.27
3 (4.4%) 4 (9.1%) 0.27
5 (7.4%) 2 (4.5%) 0.43
Bifidobacteria decrease & Bacteriodes increase 10X
Lyte M, Bailey MT. J Surg Res 1997;70:195‐201
FLORA IN STRESS cont
Deranged immune system (& flora)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Astronauts
Endurance athletes Gulf war syndrome Chronic fatigue syndrome
Fibromyalgia Mental depression Schizophenia (?) Lyte M, Bailey MT. J Surg Res 1997;70:195‐201
Fear and anger deranges flora
deranges especially LAB
FLORA IN ACUTE STRESS
• Anaerobs ‐ LAB reduced/eliminated 6‐
12 hours after induction of pancreatitis
• Accompanied by ‐ increase in potentially pathogenic increase in potentially pathogenic
microorganisms (PPMs) & ‐ dramatic increase in mucosal permeability
•
Andersson R et al. Pancreas 1995;11:365‐373
Leveau P et al. Int J Pancreatology 1996;20:119‐125
1.
GABA – A KEY MICROBIAL NUTRIENT
Siragusa S et al Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:7283‐7190
• Influences neurotransmission GABA synthesis of Lactobacillus plantarum, paracasei &. • Induces hypotension
bulgaricus, resp
• Tranquilizes
• Reduces sleeplessness depression & autonomic nervous disorders
nervous disorders • Affects chronic alcohol‐related symptoms
• Improves memory • Stimulates of immune cells • Stimulates insulin secretion & • Reduces/prevent diabetes
• Reduces ADHD manifestations
FLORA IN WESTERNERS
• Lb plantarum, a dominating LAB, found in only 25 % of omnivorous Americans and in 65 % of vegetarian Americans
Finegold SM et al. Human intestinal microflora in health and disease Academic Press, London, UK, 1983. pp 3‐31 • Common colonic LAB species present in only about
50 % or less of healthy Scandinavians:
Lb plantarum 52 %, Lb rhamnosus 26 %,
Lb paracasei ssp paracasei 17 %
Ahrné S et al. J Appl Microbiol 1998;85:88‐94
35
2012‐04‐04
MICROBIOTA & PREBIOTICS
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Cani PD, Delzenne NM Pharmacol Ther. 2011;130:202‐212
Brandtzaeg, P et al Gastroenterlogy 1989;97:1562‐1584
Lb PLANTARUM & IMMUNE EFFECTS
Van Baarlen P et al PNAS 2009;106:2371–2376
THE GREAT Ps
•Plantarum
•Paracasei i
•Pediococcus pentosaceus SYNBIOTIC 2000
Synbiotic AB, Sweden order: [email protected]





400 billion Lactic acid bacteria:
1010 of Pediococcus pentosaceus 5-33:3
1010 of Leuconostoc mesenteroides 32-77:1
1010 of Lactobacillus p
paracasei sbsp.
p p
paracasei
1010 of Lactobacillus plantarum 2362





10 gram bioactive fibers:
2.5 g of betaglucan
2.5 g of inulin
2.5 g of pectin
2.5 g of resistant starch
Lb paracasei – the master?
• the strongest inducer of Th1 & repressor of Th2
repressor of Th2 cytokines when more than 100 strains are compared Fujiwara D et al. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004;135:205–215
36
2012‐04‐04
CONTROL OF PATHOGENS
The ability of 50 different LAB to control 23 different pathogenic Clostridium difficile
tested: 27 were totally ineffective
18 antagonistic to some
18 antagonistic to some 5 effective against all:
2 strains ‐ Lb paracasei s. paracasei
3 strains ‐ Lb plantarum
Naaber P et al. Med Microbiol 2004;53:551‐554
SYNBIOTIC 2000 IN LUNG INJURY
Ilkgul O et al Br J Int Care. 2005;15:52‐57
• Placebo Only fibres
Synbiotic 2000
MYEOLOPEROXIDASE – MPO
Tok D et al J Trauma 2007;62:880‐885 U/g
• Synbiotic 2000 25.62±2,19 • Only LAB 26.75±2,61 O l LAB
26 75±2 61
• Only the fibres 56.59±1,73
• Placebo 145.53±7,53 p< 0.05
FERMENTATION ABILITY
• The ability of 712 different LAB to ferment oligofructans (inulin, phleins) studied: • 16/712 able to ferment the phleins &
• 8/712 able to ferment the inulin type fibre.
• Only four species had the ability:
O l f
i h d h bili
Lactobacillus plantarum (several)
Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, Pediococcus pentosaceus & Lactobacillus brevis
Müller M, Lier D. J Appl Bact 1994;76:406‐411
NEUTROPHILS IN LUNG TISSUE
Tok D et al J Trauma 2007;62:880‐885 • Synbiotic 2000 9.00±0.44
• Only LAB 8.40±0.42 Only LAB
8 40±0 42
• Only the fibres 31.20±0.98 • Placebo 51.10±0.70 • p< 0.05
MALONALDEHYDE – MDA
Tok D et al J Trauma 2007;62:880‐885 nmol/mg
• Synbiotic 2000 0.22±1,31
• Only LAB 0.28±3,55 • Only the fibres 0.48±5,32
• Placebo 0.67±2,94 p< 0.05
37
2012‐04‐04
NITRIC OXIDE
micromol/g
• Synbiotic
y
2000 17.16±2,03
,
• Only LAB
8.91±2,24
• Only the fibres 47.71±3,20
• Placebo
66.22±5,92
p< 0.05
SYNBIOTIC 2000 IN LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
50 to 85 % of transplant patients develop nosocomial infections within 30 days.
Synbiotic 2000 or Only fibres daily f
from the day before surgery + th d b f
during 14 postop. days
30 day‐infection rate:
Synbiotic 2000 1/33 ‐ 3 %
Only fibres 17/33 ‐ 51 %
Rayes N et al. Am J Transplant 2005;5:125‐131
SYNBIOTIC 2000 in LT
Isolated bacteria: Synbiotic

Enterococcus faecalis
Fibres only 1 11

Escherichia coli
0 3

Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
0
0 2
2

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
0 2

Staphylococcus aureus
0 
1 (total 1) (total 18) Rayes N et al. Am J Transplant 2005;5:125‐131
SYNBIOTICS IN ACUTE PANCREATIS
Oláh A et al Hepato-gastroenterology 2007;54:36-41
Isolated Microorganisms: SYNBIOTIC 2000 Fibres Only
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterobacter spp
Streptococcus spp
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococcus faecium
Candida spp
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Serratia spp
Klebsiella spp
Escherichia coli
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Citrobacter freundii
1
1
1
2
1
1
(Total 7)
4
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
(Total 17)
SYNBIOTICS IN ACUTE PANCREATIS
Oláh A et al Hepato‐gastroenterology 2007;54:36‐41
Synbiotic 2000 Fibres Only
Total number of infections 9/33 ( 27 %) 15/29 ( 52 %)
Pancreatic abscesses
2
2
Infected necrosis
2
6
Chest infections
Chest infections
2
2 4
Urinary infections
3
3
SIRS
3
5
MOF
5
9
SIRS + MOF
8
14
p<0.05
Late (>48h) MOF
1
5
Complications 9/33 15/29 p<0.05
Surgical drainage
4/33 ( 12 %)
7/29 ( 24 %)
Mean hospital stay 14.9 ±6.5
19.7±9.3
Dead
2/33 ( 6 %)
6/29 ( 18 %)
MULTI-STRAIN SYNBIOTICS IN
DISTAL COLITIS
Rectal application, 10 patients, studied before (D0), and after 7 (D7), 14 (D14) and 21 (D21) days of treatment:
D0 D7 D14 D21
D0 D7 D14 D21
Urgency
1.9  1.2  1.0  1.0
Episodes of diarrhoea 2.4  1.3  0.9  0.8
Nightly diarrhoea 0.5  0.1  0  0
Visible blood
2.2  1.2  0.8  0.8
Consistency of stool
1.1  0.9  0.7  0.8
Pathmakanthan S, et al, Gut 2002; 51(Supp lIII) A307
38
2012‐04‐04
Emelie – a child with cystic fibrosis
VITAMIN D – FUNCTIONS
• 2000 – severe cystic fibrosis, repeat chest infections, diarrhea, loosing weight, supplemented Synbiotic 2000
• 2 months later – gained 2.5 kg in weight, ,
,
no diarrhea, no chest infections, no antibiotics
• 2007 – still on Synbiotics, undergone liver transplantation, no complications, Holick MF Mol Asp Med 2008;29:361–368
(won 2 Gold and one Bronze medal at World Championship in Western horse‐riding) VITAMIN D – IMMUNE EFFECTS Reported to: ‐ decrease T‐cell activation & proliferation, ‐ inhibit dendritic cell maturation/differentiation ‐ induce tolerogenic dendritic cells Supplementing vitamin D reported to: ‐
‐
‐
‐
prevent acute and chronic diseases
improve allograft survival decelerate loss of allograft function prevent acute rejection in transplantation ALLERGY AND VITAMIN D
Sharief S et al J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:1195‐1202
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY & DISEASE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aging
Allergy
Alzheimer’s disease
Asthma
Athletic performance
Autism
Cancer
Cavities
Colds
Crohn´s disease
Cystic fibrosis
Depression
Diabetes 1 and 2 •
Eczema
•
Heart disease
•
Hearing loss
•
Hypertension
•
Infertility
•
Influenza
•
Insomnia
Macular •
degeneration
•
• Migraines
• Multiple Sclerosis •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Muscle pain
Myopia
Obesity
Periodontal disease
Pre‐eclampsia
Psoriasis
Rheumatoid diseases Schizophrenia
Seizures
Septicemia
Tuberculosis
VITAMIN D & BREAST CANCER
Mohr SB et al Breast J 2008;14:255‐60
39
2012‐04‐04
VITAMIN D & CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROGNOSIS
Shanafelt TD et al Blood 2011;117:1492‐1498 AUTISM & LATITUDE Grant WB, Soles CM (latitude)Dermatoendocrinol. 2009;1:223‐228
VITAMIN D & CYSTIC FIBROSIS
VITAMIN D & VAGINOSIS
Rovner AJ et al Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1694 –1699
Bodnar LM et al J Nutr. 2009;139:1157‐1161 VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN SURGERY
VITAMIN D & ASTHMA IN CHILDREN
85 % of patients undergoing hip or knee replacement Breijawi N et al Eur Surg Res 2009;42:1–10
77 % of chronic pancreatitis patients Dujsikova H et al Pancreatology 2008;8:583–586
57 % obesity surgery patients (79 % in black and Hispanic) % obesity surgery patients (79 % in black and Hispanic)
Gemmel K et al Surg Obes Rel Dis 2009,5, 54–59
67 % of renal transplantation patients Ducloux D et al Transplantation 2008;85: 1755–1759
95% of Afro‐Americans undergoing renal transplantation Tripathy SS et al Transplantation 2008;85: 767–770
Only 9.4% of children with asthma have a sufficient vitamin/s (> 30 ng/mL). Children with well‐controlled asthma have higher Vitamin D/s than children with un‐controlled or p
partially controlled asthma (P = .023) y
(
)
A significant positive correlation exists between forced vital capacity % vitamin D/s (P = .040) A positive correlation exists between vitamin D/s and so called Childhood Asthma Control Test (P = .011) Chinellato I et al J Pediatr 2011;158:437‐441
40
2012‐04‐04
VITAMIN D & INFECTION/INFLUENZA
VITAMIN D IN BABIES
Arnberg K et al Acta Paediatr 2011;100:1244‐1248
A cross‐sectional study in255 infants aged 9 months. 97% received vitamin D supplementation. Mean plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D: 77.2 ± 22.7 nM. No associations between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and i i
b
2 h d
i
i
d
glucose or insulin (all p > 0.05). Negative association between 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D and HDL (p = 0.003), cholesterol (p = 0.002) and triglycerides (p = 0.010), body mass index (p = 0.005) and waist circumference (p = 0.002).
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY – COSTS
Gant WB et al Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2009;99:104‐113
36 % of direct and 28 % of indirect Health
Costs are associated with vitamin D deficience:
Cardiovascular 13.5 and 7.5 resp
Infections incl influenza 7 and 6.5
resp
Type 2 diabetes 7 and 2.4 resp
Cancer 6.4 and 9.6 resp
Osteoporosis 1.5 and 0.5 resp
Multiple sclerosis 1 and 0.2 resp
AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
Studies of the effects of Mediterranean diet (high in fruits, vegetables and fish, olive oil, low in intake of sugar, starch & dairy products)
• 83 % reduction in rate of coronary heart disease in women
Stampfer MJ et al, N Engl. J Med 2000;343:16‐22
• 91 % reduction in diabetes in women
Hu FBN et al N Engl J Med 2001;345:790‐797
• 71 % reduction in colon cancer in men Platz EA et al Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:579‐588
SUBSTITUTING VITAMIN D
Gant WB et al Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2009, 99:104‐113
to all European to 40 ng/mL would reduce
the direct economic burden of disease by
11.4%, or EUR 105,000 000 000
the indirect economic burden of disease by
6.4 % or EUR 82,000 000 000
the total reduction in economic
burden of disease by 17.7%, or
EUR 187,000 000 000
MEDITERRANEAN DIET
Trichopoulou A et al BMJ 2009;338:b2337
Lifestyles like Mediterranean lifestyle (high in fruits, vegetables and fish, olive oil, low in sugar, starch & dairy products) are associated with significant reduction in mortality &
contributing to health:
low ethanol consumption
low consumption of meat & meat products
high vegetable consumption
high fruit and nut consumption
high monounsaturated/saturated lipid ratio
high legume consumption
23.5%
16.6%
16.2%
11.2%
10.6%
9.7%
41
2012‐04‐04
LIFESTYLE & PROGRESSION OF DISEASE
Scarmeas N et al. JAMA 2009;302: 627–637
282 early Alzheimer patients followed 5.4 yrs
Mediterranean diet, physical exercise & supplementation of
exercise & supplementation of vit B12 reduced the progress:
‐ Mediterranean diet (M) 0.60 P = .008
‐ More physical activity (PA) 0.67 P = .03
‐ Combination M+PA 0.65 P = .03
ADHD & DIET
ADHD & DIET
Pelsser LMJ et al Eur J Child Adolesc Phychiatr 2009;18:12‐19
Pelsser LMJ et al Eur J Pediatr 2010;169:1129‐1138.
Diet excluded processed foods in 15 children & compared to 12 controls. They were allowed to eat only rice, turkey, lamb, vegetables, fruits, margarine, vegetable oil, tea, pear juice and water. Exclusion diet resulted in significant reduction of physical and sleep complaints
‐ in the diet group of 77% (p < 0.001) compared to 17% (p
(p = 0.08) in the control group. )
g p
‐ Significant reductions also in headaches, bellyaches, unusual thirst or unusual perspiration. ‐ a positive correlation existed between the reduction of physical and behavioral symptoms (p < 0.01). The reduction did not differ between children with or without an atopic constitution (p = 0.7). Significant improvements observed:
f
b
d
parent ratings: 11/ 15 (73%) vs 0/12 (0%)
teacher ratings; 7/10 (70%) vs 0/7 (0%) in controls. Reduction in number of ADHD criteria 69.4%. “Elimination diet may be a valuable instrument in testing young children with ADHD on whether dietary factors may contribute to the manifestation of the disease.”
42
2012‐04‐04
EXCLUSION DIET IN ADHD
Pelsser LMJ et al Lancet 2011;377:494‐503 Switchover study 100 children, aged 4‐8 yrs, 9 weeks + 4weeks
A. Total, B. Inattention, C. Hyperactivity D. Abbreviated Connor Scale scores (ACS)
AGES/ALES IN TISSUES
AGEs/ALEs – AMPLIFIERS OF INFLAMMATION
Bengmark S JPEN 2007;31:430‐440
MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION
Chiurchiù V, Maccarrone M Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 Epub.
Heat‐treated glycated proteins induce about 50 X more free radicals than non‐glycated proteins ‐
AGEs and ALEs, which: ‐ accumulate in tissues (amyloid) & ‐ make the body auto‐fluorenscing
‐ impair DNA repair mechanisms impair DNA repair mechanisms
‐ induce tissue accumulation of toxins ‐ reduce antioxidant defense ‐ induce inflammation & infection ‐ weaken immune system & ‐ accelerate development of various diseases Thorpe SR, Baynes JW Amino Acids 2003;25:275‐281
AGEs & INFLAMMATION
Bohlender JM Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005;289:F645-659
DISEASES WITH ELEVATED AGEs/ALEs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aging
Allergy
Autoimmune diseases
Alzheimer´s disease
Parkinson´s disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Huntington´s disease i
´ di
Stroke Familial amyloidotic
polyneuropathy
Creutsfeldt‐Jakob disease
Down´s syndrome Atherosclerosis
Cardiovacular disease
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cataract
Glaucoma
Macula degeneration
Diabetes
Hormone deficiencies
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis
Chronic pulmonary disorders
Rheumatoid diseases
Fibromyalgia
Ruptured Achilles tendon
Osteoporosis
Nephropathies
Paradontosis
43
2012‐04‐04
AGEs/ALEs IN FOODS
SOURCES OF AGEs
HEATED DAIRY: powdered milk (ice cream, baby &
clinical nutrition formulas) cheese, espec when
heated: rich in pizza, tacos, nachos, salads, fastfood sandwiches and sauces & brown cheeses
HEATED GRAIN PRODUCTS: Bread esp. toasted
bread, bread crusts & crisp breads
HEATED MEAT (bacon, sausages etc), POULTRY,
FISH: content increases as one goes from
boiling to oven frying: boiling (1000 kU/serving)
< roasting (4300 kU)< broiling (5250 kU) < deep
frying (6700 kU) < oven frying (9000 kU/serving)
Vlassera H Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1043:452-460
Goldberg T et al. J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104:1287-1291
HEATED VEGETABLE OILS: olive oil ca 8000
Egg yolk powder, lecithin powder, coffee, espec dark roasted,
hard-cured teas, roasted and salted peanuts, dark and
sugar-rich alcoholic beverages, broth, Chinese soy,
balsamic vinegar, Cola drinks etc
”SMOKING WITH THE STOMACH”
IN VITRO ANTIGLYCATION – COFFEE
Systemic inflammation (high CRP), as seen in COPD, high BMI, hypertension, & affect lung function with a negative effect on forced vital capacity (FVC ). Verzelloni E et al Food Chemistry 2011;124:1430–1435
Margetardottir OB et al COPD. 2009 ;6:250‐255
Eating cured meats: (bacon, sausage, luncheon meats, and cured hams) induce inflammation d
dh
)i d
i fl
i
and reduces: FEV1
3 to 4 times/mo – 12 ml
5 to 13 times/mo – 42 ml
14 or more times/mo – 110 ml Jiang R et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:798–804
COPD & ANTIOXIDANT INTAKE
• AGEs IN VARIOUS MILK PRODUCTS
Tabak C et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:61–64
Intake of solid fruits & esp. catechin
(tea & apple) is associated with an increase in FEV1 of + 130 ml &
FEV1 of + 130 ml &
reduction of four main COPD symptoms: chronic cough, phlegm, breathlessness (p < 0.001) Intake of flavonol and flavone (vegetables) associated with reduction in chronic cough. •
Baptista J, Carvalho R Food Res Int
Food Res Int
2004;37:739‐747
44
2012‐04‐04
ACRYLAMIDE IN FOODS & HEALTH
HEAT & ACRYLAMIDE PRODUCTION
Das AB, Srivastav BB Toxicol Mech Methods 2011 E‐pub
Tareke C et al J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002;50:4998‐5006
Acrylamide has been studied
extensively for more than 40 years, but the first detection of acrylamide in carbohydrate‐rich foods was made as late as 2002
Acrylamide has a number of adverse effects on the human body, two major effects being NEUROTOXICITY & CARCINOGENICITY
ACRYLAMIDE IN BREAD
STEAM- vs HIGH-TEMPERATURE COOKING
Birlouez-Aragon et al, Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1220–1226
Metabolic effects of diets based on mild steamcooking vs. high-temperature cooking studied –
62 volunteers, 4 weeks
Granby K et al Food Additiv Contamin 2008; 25:921–929
Toasted bread contains several‐fold more of acrylamide than untoasted
y
Wheat: 11–161 vs < 5 mg/kg
Rye: 27–205 vs 7–23 mg/kg
• Reduced cholesterol/pl
(5%, p= 0.01)
• The steamed-cooked
•
R
Reduced
d
d ttriglycerides
i l
id /pl
diet induced, in
(9%, p= 0.01)
comparison to the high
• Increased Omega-3 fatty
temperature diet,
acids/pl (217%, p= 0.002)
significantly improved • Increased Vitamin C/pl
insulin sensitivity
(213%, p =0.0001)
(mean 7.63 => 6,52 mU/L)
•
• Increased Vitamin E/pl
(28%, p=0.01)
STEAM COOKERS
45
2012‐04‐04
HORMONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ”DISRUPTORS”
• Up to 80 % of milk comes from pregnant cows & contains significant amounts of:
Pituitary hormones: PRL, GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH Steroid hormones: estrogen progesterone
Steroid hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone etc
Hypothalamic hormones: TRH, LHRH, GnRH, GRH Gastrointestinal peptides
Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbones
Advanced glycation & lipoxidation end products
(AGEs/ALEs)
FREE ESTROGENS IN DAIRY PG/G
E1 E2 ‐ 17Β
ESTROGENS IN MILK Malekinejad H et al J Agric Food Chem 2006;54: 9785‐9791
Background: The dramatic increase in testicular, breast, prostate, ovarian, and corpus uteri, and large bowel cancers. 60‐80% of the intake of estrogens originates in the Western world from milk and other dairy foods.
The daily intake of total estrogens through milk is 372 ng, “which is dramatically more than currently recognized.”
The content is twice as high in 3.5 % fat milk than in non‐fat milk & extremely high in butter!
DIET AND BREAST CANCER
Carroll KK Cancer Res 1975;35:3374‐3383
E3
Whole milk 3.7 6.4 9.0 Skimmed milk 20.2 3.4 8.2 milk 20 2 3 4
82
Whey
3.6 1.5 3.0 Cottage cheese 34.9 10.8 6.1 Butter
539.4 82.3 86.8 Wolford ST, Argoudelis CJ J Dairy Science 1979;62:1458‐1463
46
2012‐04‐04
DAIRY CONSUMPTIONS & IGF‐1
The Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 530–42
• a positive association between consumption of dairy products or milk and IGF‐I concentrations reported in several cross‐sectional studies(11, 12, 17 18 31 32)
17, 18, 31, 32)
• IGF‐I concentrations found significantly lower in vegans compared with lactoovo‐vegetarians and omnivores in the EPIC‐Oxford cohort (16, 21)
• increase in IGF‐I in response to a higher intake of milk and dairy products observed in both younger (33‐35) and older(36‐38) participants
BOVINE MILK & CHRONIC DISEASES
• Allergy Rautava S, Isolauri EJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Nov;39:529‐535
• Breast cancer Outwater JL et al Med Hypotheses
1997;48:453‐461, Hjartåker A et al Int J Cancer 2001;93:888‐
893
• Colorectal cancer
Manousos O et al Int J Cancer 1999;83:15‐17, Ma et al J Nat Cancer Inst;2001:93:1330‐1336
• Chronic constipation
Iacono G et al N Engl J Med 1998;339:1100‐1104
• Coronary heart disease
Briggs RD et al. Circulation
1960;21:538‐542, Marshall T BMJ 2000;320:301‐305
• Diabetes type 1 Gimeno SGA, De Souza JMP Diabetes Care 1997;20:1256‐1260, Virtanen SM et al
Diabet Med 1998;15:730‐738 • Malabsorption O´Keefe SJD et al Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:130‐135
• Ovarian cancer Larsson SC et al
Am J Clin
Am
J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1353‐1357, Nutr 2004;80:1353 1357
Ganmaa D, Sato A Med Hypotheses. 2005;65:1028‐1837
• Parkinson disease Park M et al. Neurology 2005;64:1047‐1051 • Testicular and prostate
cancer Ganmaa D et al. Med Hypotheses 2003;60:724‐730, Qin LQ et al Nutrition and Cancer 2004;48:22‐
27
BOVINE MILK &
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
HEART DISEASE
Artaud‐Wild SM et al. Circulation 1993;88:2771‐
2779
• "Cow's milk in the past has been oversold as the perfect food, but we are now seeing that it isn't the perfect food at all and the government really shouldn't be behind any efforts to promote it as such.“ Benjamin Spock, M.D., Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1992 • “II would call milk perhaps the most unhealthful would call milk perhaps the most unhealthful
vehicle for calcium that one could possibly imagine, which is the only thing people really drink it for, but whenever you challenge existing dogma...people are resistant.“ Neal Barnard, M.D., Director of the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine www.pcrm.org
METABOLIC SYNDROME IN COWS
• Modern feeds of dairy cows, less forage‐based and rich in starch & carbohydrates (corn, maize grains, barley, molasses and dextrose) are likely to induce, • also in cows: Insulin resistance Insulin
resistance
observed in calves fed on
intensive milk‐ and lactose diet Hostettler‐Allen RL et al J Anim Sci 1994;72:160‐173
47
2012‐04‐04
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY
Element
Percent by mass
Atomic percent (calc.)
Oxygen
65%
25.6%
Carbon
18%
9.5%
Hydrogen
10%
63%
Nitrogen
3%
1.3%
Calcium
1.5%
0.24%
Phosphorus
1.2%
0.24%
Potassium
0.2%
0.03%
Sulfur
0.2%
0.04%
Chlorine
0.2%
0.04%
Sodium
0.1%
0.03%
0.05%
0.01%
Magnesium
3 g in men, 2.3 g in women
Iron
Cobalt, Copper, Zinc,
< 0.05% each
Iodine
Selenium, Fluorine
< 0.01% each
CALCIUM I FOOD mg/100 g food
Daily need: 1000-1300 mg
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Finland
180
Israel 175 Iceland
149
Sverige 138
Denmark 134
Holland 120
Norway
114 • Portugal 113
• Spain
109 • Belgium 64
Australia 104 • S Korea 44
UK 102 • Argentina 43 Germany
92
• Italy
42
• France
87
• S Africa
38
• EU
87
• Mexico
37
• USA
80
• Japan 34
• Iran 78
• China 10
• Switzerland 77
BRÖD, SÄD & SÄDESPRODUKTER ‐
HÄLSORISKER
• Rika på energi – kalorier & har högt GI
• Fattiga på specifika näringsämnen (nutrienter), vitaminer, antioxidanter & mineraler
• Dålig föda för den godartade tarmfloran
g
g
• Rika på pro‐inflammatoriska molekyler som gluten – gäller vete, råg och korn – inte andra!
• Rika på dysfungerande, pro‐inflammatoriska molekyler främst AGE & ALE men också t.ex. akrylamin om de bakats i temperatur över 80‐100 grader, eller rostats
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sardines
190
Brazil nuts
180
CREAM
135
MILK
120
Digestive
g
biscuits 110
Fish
100
Spinach
90
Black current
90
BREAD, wheat whole 48
BUTTER
18
HAMBURGERS
10
FRENCH FRIES
9
KETCHUP
7
DAIRY PRODUCT CONSUMPTION 2008
DAIRY CONSUMPTION 2008
kg/individual/year
Baking powder
11300
Herb salt
3180
Parmesan cheese 1380
Sesami seeds
980
CHEESE 28 %
750
Agar
600
Nettles
490
Persil
340
Dill
343
Peas
300
Beans
300
Almonds
265
Sunflower seeds
265
Flax seeds
198
Cheese
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Greece
Italy
France
Switzerland
Germany
Sweden
EU
Portugal
USA
United Kingdom
Argentina Spain
New Zealand Mexico
28
24
24
22
22
19
19
16
13
12
10
10
7
2 Butter
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
France
Germany
New Zealand
Switzerland
Finland
Norway
EU
United Kingdom
Italy
USA
Portugal India
Sweden
Spain
Greece
7.3
6.4
6.3
5.6
5.3
4.3
4.2
3.7
3.0 2.5
1.6
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.7
•
GLUTENOIDS
• Glutenoids induce
damage to cellular membranes
b
i
in individuals with predisposing HLA molecules
48
2012‐04‐04
GRAINS FOR FOODS
GLUTEN‐FREE MARKET – USA
Sapone A BMC Medicine 2012,10,13
Consider eliminate/reduce
gluten‐containing grains:
 ‐ Wheat
 ‐ Rye
 ‐ Barley
B l
& Use instead/increase:
 Buckwheat
 Quinoa
 Other exotic grains
GLUTEN‐CASEIN & LACTOBACILLUS GROWTH
Dubos RJ, Schaedler RW J Exp Med 1962;115:1161‐1172
PROLAMINS & TRYPTOPHAN/CORTEX
Choi S et al Physiol Behov 2009;98:156‐162
An 8‐fold decrease in cortex tryptophan & a similar decrease in serotonin after feeding: • Marked after zein
• Modest after casein & gluten • Small after lactalbumin
• Slight increase after soy protein
No effects were observed in regional catecholamine synthesis rates
GLUTEN & INFLAMMATION
Nikulina M et al J Immunol 2004;173:1925‐1933
Barley, Rye, Wheat? Amaranth
Arrowroot
Brown rice
Buckwheat
Chia
Chickpea
Corn
Hemp (sv: hampa)
Maize
Millet
Oat
Potato
Quinoa
Sesame
Sorghum
Soya
Tapioka
Teff
White rice •
http://www.wheat‐free.org/wheat‐free‐flour.html
49
2012‐04‐04
ANCIENT GRAINS
Arndt EA Gluten‐free foods: Opportunities and challenges IFT 2010
• No official definition
• Grains that have a long history of use and generally considered less changed by modern plant science practices
• Also includes ancient wheats ‐ spelt, Kamut®, farro, einkorn, emmer • Buckwheat
•
•
•
•
Chickpeas
Corn
Potato
Rice
• Tapioka
•
•
•
•
Amaranth
Arrowroot
Millet
Montina
• Lupin
• Quinoa
• Sorghum
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Taro
Teff
Chia seed
Yam
Bean
Soybean
Nut
Often supplemented
by:
Xanthum gum
Guar gum
Corn starch
Egg
SORGHUM – A SUPER GRAIN?
Dykes L, Rooney LW Cereal Foods World 2007;52:105‐111
GLUTEN & WHEAT FREE BAKING ‐ UK
• Amaranth – Aztec culture, high protein & mineral content
• Quinoa – Inca culture, higher protein & mineral content
• Sorghum – 5th highest in world, versatile, most cost effective
• Millet – 6th highest in world, versatile, mild flavor
• Teff – staple in Ethiopia, very tiny seed, higher mineral content •
• What is different/better about ancient grains? Unique flavors!
• Visual interest –seed size, shape and color
• Primarily used as whole grains –generally not refined
SORGHUM – A SUPER GRAIN?
Dykes L, Rooney LW Cereal Foods World 2007;105‐111
Tidningen Buffé 2009;2
This Gluten and Wheat Free flour is a blend milled from naturally gluten and wheat free rice, potato, tapioca, maize and buckwheat
+ Xanthan Gum (or guar gum)
+ Raising agents: Mono Calcium Phosphate, Sodium Bicarbonate
Without: wheat, gluten, nuts, milk, casein, eggs, gluten, soya
OBS! Blir glutenfritt om 4 dl dinkel‐/vetemjöl ersättes med havremjöl eller annat glutenfritt mjöl. Rekommenderas att ugnstemperaturen sänkes till < 110 grader varmluft , innertemperatur 95 grader. Saltinnehåll kan ökas något med dietsalt. Rostning avrådes!
50
2012‐04‐04
GLUTEN‐FREE GARLIC BREAD
http://www.therawchef.com/chef/raw‐garlic‐bread/
2 cups almond pulp
1 cup young coconut meat
1 cup psyllium
½ cup flax meal
3 teaspoons lemon juice
2 cloves crushed garlic
2 teaspoons garlic powder
3 soft dates
1 teaspoon salt
Blend the coconut meat, garlic and dates in a high‐
speed blender until smooth.
Grind that mixture with all remaining ingredients in a food processor until thoroughly combined.
Form into 2 loaves 3cm high and 5 cm (1˝ by 2˝) wide.
Dehydrate on a mesh sheet for 14 hours at 46 C.
Remove from the dehydrator and cut into slices.
Store in the refrigerator for up to 4 days.
NON‐CD & DYSFUNCTIONAL FLORA
Tiellström B et al Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:1204‐1208
• Children with celiac
disease (CD) known to
have an aberrant gut
microflora.
• Non-CD relatives have
impaired intestinal microbial
metabolism:
• - significantly lower level of
acetic acid and total SCFAs
– significantly increased
level of i-butyric acid and
free tryptic activity (FTA)
than healthy controls.
GLUTEN INTOLERANCE & CHRONIC DISEASES
Ruuskanen A et al. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2010;45:1197‐1202
‐ 14 % of adult population has gluten intolerance & often associated with diseases such as: ADHD, arthritis and depression, but also with Addison´s
disease allergy autoimmune disorders autism bipolar
disease, allergy, autoimmune disorders, autism, bipolar
disease dermatitis herpetiformis, diabetes mellitus,
epilepsia, Graves´disease, inflammatory bowel diseases ‐
IBD, irritable bowel syndrom – IBS, lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures, pernicious anemia, polymyalgia rheumatica, psoriasis, schizophrenia, scleroderma, Sjögren’s syndrome, thyreotoxicosis, vitiligo
Genetic markers: HLA‐B8, HLA DQ2, HLA DQ8 GLUTEN‐FREE DIET & TYPE 1 DIABETES
Matteo‐Rocco P et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88: 162–165
Gluten‐free diet ( 6 months gluten‐free diet + 6 months gluten‐containing diet ) tried on 15 individuals without gluten intolerance (1st
degree relatives) Insulin sensitivity increased significantly in 12/14 subjects after 6 months of gluten‐free diet (P 0.04) & decreased again in 10/13 subjects when returning to “normal” diet (P= 0.07)
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME – GLUTEN‐FREE DIET
GRAIN CONSUMPTION – ECONOMIC BURDEN
Biesiekierski Jr et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106: 508‐514
Metzgar M Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011 Epub
51
2012‐04‐04
METABOLIC SYNDROME IN COWS
Modern feeds of dairy cows, less forage‐based and rich in starch & carbohydrates (corn, maize grains, barley, molasses and dextrose)
induces “Western
induces Western diseases
diseases” – also in cows Insulin resistance observed in calves fed on intensive milk‐ and lactose diet BOVINE GRAIN CONSUMPTION & INFLAMMATION
Emmanuel DGV et al J. Dairy Sci. 2008;91:606–614
Supplementing barley grains associated with:
• increased milk production (27.2=> 31.0 ± 1.2 kg/d • reduced feed intake (32.6=>25.18 kg/d ±1.30), • reduced ruminal pH (6.8=>6.5 ± 0.03) • increased levels of ruminal
endotoxin (5,021=> 8,870) &
Hostettler‐Allen RL et al J Anim Sci 1994;72:160‐173
• increased plasma concentrations of serum amyloid A, lipopolysaccharide‐
binding protein & C‐reactive protein FEED/FOOD ASSOCIATION
UTFODRING & FETT I MJÖLKEN
Cordain L et al. Eur Clin Nutr 2002;56:181–191
Ericsson A, Swensson C Svensk Mjölk 2011;10:1‐3 52
2012‐04‐04
INFLAMMATION REDUCTION:
Examples: bioflavonoids, polyphenols etc
isothiocyanates in cruciferous vegetables,
anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids in cherries,
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in green tee,
chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in fresh coffee
beans and also fresh tobacco leaves,capsaicin in
hot chili peppers, chalcones in apples, euginol in
cloves, gallic acid in rhubarb, hisperitin in citrus
fruits, naringenin in citrus fruits, kaempferol in
white cabbage, myricetin in berries,rutin and
quercetin in apples and onions, resveratrol and
other procyanidin dimers in red wine and virgin
peanuts, various curcumenoids, the main yellow
pigments in turmeric curry foods, and daidzein
and genistein from the soy bean
VITAMIN C IN FRUITS & VEGETABLES g/100g Exempel på livsmedel med större innehåll av antioxidanter, mätt per 100 gram vara och uttryckt i s.k. ORAC‐enheter
(Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity)
KRYDDOR ‐ TORKADE: kryddnejlika 315000, oregano 201000, gurkmeja 160000, kummin 77000, persilja 74000, curry 48500, senapsfrö 29500, ingefära 29000, svartpeppar 27600
KRYDDOR ‐ FÄRSKA: staghorn (sumac) 86800, salvia 32000, timjam 27400, dill 4400
DRYCKER: kakaopulver 81000, olivte 10465, yerba‐te 5000, rödvin 4800, hibiscus‐
te 1950, grönt
1950 grönt te 1200 ‐2000, svart
1200 ‐2000 svart te 7‐1200, rooibos 800, dekaffinerat
7‐1200 rooibos 800 dekaffinerat te 7‐800
FRUKTER: katrinplommon 5600, russin 2800, torkade fikon 3200, äpplen 3000 apelsiner och vit grapefrukt 750, körsbär 700, kiwi 600, röd grapefrukt 480
BÄR: acai 102500, macai 75000, goji 25000, fläder 14500, plommon 7500, blåbär
6500, hallon 4800, jordgubbar 3500, vinbär 3400
NÖTTER: pecannötter 17900, valnötter 13500, hasselnötter 9600 GRÖNSAKER: grönkål 11700, spenat 11250, rödlök och vitlök 5500, brysselkål
2000, alfaalfa 1930, broccoli 1900, rödbeta 1850, röd paprika 1850, gul lök 1450, äggplanta och majs 1400 FIBRER: quinoa 480000, staghorn (sumac) 312500, durra (sorghum) 101000, risfiber 24300, linfrö 19600 STUDENTFODER OCH FÅGELMAT
daily need; adult 75 mg, pregnant 80, breastfeeding 100 mg
Wild potato
3100
Camu camu
2800
Rose hip
2000
Acerola
1600
Seabuckthorn
695
Mica Muro
500
Baobab
400
Chili pepper
244
Blackcurrent
181
Parsley
130
Broccoli, Kiwi
90
Redcurrent
90
Cloudberry, Elderberry, Papaya, Strawberry
60
• Orange
50
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Kale
41
• Lemon, Cantaloup Melon, Cauliflower
40
• Grapefruit, Raspberry, Spinach, Cabbage, Lime, Garlic
30
• Blackberry
21
• Potato
20
• Cranberry, Blueberry, Pineapple , Tomato
10
• Avocado, Banana, Carrot 8‐9 • Apple, Cucumber, Pear, Lettuce
3‐5
PHYTOCHEMICALS & ADIPOCYTE DEVELOPMENT
Rayalam S et al J Nutr Biochem 2008;19:717–726
53
2012‐04‐04
PREDICTION OF AMI & STROKE
Followed during 10 years 65‐99 year olds, 361 men and 394 women: TURMERIC ‐ Curcumin
Studied: Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricitin, Apigenin, Luteolin, Total flavonoids, Beta‐Carotene, Erythrocyte folate, 25‐OH vitamin D, 1,25‐OH vitamin D, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B1, Vitramin B2, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Potassium, Selenium, Sodium, Zinc, Transferrin, Blood
haemoglobin High dietary intakes of two flavonoids: Luteolin (celery, green pepper, camomille tea) (p=0.0096) & kaempferol (broccoli, grape
(broccoli grape fruit, Bruxelles sprouts, apples) fruit Bruxelles sprouts apples)
(p=0.002) associated with lower risk of AMI Low intake of vitamin D (p=0.011) and low serum levels of 1,25‐dihydroxy‐vitamin D (p=0.0053) are significantly predictive of stroke Low serum levels of iron predict both AMI (p=0.013) and stroke (p=0.019)
Marniemi J et al. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005;15:188‐197
IMMUNE SYSTEM SUPPORT &
protection against cellular stress
• Helps neutralize substances that cause cellular stress
• Maintains cellular integrity & protects environmental stressors
• Provides antioxidants & vitamins to support the cells
vitamins to support the cells against excessive oxidation and free radicals
• Verdana sthapana ‐‐ promotes healthy nervous system • Sangrahani ‐‐ supports absorption of vitamins and minerals
• Anulomana ‐‐ helps purging out wastes and building healthy blood
• Rakta stambhaka ‐‐ promotes wellness & circulatory system
From Barnet P et al Molecules 2011, 16, 4567‐4598;
IMMUNE SYSTEM SUPPORT &
protection against cellular stress
• Helps neutralize substances that cause cellular stress
• Maintains cellular integrity & protects environmental stressors
• Provides antioxidants & vitamins to support the cells
vitamins to support the cells against excessive oxidation and free radicals
• Verdana sthapana ‐‐ promotes healthy nervous system • Sangrahani ‐‐ supports absorption of vitamins and minerals
• Anulomana ‐‐ helps purging out wastes and building healthy blood
• Rakta stambhaka ‐‐ promotes wellness & circulatory system
54
2012‐04‐04
A SHIELD AGAINST ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE
Bengmark S JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30:45‐51
CURCUMIN – MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
CURCUMIN – MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS
After Aggarwal BB 2007
KUNNUMAKKARA AB ET AL CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2009, 5:5–14
STABILISING CELL MEMBRANES
CURCUMIN AGAINST AGING
Barry J et al, J Am Chem Soc 2009,131,4490‐4498
Lipid peroxidation &lipofuscin increase & SOD, GPx and Na+, K+, ‐ATPase decrease with aging Bala K et al Biogerontol 2006;7:81‐89
55
2012‐04‐04
Monica, Stockholm, ‐ a victim of low grade chronic inflammation
70 yrs of age, heavy smoker, suffering psoriasis (since childhood) & intermittent claudication (since a few years) • March 2006 – begins with daily
supplementation of one heaped
tablespoon turmeric powder per day
• June 2006 – free of claudication (3 mo)
• Oct 2006 – psoriasis disappears (6 mo)
• Sept 2008 – good health, no recurrence, walks 400 steps upstairs with no pain
SPIRULINA
Rich in essental and non‐
essentail amino acids, essential fats, minerals & vitamins, but especially
known for its content of
pigments: i
t chlorophyll, hl
h ll
porphyrin & phycocyanin &
caretonoids: astaxanthin
alpha‐carotene, beta‐
carotene, xanthophylis,
cryptoxanthin, echinenone
zeaxanthin, lutein
BROCCOLI‐ GLUTATHIONE
Nmol/g
Stig´s TURMERIC/CHILI COCKTAIL
½ GLAS OF FRUIT JUICE SUCH AS APPLE, PINEAPPLE
1 HEAPFUL TABLESPOON TURMERIC ¼ TEASPOON CHILI (CAYENNE) PEPPER
1 TEASPOON CINNAMON
1 TABLESPOON APPLE CIDER VINEGER
1 TABLESPOON FRESH LEMON JUICE
MIX, DRINK ONCE OR TWICE A DAY
Marianne´s SUPER HEALTH DRINK
>½ lit liquid, various raw tubers such as potato, carrots with
greens, red beets with greens, other greens & sallads, avocados, celery + ev. some
pulses, ¼ ‐ ½ lime or lemon
with peel, some
peel some fruits such as as
apple with skin and core & kiwi
Piece of fresh ginger, garlic & onions, 1 tbs psyllium husk
1 heaped tbs turmeric or fresh turmeric, ½ to 1 tbs
spirulina, ½ tbs cocos oil + ev 1 tbs olive oil
RESTORING TH1 IMMUNITY – SULFORAPHANE
Kim H-J et al J Allerg Clin Immunol 2008;121:1255-1261
Redox equilibrium of dendritic cells (DCs) - a key
factor in maintaining protective cellular immunity.
The Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 ) pathway
pathway
- the most sensitive oxidative stress
response
- regulates activation of > 200
antioxidant and protective genes.
Nrf2 agonists Sulforaphane , alphaalphalipoic acid & thiol precursor NN-acetyl
cysteine (NAC)
- boosts the GSH levels
- restores redox equilibrium &
- upregulates TH1 immunity in aging
56
2012‐04‐04
GLUTATHIONE IN FOODS
LOW CYSTEIN‐GLUTATHIONE SYNDROME
Dröge W, Holm E FASEB J 1997;11:1077‐1089
• Aggravated infections incl
HIV
• Allergy problems
• Arthritis & other joint problems
• Athletic over‐trainingg
• Blood sugar problems • Britle hair & nails
• Cancer • Dermatitis & Eczema
• Fatigue & sluggishness
• Hair loss & slow growth of hair and nails
Nmol/g
• IBD (Crohn´s sjukdom & Ulcerative colitis)
• Increased aging espec skin
• Inability to digest foods espec
fats
• Parasitical infestations
• Poor Circulation
• Poor digestion of foods
especially fats
• Skeletal & muscle growth problems
• Sepsis
• Skin problems like rash
• Varicose veins MACULAR DEGENERATION – NUTRITIONAL PREVENTION
Wong IY et al Int J Ophtthalmol 2011;31:73‐82
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
NUT CONSUMPTION & RISK OF CHD
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Orange
Corn meal Peas
Carrot
Pear
Banana
Apple
Rye bread
Green beans
Oatmeal
CORNFLAKES
130
130
90
70 40
20
20
20
15
< 1
< 1
LUTEIN IN FOODS mg/portion
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sabaté J, Ang Y Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1643S‐1648S
Broccoli (flower)
440
Parsley (leaf)
400
Spinach
400
Yellow squash (fresh) 320
Y ll
Yellow squash (frozen) h (f
) 70
Potato (raw)
230
Potato (boiled 15 min) 110
Tomato
170
Green pepper
170
Tangerine
140
Broccoli (stem)
140
Cauliflower
130
Kale, raw
Kale, cooked
Spinach, cooked
Collards, cooked
Turnip Greens, cooked
Green peas, cooked
Spinach, raw
Broccoli, raw
Romaine lettuce, raw
Egg
Orange, raw
26.3
23.7
20.4
14.6
12.2
4.1
3.7
1.3
1.1
0.2
0.2
CUMIN IN INDUCED STRESS Koppula S, Choi DK Pharm Biol 2011;49:702‐708
57
2012‐04‐04
NUTRIENTS IN NUTS
Ros E J Am Clin Nutr 2009;89:1649S‐1656S
DIET AND HEALTH
Rosedale R et al J Appl Res. 2009 ; 9:159–165.
Background: Centenarians have lower blood glucose, insulin, leptin,
free T3 and serum triglycerides than those who do not live to be over
one hundred years old.
Paolisso G et al Am J Physiol 1996;270:E890–894
TURNOVER RATES – HUMAN TISSUES
Eisenberg DTA Am J Hum Biol 2011;23:149‐167
31 middle-age persons received for app 3 months
1. Restricted amount of protein (1.0 – 1.25 grams/kg lean body mass per
day e
e.g.
g 50 -80
80 g per day),
day)
2. Unlimited amounts of certain fats (raw nuts and seeds, avocados,
olives ) and oils (olive oil, flax oil and cod liver oil)
3. Unlimited amounts of non-starchy, fibrous vegetables (lettuce, greens,
broccoli, cauliflower, cucumbers, mushrooms, onions, peppers,
sprouts, asparagus, and seaweed).
Reductions were observed in:
body weight: 8.1 ± 0.8 %, serum leptin: 48.2 ± 3.8 %, insulin: 40.1 ± 4.7 %, fasting glucose: 7.6 ± 2.1 %, triglycerides: 28.3 ±
5.7 %, free T3: 10.8 ± 1.8 %, triglyceride/HDL ratio from 5.1 ±
1.7 to 2.6 ± 0.5
• Begränsa intaget av fruktos till 25 gram varav bara 15 gram från frukt
• Begränsa eller uteslut helt industri‐bearbetad föda
• Ta bort allt gluten liksom annat allergi‐framkallande
föda
• Ät ekologiskt när möjligt, och helst lokalt producerat
• Ät åtminstone 1/3 till häften av all mat som rått
• Öka dramatiskt andelen färska grönsaker I födan
• Undvik alla sötningsmedel
• Eliminera all föda som innehåller transfetter
• Intag året runt omegafetter, gärna i form av krillolja
• Sola & intag året runt en stor dos av vitamin D
• Drick mycket vatten ANNUAL COSTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
A 2008 analysis by Natural Resources Defense Council, estimates hurricane damage, real estate losses, energy & water costs associated with global warming to be as much as $1.9 trillion per year by the end of the century
trillion per year by the end of the century. Various other studies, including one by British economist Nicholas Stern, have put the potential cost at anywhere between 1 percent and 5 percent of the gross world product –
GWP, currently just over $63 trillion.
58
2012‐04‐04
ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTS
Robert & Blenda Vale Time to eat your dog, Guide to sustainable living 2009
SLÄNGD MAT – ETT STORT MILJÖPROBLEM
I Storbritannien gjordes Råd i ICA‐kuriren:
nyligen en stor studie som ‐ Använd hela grönsaken så blir visar att 28 procent av all det mindre spill. mat som bärs hem kastas. ‐ På broccoli kan du koka även stammen, skuren i skivor. Svenskar slänger varje år Fräsch blast på till exempel omkring 910 000 ton mat, rödbeta, knipplök och morot
rödbeta, knipplök och morot d
d.v.s
56 kil /
56 kilo/person (8000 (8000
går att använda i wok och kronor per barnfamilj) = 1.9 grytor (och också smoothies)
milj ton koldioxid per år och ‐ Mögel betyder inte automatiskt släng – det beror på typ av matvara. motsvarande det årliga Skär bort mögel på hårdost. Söt utsläppen av cirka 700 000 marmelad, mer än 50 procent socker, kan du lyfta bort möglet på. bilar eller 460 000 ‐ Tro inte blint på datummärkning.
oljeeldade villor. NEGATIV FÖR MILJÖ OCH HÄLSA!
Population growth, rising affluence and factory farming have helped to quadruple global meat consumption since 1961 Oxford University's heart unit analyzed the health consequences and conclude that • eating meat no more than three times a week would prevent 31,000 deaths from heart disease, 9,000 deaths from cancer and 5,000 deaths y
from strokes each year, saving the National Health System £1.2 billions
If the UK today´s average of 177g (= 64 kg/y, 2007 increased to 86 kg/y = 238 g/d) of meat and dairy per day is reduced to a consumption of only:
• 70g (= 18 kg/y): would prevent 32,352 early deaths a year • 31g (=11 kg/y): would prevent 45,361 deaths a year only in the UK
Former UK Chief Medical Officer, Sir Liam Donaldson, urged the public to eat less meat, saying in a 2010 report: "Our diet is warming the planet. It is also damaging our health."
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Robert & Blenda Vale Time to eat your dog, LAND FOR LIFESTOCK PRODUCTION
Guide to sustainable living Thames & Hudson London 2009
Steinfeld et al 2006
Human –developed world Human being developing world Jeep/SUV Cow ,milking 30 lit/day
Sheep Large dog Small dog
Pig
Cat Hamster 6 gha
1 gha
0.41 gha
19.6 gha
1.6 gha
1.1 gha
0.3 gha
0.6 gha
0.15 gha
0.014 gha
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ‐ PAST & FUTURE
RUMINANTS & GREENHOUSE‐GAS EMISSIONS
• App 56 billion animals are reared and slaughtered for human consumption annually & • expected to double by 2050, with most increases occurring in the developing world Steinfeld et al. 2006
• Over the last 300 years, the atmospheric methane burden has grown 2.5‐fold • 97% of livestock greenhouse emissions arise from enteric rumen fermentation Hegerty, 2001
One ton of methane is equivalent to 21 tons of carbon dioxide with respect to changes in global temperatures. Greenhouse‐gas emissions from the agriculture sector account for about 22% of
agriculture sector account for about 22% of global total emissions, similar to that of industry and greater than that of transport. Livestock production accounts for nearly 80% of the sector's emissions. RUMINANTS & GREENHOUSE‐GAS EMISSIONS
ANIMAL FOODS & GRENHOUSE EFFECTS
McMichael AJ et al Lancet 2007; 370: 1253–63
Frid S et al Lancet 2009; 374: 2016–2025
McMichael AJ et al Lancet 2007; 370: 1253–63
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AGRICULTURE & GLOBAL WARMING Agriculture, particularly meat & dairy products, accounts for: • 70% of global freshwater consumption • 38% of the total land use &
• 19% of the world
19% of the world'ss greenhouse gas greenhouse gas
emissions
• Food production will need to increase by 70 per cent to 2050
• App 80% of health care costs are due to overconsumption of Western‐type diet.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ‐ PAST & FUTURE
• App 56 billion animals are reared and slaughtered for human consumption annually & • expected to double by 2050, with most increases occurring in the developing world Steinfeld et al. 2006
• Over the last 300 years, the atmospheric methane burden has grown 2.5‐fold • 97% of livestock greenhouse emissions arise from enteric rumen fermentation Hegerty, 2001
GLOBAL WARMING – CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE Steinfeld H et al 2006
• 37% percent of produced methane gases, a gas that has 23 times more global warming potential than carbon dioxide
• 65% of produced nitrous oxide comes 65% of produced nitrous oxide comes
from manure, a gas that has 296 times more global warming potential of carbon dioxide
• 64% of produced ammonia emissions, which contributes to acid rain and destruction of eco‐systems
”COSTS” OF LIFESTOCK PRODUCTION
AGRICULTURE, HEALTH, GREEN‐HOUSE EFFECTS
RUMINANTS & GREENHOUSE‐GAS EMISSIONS
“Halting the increase of greenhouse‐gas emissions from agriculture, especially livestock production, should therefore be a top priority, because it could curb warming y p y
fairly rapidly.
A substantial contraction in meat consumption in high‐income countries should benefit health, reducing the risk of ischaemic heart disease obesity, colorectal cancer etc”.
Frid S et al Lancet 2009; 374: 2016–2025
• 70% of United States grain goes to feeding farm animals USDA 1991
• Nearly 800 million people could be fed by all the grain currently fed to US livestock Professor David Pimental NY
• It takes almost 3.5 kg of corn and soy to produce just half a kg of pork. Cattle‐Fax 1989
• More than half of the water used for all purposes in the g
p
United States goes to livestock production L. Beckett & J. W. Oltjen J Animal Science 1992;71:818‐8268
• 2000 lit of water is needed to produce ½ kg of meat compared to 7 lit to produce one pound of wheat Audubon News Jan 2000
• Every kg of beef that is avoided can save up to 40 000 liters of water Boyan S How Our Food Choices can Help Save the Environment. *
• Every second of every day, one “football field” of tropical rainforest is destroyed in order to produce 257 hamburgers*
McMichael AJ et al Lancet 2007; 370: 1253–63
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GOVERNMENTAL SUBSIDIES
Good Medicine 2007;16, number 4
STÖD – JORDBRUK, SVERIGE
efter Grönvall A, Johansson M, Jönrup H Statistikenheten 1990
EASE INFLAMMATION
• E = ELIMINATE/MINIMIZE intake of
STÖD – JORDBRUK, EU
efter Grönvall A, Johansson M, Jönrup H Statistikenheten 1990
The Choice of
Destiny!
PREVENTION OF DISEASE
1. Fresh fruits & vegetables. 2. Abstaining from
AGE/Ale rich food 3. Stimulation of flora
proinflammatory toxins, drugs & foods
A = ADD physical exercise & stress
control to the extent possible
S = SUPPLEMENT “anti-inflammatory”
nutrients: omega-3 (krill oil), D & K
vitamins, minerals (Mg, Zn, Se) + ev.
turmeric, spirolina and probiotics
E = EAT/FEED green smoothies
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WE REDUCE/AVOID FOODS:
• hormone-rich
• cured (ex. peanuts, bacon, sausages)
• heated to > 100 C, espec for > 2-3 min
• calorie-condensed (animal fat, sugars)
• containing
t i i fructose
f
t
concentrates:
t t
hi h
high
fructose corn syrup (HFCS), modified corn
starch, E1442 (Hydroxypropyl di‐starch phosphate )
• made from concentrates (ex. fruit juices)
• dehydrogenated/partly dehydrogenated
• directly/indirectly involving GMOs
Det var som det var,
tills det blev som det blev.
Det blir som det blir,
när det är som det är.
Det är som det är
tills det blir som det blir.
Faran är att det blir
som det var .
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DEN LILLE GLÄDJESPRIDAREN
DET ÄR DU SOM VÄLJER OCH SOM TAR KONSEKVENSERNA – [email protected]
www.bengmark.com
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