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TEST-QUESTIONS
OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY FOR THE ENGLISH- SPEAKING
STUDENTS OF THE SECOND COURSE
1. Proteins are the component of all living things. Biological role of proteins,
indispensability of proteins in nutrition. Physical and chemical properties of
proteins molecule mass, isoelectric point, solubility of proteins. The notion of
salting- out factors; mechanism of salting- out reversibility, use in medicine.
2. Structural organization of proteins. Primary structure of proteins.
3. Secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures of proteins. Chemical bonds, taking
part in formation and supporting the levels of structural organization proteins
(hydrogenic, disulphide and so on).
4. Quaternary structure of proteins. Chemical structure of haemoglobin.
5. Classification of proteins. Simple proteins.
6. Classification of conjugated proteins, peculiarities of their structure,
characteristics of some groups.
7. Chemical structure of nucleoproteins. Scheme of hydrolysis of nucleoproteins.
Biological role of nucleic acids (RNA, DNA).
8. Chromoproteins.
Chemical
structure
of
haemoglobin, myoglobin.
Abnormal haemoglobin. Glycosylated haemoglobin.
9. Notion of vitamins and their use in medical practice. Merits of scientists in the
development of vitamins studies. Classification of vitamins.
10. Hypo-, hyper- and avitaminosis, their causes.
11. Vitamin C, daily requirement, chemical structure, deficiency, biological role.
12. Vitamin PP, daily requirement, chemical structure, deficiency, biological role.
13. Vitamin B1, daily requirement, chemical structure, deficiency, biological role.
14. Vitamin B2, daily requirement, chemical structure, deficiency, biological role.
15. Vitamin B6, daily requirement, chemical structure, deficiency, biological role.
16. Vitamin A, daily requirement, chemical structure, deficiency, biological role.
17. Vitamin D, daily requirement, chemical structure, deficiency, biological role.
18. What are enzymes and what is their role in the body? Nomenclature and
classification of enzymes.
19. Catalytic (active) and regulatory (allosteric) enzyme centers (site).
20. Structure of simple and complex enzymes (on the example of hydrolases,
dehydrogenases).
21. General properties of enzymes: specifity, temperature and pH-medium
influence on enzymes activity.
22. Activators of enzymes, mechanism of their action and importance.
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23. Inhibitors of enzymes, mechanism of their action and importance.
24. Allosteric regulation of enzyme activity (feed-back regulation).
25. What is the importance of enzymes in diagnostics and disease prognosis?
Enzymopathies.
26. Notion of hormones, the sites of hormones formation. Classification of
hormones.
27. The role of central nervous system in metabolic regulation. Mechanism of
direct and feed-back regulation.
28. Releasing- factors (liberins, statins).
29. Hormones of hypophysis, their influence on metabolism.
30. Cells, target- organs, cell receptors, hormones. Interaction of hormones of
protein and peptide nature, catecholamines, steroids with a cell.
31. Cyclic 3', 5'- АMP, GMP, Ca2+ as mediators between hormones and intracellular mechanisms of hormone activity realization.
32. Adrenal cortex. Glycocorticoids; biosynthesis; chemical structure, influence on
metabolism. Mineral corticoids, structure, influence on mineral salts and water
exchange.
33. Hormones of pancreas: insulin, glucagon; their chemical structure, mechanism
of action.
34. Sex hormones, their chemical structure, their influence on metabolism.
35. Hormones of thyroid gland, structure. Influence on metabolism. Clinical
manifestation of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism (cretinism, myxedema,
Basedow's disease). Endemic goiter.
36. Hormones of parathyroid gland, their chemical structure, their influence on
metabolism.
37. Metabolism. Anabolism and catabolism. ATP, UTP.
38. Stages of catabolism.
39. Krebs cycle.
40. Electron transport chain.
41. Chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis.
42. Uncouplers (bilirubin, thyroxine), biological role.
43. Infringement of Krebs Sycle (Hypoenergetic State).
44. Antioxidants, biological role.
45. Carbohydrates. Their content in products and tissues, their biological role.
Classification of carbohydrates. Structure. Monosaccharides. Disaccharides.
Polysaccharides.
46. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in gastrointestinal tract. The role of
cellulose in the organism.
47. Aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates (aerobic glycolysis), the succession of
reactions, energy effect, biological role.
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48. Anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates (anaerobic glycolysis), the succession of
reactions, energy effect, biological role in ontogenesis.
49. Gluconeogenesis, its importance in an infant’s organism. Glucose-lactate cycle.
50. Pentose-phosphate way of carbohydrates disintegration, its importance for the
organism.
51. Glycogen. The mechanism of synthesis and disintegration of glycogen to
glucose.
52. Pathology of carbohydrates exchange: pancreatic diabetes, glycogenosis,
galactosemia, fructosemia, lactose intolerance.
53. Characteristics and classification of lipids. The role of lipids in the organism.
54. Fatty acids. The role of unsaturated fatty acids.
55. Digestion and absorption of lipids. The role of bile in the digestion of lipids.
The structure of bile acids.
56. Transport forms of lipids: the structure and composition of chylomicrons and
lipoproteins.
57. Phospholipids, their biological role.
58. The role of leukotrienes thromboxane in pathogenesis of bronchial asthma,
atherosclerosis.
59. Modern conception of intercellular disintegration of fatty acids (β-oxidation of
higher fatty acids), the role of carnitine.
60. Biosynthesis of cholesterol.
61. Ways of transformation of cholesterol into bile acids, esterification,
dehydration. Cholesterol excretion.
62. Ketonic bodies. Metabolism of ketonic bodies. Biological role.
63. Derangements of lipids exchange: fatty degeneration of liver, lipidoses.
64. Peroxidation of lipids.
65. Biological role of proteins. Essential amino acids. Nitrous balance, its types, its
importance.
66. Digestion and absorption of proteins in gastrointestinal tract. Bacterial decay
of protein in bowels.
67. The ways of amino acids usage in the organism after absorption.
68. Transamination of amino acids. The importance of detecting of transaminase
activity. The connection between transamination and deamination (indirect
deamination).
69. Decarboxylation of amino acids. The formation of biogenic amines: histamine,
serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), biological role and their
inactivation.
70. The formation of ammonia and its fate in the organism. Glutamine and
asparagine.
71. Biosynthesis of urea. Hyperammoniemia.
72. Creatinine, creatine, creatine-phosphate, biological role.
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73. The mechanism of formation of the inherited derangements of amino acids
exchange (phenylpuryvic oligophreny, alkaptonuria, albinism).
74. Nucleoproteins. Biological role. Composition and properties of RNA, DNA.
75. Hyperuricemy. Gout (podagra).
76. Pancreatic diabetes. Glycosylated proteins. Glycosylated hemoglobin.
77.What is blood and what are its functions?
78. Hypo-, hyper-, dysproteinemia, paraproteinemia, the reasons for these diseases.
79. Nonprotein nitrogen-containing components of blood. Clinical importance of
detecting urea, creatinine in blood serum.
80. Biosynthesis of haemoglobin.
81. Decomposition of haemoglobin. Conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin.
82. Clinical importance of detecting different forms of bilirubin. Laboratory
diagnostics of different forms of jaundice.
83. Hemostasis. Mechanism of blood coagulation.
84. Four individual pathways involved in energy metabolism. The function of
energy metabolism. ATP, the major source.
85. Storage molecules (glycogen, fat, protein molecules).
86. Metabolic states and signals. Feeding, fasting, starvation, diabetes, excitement.
Glucagon, insulin, epinephrine, biological role.
87. Generalities of metabolism. Tissue cooperation.
88. Interorgan cycles: Cori &alanine cycles.
89. Collagen. Role of ascorbic acid in the biosynthesis.
90. What is urine? Urine formation. Regulation of concentration and volume.
91. Composition of urine. Urine test strip.
92. Microscopic examination. Abnormal Constituents of Urine
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