Download Chapter 15 - Amherst College

Lecture Overview
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Insight Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Therapy & Critical Thinking
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Introductory Definitions
• Psychotherapy: techniques employed to
improve psychological functioning &
promote adjustment to life
• Three major approaches to therapy:
– Insight (personal understanding)
– Behavior (maladaptive behaviors)
– Biomedical (mental illness & medical
treatments, such as drugs)
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Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy
• Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic
• Humanistic
• Cognitive
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Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
• Psychoanalysis: Freudian
therapy designed to bring
unconscious conflicts into
consciousness
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Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalyis/Psychodynamic
•
Five major techniques of
psychoanalysis:
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Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
Evaluation of psychoanalysis: limited
applicability: expensive, difficult with
psychotic individuals
• Psychodynamic Therapy: briefer, more
directive, yet still dealing with unconscious
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Insight Therapies: Cognitive
• Cognitive Therapy: focuses on
thinking & beliefs
faulty
– Improvement comes from insight into
negative self-talk (internal dialogue)
– Cognitive Restructuring: process of changing
destructive thoughts or inappropriate
interpretations
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Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
•
Albert Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior
Therapy (REBT): eliminates emotional
problems through rational examination
of irrational beliefs
•
Aaron Beck’s form of Cognitive-Behavior
Therapy works to change both thoughts &
behaviors
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Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
(REBT)
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy
• First change way of thinking
• Then slowly change behavior
• Reward changed behavior
• Feedback from new behavior helps to
change thoughts
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Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
• Depressive thought patterns:
– selective perception
– overgeneralization
– magnification
– all-or-nothing thinking
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Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
• Evaluation of cognitive therapy
• Pro: Considerable success with a range
of problems
• Con: Criticized for overemphasizing
rationality, ignoring unconscious
dynamics, minimizing importance of
the past, etc.
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Client-Centered Therapy:
• Humanistic therapy: Rogers emphasizes
client’s natural tendency to become healthy
& productive
• Techniques include:
– empathy
– unconditional positive regard
– genuineness
– active listening
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Insight Therapies: Humanistic
(Continued)
• Evaluation of humanistic therapy
• Pro: Evidence for success
• Con: Basic tenets, such as self-actualization,
difficult to test scientifically
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Behavior Therapies
• Behavior Therapy: group of techniques based
on learning principles used to change
maladaptive behaviors
• Three foundations of behavior therapy:
– classical conditioning
– operant conditioning
– observational learning
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Behavior Therapies:
Classical Conditioning
• Systematic Desensitization:
gradual process of
extinguishing a learned fear
(or phobia) by working
through a hierarchy of fearful
stimuli while remaining
relaxed
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Behavior Therapies:
Classical Conditioning
– Aversion Therapy: pairing an aversive (unpleasant)
stimulus with a maladaptive behavior
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Behavior Therapies:
Operant Conditioning
• Operant conditioning techniques used to
INCREASE adaptive behaviors:
• Shaping: successive approximations of target
behavior are rewarded; includes role-playing,
behavior rehearsal, assertiveness training
• Tokens: symbolic rewards used to immediately
reinforce desired behavior
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Behavior Therapies:
Operant Conditioning
• Operant conditioning techniques
used to DECREASE maladaptive
behaviors:
• Extinction: withdrawal of attention
• Punishment: adding or taking away
something (e.g., time-out)
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Behavior Therapies:
Observational Learning
• Modeling: watching &
imitating models that
demonstrate desirable
behaviors
• Participant Modeling:
combining live modeling
with direct & gradual
practice
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Behavior Therapies (Continued)
• Evaluation of behavior therapies:
• Pro: Strong evidence for success with a wide
range of problems
• Con: Questioned & criticized for
generalizability. What about thoughts and
feelings?
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Biomedical Therapies
• Biomedical Therapy: uses physiological
interventions, such as drugs, to treat
psychological disorders
– Psychopharmacology
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Major categories of drugs:
1. Antianxiety (increases relaxation, reduces anxiety
& muscle tension)
2. Antipsychotic (treats hallucinations & other
symptoms of psychosis)
3. Mood Stabilizer (treats manic episodes &
depression)
4. Antidepressant (treats symptoms of depression)
5. Stimulants
(used to treat attention deficits)
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Therapy & Critical Thinking
Therapy Essentials--Five Common Goals
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Therapy & Critical Thinking
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Therapy & Critical Thinking:
Gender & Cultural Diversity
• Cultural differences:
– Therapies in individualistic cultures
emphasize independence, the self, & control
over one’s life.
– Therapies in collectivist cultures emphasize
interdependence.
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Therapy & Critical Thinking: Evaluating
& Finding Therapy
• Forty to 80 % who receive therapy are better off
than people who do not.
• Guidelines for Finding a Therapist:
• take time to “shop around.”
• if in a crisis, call 24-hour hotlines or college
counseling centers.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010