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Evolutionary Processes
I. Population Evolution (Microevolution)
A. Definitions
1. Population versus Specie
2. Gene Pool versus Gene Frequency
3. Homozygous versus Heterozygous
4. Genes versus Alleles
B. Mendel’s Principles
1. Condition & Principle
One gene = One trait and a fixed gene pool.
a. First principle = Principle of Segregation
2. Application
Monohybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of
phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Phenotypic Ratio
3:1
Genotypic Ratio
1:2:1
Figure 14.7
1. Condition & Principle
One gene = One trait and a fixed gene pool.
b. Second principle =
Principle of Independent Assortment
2. Application
Dihybrid heterozygous crosses yield what kind of
phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Figure 14.8
Phenotypic Ratio
9:3:3:1
Genotypic Ratio
C. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
1. Conditions
For the H-W principle to work: No Mutation, No
Gene Flow, Large Population, Random Mating, and
No Natural Selection
2. Application
AA = p2, aa = q2, and Aa = 2pq
or 1 = p2 + 2pq + q2
Figure 23.8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Kbruik_LOo
D. Microevolution
1. Trends
a. Gene Flow
i. Immigration and ii. Emigration
Figure 24.12
b. Genetic Drift
i. Bottleneck and ii. Founder Effects
Figure 23.10
c. Mutation =
Why or How?
d. Non-random and Assortative mating (competition,
predation, sex selection, altruism, and symbiosis)
i. Inbreeding vs. ii. Sex Selection
e. Natural Selection Trends
i. Stabilizing vs. ii. Directional vs. iii. Diversifying
Causes?
Figure 23.13
E. Extinction
1. Causes
a. Distribution
b. Interactions
c. Habitat Changes
Natural versus Man-made
II. Species Formation (Macroevolution)
A. Definition
B. Speciation Mechanisms
1. Allopatric
Figure 24.8
2. Sympatric
Figure 24.9
Figure 24.5
3. Parapatric
4. Isolation
Figure 24.3
III. Evolutionary Trends
A. Definition
B. Rate
1. Gradualistic
2. Punctuated
Figure 24.16
3. Mosaic
Figure 25.28
C. Mechanisms
1. Exaptations
2. Allometric Growth
Figure 34.29
Figure 25.23
a. Heterochrony
b. Paedomorphosis
Figure 25.24