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Laennac called it stethoscope. VýS$Æý‡$ÐéÆý‡… l íœ{ºÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2016 2 10th Class Special - Biology Sura Satyanarayana PGT, TS Residential School, Vikarabad, Rangareddy Dist. 1. NutritionFood Supplying System instant energy to the patient and recover soon. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 2 Marks 1. Write differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition? 2. Write differences between light reaction and dark reaction? 3. Why is photosynthesis considered as the basic energy source for most of living world? 1 Mark 1. Observe the following diagrams and write your observations? A. 1) Amoeba forms temporary finger like projections called pseudopodia for collecting food. 2) Finally these pseudopodia fuse over the food particle forming food vacuole. Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into simpler ones. 2. Why is it necessary to destarch a plant before performing any experiment on photosynthesis? A. 1) Photosynthesis process can be determined by starch test using iodine. 2) It is necessary to destarch a plant before performing any experiment on photosynthesis to get clear results. If starch is present it may not give clear result on photosynthesis in a particular experiment. 3. The person who is suffering from fever cannot digest fats. Give reason? A. 1) The person, suffering from fever has high body temperature. 2) Fat digesting enzymes will not be produced at high body temperature, hence he cannot digest fats. 4. What is the role of KOH and Iodine in moles half leaf experiment? A. 1) KOH absorbs carbondioxide in the glass jar. 2) Iodine reacts with starch in leaf and becomes blue black colour. 5. Balance given chemical equation? CO2 + H 2O A. BIOLOGY AT A GLANCE.. light C 6 H 12 O 6 + H 2O + O 2 chlorophyll 6CO2 + 12H 2O light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2O + 6O 2 chlorophyll 6. How does the glucose help the patient to recover? A. Glucose being a simple sugar is immediately absorbed into the blood and provide Photosynthesis is the process by which living plant cells containing chlorophyll, produce food substances [glucose & starch] from Carbon dioxide and water by using light energy. 4. Give example? a) Digestive enzymes b) Organisms having heterotrophic nutrition c) Vitamins d) Food deficiency diseases 5. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food. explain? 6. What will happen to protein digestion as the medium of intestine is gradually rendered alkaline? 7. Observe the diagram? tions are related to the experiment and write your answers? i) What factor the student wanted to know? Why? ii) What is the control in this experiment? iii) Why was the plant kept in dark before conducting experiment? iv) Write the test to prove the presence of starch. 6. You have conducted the experiment in your school laboratory to prove CO2 is essential for photosynthesis. Write your answers to given questions which are related to the experiment? i) What is the use of KOH in this experiment? ii) What precautions you have taken while doing this experiment? iii) Write the apparatus used for this experiment iv) Explain the procedure you followed to do this experiment in your laboratory. 7. A boy was lean and weak. He had less developed muscles with dry skin. He was suffering from diarrhoea? i) Name the disease that boy was suffering from? ii) What is the reason for that disease? iii) What suggestions will you give to the parents of that boy? iv) Name the health hazard which occur due to over eating. 2. Respiration- The energy releasing system 2 Marks 1. Distinguish between respiration and combustion? 2. Write differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? 3. What happens if diaphragm is not there in the body? 4. If you have a chance to meet pulmonologist , what questions will you ask to clarify about lungs? Write any four questions? 5. Draw the pathway of air during human respiration in the form of flow chart? 6. Collect information about cutaneous respiration in frog, prepare a note on it? 7. One day Ganesh participated in 1000 meter running race. He got muscular pain and did not attend the school on the next day. Why did he got the pain? Explain in 4 to 5 sentences? 8. Why does a deep sea diver carry Oxygen cylinder on his back? 4 Marks 1. 2. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1) Write the parts of 1, 2, 3, 4 2) Which part prevent the food entering into voice box 8. Observe the following mind map and describe about it? Sunlight Glucose CO2 Plant O2 Water Chlorophyll 4 Marks 1. Explain the structure of chloroplast with a neatly labeled sketch? 2. What is malnutrition? Explain some nutrition deficiency diseases? 3. What process you follow in your laboratory to study presence of starch in leaves? 4. How would you demonstrate that green plant releases Oxygen when exposed to light? 5. One student has conducted an experiment related to photosynthesis factors. He took potted plant and kept it in the dark for 3-4 days. He fixed the dark black paper on the centre of the leaf and placed potted plant in the sunlight for few hours. Given ques- 1 Mark 1. What will happen if the respiratory tract is not moist? A. 1) Generally temperature is more during summer season. 2) If the respiratory tract is not moist, hot air may enter the lungs without humidifying. 2. When exhaled air is compared with inhaled,is there any difference in composition? A. 1) The inhaled air contains 21% Oxygen, 0.04 % CO2 and 79 % Nitrogen. Whereas the exhaled air contains 16% Oxygen, 4% CO2 and 79 % Nitrogen. 2) The difference is Oxygen is 5% less, CO2 is 3.46 % more and no difference in Nitrogen. 3. Why mitochondria are called as power houses of the cell? A. Since respiration occurs in mitochondria and energy released is used in the synthesis of ATP molecules, mitochondria are called as power houses of the cell. 4. How did you conform that the gas liberated during respiration is carbondioxide? A. The gas liberated during respiration is sent into lime water and it turned into milky white. Then I conformed it as carbondioxide. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. i) Write the names of parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the given figure? ii) Why do we call mitochondria as "Power houses of the cell"? iii) In which type of respiration mitochondria is involved? iv) Write the full form of ATP? With the help of your science teacher you proved that heat and CO2 are evolved during respiration. Explain the procedure you followed in your school laboratory. Write the precautions you took while doing this experiments? Explain the pathway of air from nostrils to alveolus through flow chart in human respiration? What procedure you followed to understand anaerobic respiration in your school laboratory? Collect information about respiratory diseases due to pollution, tobacco and discuss with your classmates. What information do you get from your teacher about the role of diaphragm and ribs in respiration? Observe the following graph and answer the following question? i) What information that graph was showing? ii) What was the concentration of lactic acid in the blood to start with? Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was born in England. He proposed "Natural Selection' the famous "Theory of evolution'. He voyeged for five years, gathered a lot of information and evidences. iii) What was the greatest concentration reached during the experiment? iv) What does high level of lactic acid indicate about the condition of respiration? 8. Observe the following diagram and answer the following questions? 3. 4. 5. 6. i) What does the above setting(diagram) indicate? ii) Why boiled and cooled Glucose is covered with paraffin? iii) What is the use of adding diazine green to Glucose solution? iv) Why lime water is used in this experiment? 7. 8. 1 Mark 1. Observe the given information and answer the question A. 2. A. 3. A. 4. A. 5. A. Why do we call it as open circulatory system? Mention any two animals that have open circulatory system? After learning about blood circulatory system, what changes would you like to bring in your food habits? What happens if the transpiration doesn't takes places in plants? What questions do you pose to your teacher to understand "Blood clotting"? If you get a chance to meet cardiologist, what questions you ask about the problems related to heart? Draw the block diagram of double circuit circulation? After knowing about circulatory system, what precautions you would suggest to your elders about edema? S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Ravi 72 72 What is relationship between heart beat and pulse rate? Both Raju and Ravi's heart beat and pulse rate equal. Write the relation between transpiration in plants and rainfull? 1) Plants release water in the form of water vapour through transpiration, which helps to form clouds. 2) When air currents bring air near to clouds, it becomes fully saturated and come down as rain. 3) So more transpiration leads more rainfall. The lumen size is bigger in vein when compared with artery. Why? 1) The lumen size of veins is bigger because transportation of more blood volume without any pressure. 2) Besides, the valves occupy space inside veins. Artery walls are strong and elastic. why? Arteries carry blood from heart to different parts of the body. Heart pumps the blood into arteries with a pressure. To withstand the increase in the pressure, the artery walls are strong and elastic. Which is the largest artery in the body? Why is it big in size? 1) The largest artery in the body is Aorta. 2) The Aorta is big in size, because it has to supply Oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body except lungs. 10th Class Special - Biology 4 Marks 1. Examine the information given below and then write answers to the questions? 3. Transportation The circulatory System Name of the student Raju Heartbeat 72 Pulse rate 72 VýS$Æý‡$ÐéÆý‡… l íœ{ºÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2016 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Person name Ramulu Srilatha Prakash Kalpana Occupation Age B.P. Reading Farmer 38 120/80 House wife 62 150/120 Businessman 42 140/110 Teacher 35 90/70 Remarks Normal B.P. High B.P. High B.P. Low B.P. i) Is there any relation between age and blood pressure? Explain? ii) What are the effects of high blood pressure? iii) What are the effects of low blood pressure? iv) What represent numerator and denominator in B.P. reading? We know that roots absorb water with minerals from soil. Root hair plays an important role in absorbing water. Explain how plants absorb water through root hair? If the valves in veins of the legs fail to stop the flow of blood, what could be the consequences of this failure? How can you prove that the water transport through the xylem? Draw a block diagram to explain single and double circulation. Write differences between them? Observe the Heart diagram and answer the following questions? 1) Write the parts of A, B, C, D, E, F. 2) Name of the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to chamber - 'A'. 3) Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to chamber 'B' 4) How does the lub-dub sounds are produced by heart? 4. Excretion - The wastage disposing system IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 2 Marks 1. Write the differences between right auricle and left auricle? 2. Cockroach has open circulatory system. 1 Mark 1. What is meant by excretion? A. Excretion is the term coined for all the biological process involved in separation and removal of wastes or non useful products from the body. 2. What happens if harmful products are not removed from our body every day? A. If harmful products are not removed from our body every day, they become toxic and leads to death. 3. The diameter of afferent arteriole is bigger than efferent arteriole. Give your reason? A. The diameter of afferent arteriole is bigger than efferent arteriole and this increase blood pressure in the glomerulus capillaries lead to the ultrafiltration of the blood. 4. Why is more urine excreted? A. The volume of water in the blood is increased, when we take more liquids (or) water. So more urine is excreted. 5. What is meant by primary urine? A. The filtrate from glomerular is also called 'primary urine'. It is almost equal to blood in chemical composition except the presence of blood cells. 6. Why is vasopressin hormone not secreted when a person drinks a lot of water? A. 1) Concentration of urine takes place by the reabsorption of water in collecting tubes in the presence of vasopressin hormone. 2) When a person drinks a lot of water, reabsorption of water not required due to more water in the blood. Hence vasopressin is not secreted. 2 Marks 1. Deepak said that 'Nephrons are functional units of kidneys'. How will you support him? 2. Urine is slightly thicker in summer than in winter. Give reason? 3. How plants manage the waste materials? 4. Name different excretory organs in human body and excretory material generated by them? 5. What happens if both kidneys fail completely? 6. Write differences between functions of PCT and DCT? 7. How are waste products are excreted in amoeba? 8. Observe the following information and answer the give questions? S. No. 1. 2. 3. Name of the phylum Anneliada Arthopoda Excretory organs Nephridia Green glands, Malphigian tubules Platyhelminthes Flame cells i) What are the excretory organs in earthworm and leech? ii) What are the excretory organs in cockroach? 4 Marks 1. What is meant by osmoregulation? How is it maintained in human body? 2. Collect the information about uses of different kinds of alkaloids take help of library (or) Internet? 3. Draw neat labeled diagram of L.S. of kidney? 4. Describe the structure of renal tubule with neatly labeled diagram? 5. You read about 'Brain dead' in the chapter 3 of excretion. What discussions would you like to have. Why you think so? 6. After learning excretion chapter what habits you would like to change (or) follow for proper functioning of kidneys? 7. What are natural filters in human body? If a persons natural filters are spoiled what method the doctors will follow to save his life? Write detailed procedure? 5. Coordination The linking system IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1 Mark 1. What is meant by knee jerk? A. The thigh muscles get contracted when stricked the area below the knee cap sharply as the muscle become short is called 'knee jerk'. In the knee jerk action a nerve pathway is involved. 2. What are association nerves? A. The nerves which link together the afferent and efferent nerves are called association nerves. 3. What is reflex arc? A. The structural and functional unit that carries out reflex actions is called reflex arc. 4. What is enteric nervous system? A. 1) The system of neurons present in our digestive tract that can function even independently of either central nervous system (or) peripheral nervous system. 2) It has been nick named as 'Small brain' and the system is called 'Enteric Nervous System'. 5. What is feed back mechanism? A. The mechanism that controls timings and amount of hormones released by endocrine glands is called 'feed back mechanism' 6. What will happen if anger is continued for longer period of time? A. 1) If anger is continued for longer period of time, regular metabolic activities are disturbed. 2) Sugar levels and blood pressure increases, dizziness, burning sensation in the heart, sweating, stomach upset are the some of the abnormalities may be seen if anger persists for longer time. 7. What is the reaction of the body when we step on a sharp edged object? A. If we accidentally touch a very sharp surface with our feet, several reflex arcs would generate to cause the muscles of the leg to withdraw the feet. Larynx is a stiff box like structure containing our vocal cords. When air passes out of the lungs and over the vocal cords, it causes them to vibrate. This produces sounds on the basis of our speech, song etc., 4 VýS$Æý‡$ÐéÆý‡… l íœ{ºÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2016 Jean Baptist Lamarck (1774-1829) proposed that the acquired characters are passed to the offspring in the next generation. 10th Class Special - Biology 2 Marks 1. Do you think body's team work maintains functioning of our body? Justify your answer with an example? 2. Distinguish between afferent and efferent nerves? 3. Write difference between stimulus and Response? 4. How does phototropism occur in plants? 5. The axon of nerve cell in hand is shorter that the axon of nerve cell in leg. Do you support this statement? Why? 6. Fill in the missing sections in the following flow chart Step on sharp edged object Brain analyses information & send commands 7. Label the parts of Brain? 4 Marks 1. Give examples of coordination in your body where both hormonal and nervous controls function together? 2. Is the structure of neuron suitable for transmission of impulses? Analyse? 3. Man is the most intelligent animal. What could be the fact that helped us to reach such a conclusion? 4. Collect information on the actions controlled by spinal cord by using reference books from your school library (or) internet? 5. Draw a neatly labeled diagram of brain and write few points how it is protected? 6 Make a model of neuron using suitable materials and write structure of it? 7. It is very interesting to watch a creeper entwining its tendril to the support. Is not it? How do you express your feelings in this situation? The arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery. The veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins. 6. ReproductionThe generating System IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1 Mark 1. Now a days we are able to develop seedless fruits like watermelon, grapes. How do you think this happens? A. 1. Seedless fruits are also called as parthenocarpic fruits. 2. In nature, ovary directly develops into seedless fruit without fertilization. This process is called parthenogenesis. 2. Govind and Geeta are a new couple. They decided to know about birth control methods. Suggest them any two physical devices to prevent fertilization? A. 1. Physical devices such as condoms and diaphragm (cap) are used. This prevents reaching of sperms to ova for fertilization. 2. The use of intra-uterine devices called copper-T, Loop etc are also very effective in preventing pregnancy. 3. What would have happened if mitosis not occur in organisms? A. 1. If mitosis not occurs in organisms, growth is completely stopped because new cells are not formed. 2. Formation red blood cells and wound healing is not possible. 4. Give examples and explain what is meant by external fertilization? A. 1. If the fertilization occurs out side the female body. It is called external fertilization. Examples: Fish and Frog. 5. When the foetus is growing inside the uterus it needs nutrients. What provides these nutrients? A. 1. Placenta is a tissue formed by the cells from the embryo and the mother. 2. Placenta supplies nutrients to foetus which is growing inside the uterus. 2 Marks 1. Why do fish and frog produce a huge number of eggs each year? 2. what is the job of the amniotic sac? 3. The menstrual cycle prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg. How long is an average menstrual cycle from start to finish? 4. Write the changes that occur in G1 and G2 phases? 5. How will you appreciate cell division that helps in perpetuation of life? 6. What information do you get from this figure? 7. What happens if meiosis does not take place in reproductive cells? 8. What precautions you will suggest to prevent HIV-AIDS? 4 Marks 1. Write differences between 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1) Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction 2) Mitosis - Meiosis Explain the process of fertilization in plants? What are the different modes of asexual reproduction? Give them with examples? All unicellular organisms undergo only mitotic cell division during unfavourable conditions- Do you support this statement? Why? Vicky's father wants to grow a single plant having two desirable characters colourful flowers and big fruits. What method will you suggest him and why? Draw a neat labelled diagram of structure of flower. What happens if androecium and gynoecium are absent in flower? 7. Coordination in life processes IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1 Mark 1. Write the dental formula of man? A. The dental formula of man is 2 1 2 3 , , , 2 1 2 3 2. Which hormone is responsible for hunger pangs in stomach? A. The hormone Ghrelin is responsible for hunger pangs in stomach. 3. Leela feels hungry upon seeing food. What makes leela hungry? A. 1. A major cause for feeling hungry lies in the physiology of blood circulation. When glucose levels in the blood fall, we get hunger pangs in stomach. 2. leela feels hungry upon seeing food, because ghrelin is secreted from certain cells in the wall of stomach which makes hunger pangs in the stomach. 4. How the stomach is protected from the secretion of its own acids? A. Mucous membrane protects stomach wall from the action of acid (HCl) 5. Why stomach is structured like a bag rather than like a tube? A. 1. The food is stored in stomach for a long to mix with juices and enzymes for churning purpose. 2. Different kinds of muscles of stomach walls contract and relax to form chyme. For these purposes stomach is structured like a bag rather than like a tube. 2 Marks 1. What you mean by hunger pangs? 2. Write differences between bolus and chyme? 3. Write differences between mastication and rumination? 4. How can you say that mouth is munching machine? 5. What happens if pyloric sphincter in the stomach does not function well? 6. How do you appreciate stomach as a churning machine? 7. Is there any reason for the intestine to be coiled with many folds? In what way it is helpful during the process of digestion? 8. What happens if salivary ducts are closed? 4 Marks 1. How can you justify the enteric nervous system as the second brain of the gut? 2. What is the function of peristalsis in these parts? a) oesophagus b) stomach c) small intestine d) long intestine 3. What experiment do you perform to understand action of saliva on flour? Explain it's procedure and apparatus that you followed? 4. suggest a simple experiment to prove the role of palate in recognizing taste? 5. What is mastication? Explain the role of different sets of teeth in this process? 6. Explain how proteins and carbohydrates get digested in the stomach and duodenum. What is the role of villus in small intestine? 7. Is there any reason for the intestine to be coiled with many folds. In what way it is helpful during the process of digestion? 8. Draw a neatly labeled diagram showing a peristaltic movement in oesophagus. Explain the importance of mucus on the walls of food pipe? 8. HeredityFrom Parent to Progeny IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1 Mark 1. Observe the following chart and write down the phenotypic and genotypic ratio in F2 generation. What does the chart shows? A. 1. The phenotypic ratio is 3:1 2. The genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 3. The chart shows Mono hybrid Cross. 2. What is allele? A. The pair of genes which are responsible for character is called allele. 3. Why does the Carbon dating method is used? A. Carbon dating method is used to determine the age of fossils. 4. One scientist cut the tails of rats for parental generation. Does the offsprings of rats are with normal tails or not? Write your opinion? A. 1. Offsprings of rats with normal tails. 2. The bodily changes are not inherited. So, they won't be passed to its offsprings. 5. What is meant by Natural Selection? A. The nature only selects and decides which organism should survive or perish in nature. This is called 'Natural Selection'. 6. What is the embryological-evidence for evolution? A. 1. There are remarkable similarities in the embryos of different animals from fish to man. 2. 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G) QÐ]l$Ã… ¼) B¨Ìê»ê§Šæ íÜ) Æý‡…V>Æð‡yìlz yìl) Ð]lÆý‡…VýSÌŒæ MóS…{©Ä¶æ$ ™ðlË…V>×æ Ðé™éÐ]lÆý‡×æ Ð]l$…yýlË…ÌZ° hÌêÏË$? G) MýSÈ…¯]lVýSÆŠæ, °gêÐ]l*»ê§Šæ, B¨Ìê»ê§Šæ ¼) Ð]l$çßæº*»Œæ¯]lVýSÆŠæ, ¯]lÌŸY…yýl, Æý‡…V>Æð‡yìlz íÜ) Ð]lÆý‡…VýSÌŒæ, QÐ]l$Ã…, Ððl$§ýlMŠæ yìl) B¨Ìê»ê§Šæ, Æý‡…V>Æð‡yìlz, ¯]lÌŸY…yýl MìS…¨ H hÌêÏ ¿¶æ*ÝëÆý‡…ÌZ O¯ðl{sZf¯Œæ (SoilsÌZ) Deficiency GMýS$PÐ]l? G) °gêÐ]l*»ê§Šæ ¼) Ððl$§ýlMŠæ íÜ) Æý‡…V>Æð‡yìlz yìl) Ð]l$çßæº*»Œæ¯]lVýSÆŠæ HD 2967 A¯ól¨ H ç³…rMýS$ çÜ…º…«¨…_¯]l A«¨MýS ¨VýS$ºyìl°^óla ¯]l*™èl¯]l Ð]l…VýSyýl…? G) Ð]lÇ ¼) Vø«§ýl$Ð]l$ íÜ) ç³†¢ yìl) Ñ$Æý‡ç³ MìS…¨ÐésìæÌZ H¨ ÐéÅ´ëÆý‡ ç³…r? G) çÜfjË$ ¼) gŸ¯]l²Ë$ íÜ) Ð]lÇ yìl) ç³†¢ ÑÑ«§ýl hÌêÏË Ð]l$«§ýlÅ 2013&14ÌZ MìS…¨ H ç³…r E™éµ§ýlMýS™èl Mö¨ª ´ësìæ òßæ^èl$a™èlVýS$YË™ø JMóS Ñ«§ýl…V> E…¨? G) Ñ$Æý‡ç³ ¼) ç³†¢ íÜ) ç³çÜ$ç³# yìl) Oò³ÐólÒ M>§ýl$ 12. MìS…¨ H hÌêÏ ¿¶æ*ÝëÆý‡…ÌZ ¸ëçÜ¹Æý‡‹Ü Deficiency GMýS$PÐ]l? G) Æý‡…V>Æð‡yìlz ¼) ¯]lÌŸY…yýl íÜ) Ð]lÆý‡…VýSÌŒæ yìl) B¨Ìê»ê§Šæ 13. Æ>{çÙt…ÌZ° 10 ïÜyŠæ ¸ëÐŒl$Ë MìS…§ýl E¯]l² ÑïÜ¢Æý‡~…? G) 536 òßæ. ¼) 563 òßæ. Üí ) 572 òßæ. yìl) 583 òßæ. 14. Ððl*¯ø MýSËaÆŠæ A¯ól¨ MìS…¨ ÐésìæÌZ §ól° Ë„ýS×æ…? G) iÐ]l¯é«§éÆý‡ Ð]lÅÐ]lÝëÄ¶æ$… ¼) E§éÅ¯]lÐ]l¯]l ç³…rË {ç³™ólÅMîSMýSÆý‡×æ Üí ) Ðé×ìæfÅ grain farming yìl) ç³…rÐ]l*Çµyìl 15. MóS…{§ýl Ð]lÇ ç³ÇÔZ«§ýl¯é çÜ…çÜ¦ GMýSPyýl E…¨? G) MýSrMŠæ ¼) MøÄ¶æ$…º™èl*¢Æý‡$ íÜ) ¿¶æ$Ð]l¯ólÔ¶æÓÆŠæ yìl) Æý‡*Æð‡PÌê 16. MìS…¨ÐésìæÌZ M>ïœMìS çÜ…º…«¨…_ ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔ¶æ…ÌZ H Æý‡M>°² GMýS$PÐ]lV> ç³…yìlÝë¢Æý‡$? G) MðS…sŒæÞ ¼) AÆó‡¼M> íÜ) MýS*ÆŠæYÞ yìl) Oò³ÐólÒ M>§ýl$ 17. MìS…¨ÐésìæÌZ QÈ‹œ ç³…r M>Ë…? 18. 19. 20. 21. G) f¯]lÐ]lÇ&Ð]l*Ça ¼) H{í³Ä¶æ$ÌŒæ&þ¯Œæ íÜ) kOÌñæ&òÜò³t…ºÆŠæ yìl) AMøtºÆŠæ &¯]lÐ]l…ºÆŠæ MìS…¨ H ç³…rMýS$ black soil A…™èlV> Eç³MýSÇ…^èl§ýl$? G) ÐólÆý‡$Ôðæ¯]lVýS ¼) ³ç †¢ íÜ) Vø«§ýl$Ð]l$ yìl) º…V>â¶æ §ýl$…ç³ MìS…¨ ÐésìæÌZ ç³†¢ A«¨MýS…V> ç³…yìl…^ól Æ>{çÙt…? G) ™ðlË…V>×æ ¼) B…{«§ýl{ç³§ólÔŒæ íÜ) VýS$fÆ>™Œæ yìl) Ð]l$«§ýlÅ{ç³§ólÔŒæ ¯é»êÆŠæz {ç³«§é¯]l M>Æ>ÅËÄ¶æ$… GMýSPyýl E…¨? G) ¯]l*Å ÉìlÎÏ ¼) Ð]l¬…O»æñ íÜ) MøÌŒæMýS™é¢ yìl) Oòßæ§ýlÆ>»ê§Šæ MýSÐ]l$™èl… çÜVýSr$ ç³ÇÐ]l*×æ… Æ>{çÙt…ÌZ B¨Ìê»ê§Šæ hÌêÏÌZ GMýS$PÐ]l M>V>, ™èlMýS$PÐ]lV> E¯]l² hÌêÏ? G) Æý‡…V>Æð‡yìlz ¼) QÐ]l$Ã… íÜ) Ð]lÆý‡…VýSÌŒæ yìl) °gêÐ]l*»ê§Šæ çÜÐ]l*«§é¯éË$ 1) ¼; 7) íÜ; 13) G; 19) íÜ; 2) íÜ; 8) G; 14) íÜ; 20) ¼; 3) G; 4) yìl; 5) íÜ; 6) ¼; 9) ¼; 10) yìl; 11) ¼; 12) yìl; 15) G; 16) ¼; 17) yìl; 18) G; 21) yìl. 6 {ç³: {»ñæyŠæOò³ _Ë$ÏË$ G…§ýl$MýS$ E…sêÆ‡¬? f: {»ñæyŠæ ™èlÄ¶æ*-ÈÌZ "MìS×æÓ {ç³{MìS-Ä¶æ$-' (Fermentation) ¯]l$ Eç³-Äñæ*-W-Ýë¢Æý‡$. D {ç³{MìS-Ä¶æ$ÌZ M>Æý‡-¾¯æŒ -Oyðl-B-OMðSÞyŠæ Ñyýl$-§ýlË M>Ð]l-r…™ø {»ñæyŠæOò³ _Ë$ÏË$ HÆý‡µ-yýl-™éÆ‡¬. VýS$Æý‡$ÐéÆý‡… l íœ{ºÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2016 Groups - General Studies Æó‡yìl-Äñæ*-£ðl-Æý‡ï³ A…sôæ? yéMýStÆŠ‡ ¼. Æý‡Ðól$‹Ù ïÜ°Ä¶æ$ÆŠæ ¸ëÅMýSÎt. sîæG‹Üï³GïÜÞ {VýS*‹³&1, {VýS*‹³&2 ™èl¨™èlÆý‡ ç³È„ýSË™ø ´ër$ C™èlÆý‡ ´ùsîæ ç³È„ýSËMýS$ çÜ…º…«¨…_ f¯]lÆý‡ÌŒæ çÜtyîl‹Ü Ñ¿êVýS…ÌZ f¯]lÆý‡ÌŒæ OòÜ¯ŒlÞ ^éÌê Ð]l¬QÅOÐðl$¯]l Ñ¿êVýS…. ÑÑ«§ýl Ô>ïÜˆÄ¶æ$ A…Ô>ËMýS$ çÜ…º…«¨…_¯]l Aí³ÏMóSçÙ¯ŒlÞOò³ {ç³Ô¶æ²Ë$ GMýS$PÐ]lV> Ð]lçÜ$¢¯é²Æ‡¬. 1. çœ$¯]l, {§ýlÐ]l, ÐéÄ¶æ¬ íÜ¦™èl$-Ë-™ø-´ër$ ç³§é-Æ>¦-°MìS E…yól ¯éË$Vø íÜ¦† H…sìæ? ´ëÏÝëÃ íÜ¦†. 2. E™èlµ-™èl¯]l… A…sôæ? ç³§éÆý‡¦… çœ$¯]l íÜ¦† ¯]l$…_ ¯ólÆý‡$V> ÐéÄ¶æ¬ íÜ¦†-ÌZMìS Ð]l*Æý‡-sê°² E™èlµ-™èl¯]l… A…sêÆý‡$. 3. I‹Ü Ð]l¬MýSP ±sìæOò³ ™ólËyé-°MìS M>Æý‡×æ…? {§ýlÐ]l-Æý‡*-ç³…-ÌZ° ±Æý‡$ çœ$¯]l Æý‡*ç³…-ÌZ° I‹ÜV> Ð]l*Ç¯]l-ç³#µyýl$.. §é° çœ$¯]l-ç³-Ç-Ð]l*×æ… ò³ÇW, Ýë…{§ýl™èl ™èlVýS$Y-™èl$…¨. ©…™ø I‹Ü Ð]l¬MýSP ±sìæOò³ ™ólË$-™èl$…¨. 4. MøÏÇ-¯ól-çÙ¯Œæ A…sôæ? çÜ*„ýSÃ-i-Ð]l#-Ë¯]l$ ^èl…õ³…-§ýl$MýS$ ±â¶æÏÌZ MøÏÇ-¯Œæ¯]l$ MýSË-ç³sê°² MøÏÇ-¯ól-çÙ¯Œæ A…sêÆý‡$. 5. ±Æý‡$ {§ýlÐ]l…V> E…yýl-sê-°MìS M>Æý‡×æ…? A…™èl-Æý‡-×æ$MýS Oòßæ{yø-f¯Œæ º…«§éË M>Æý‡-×æ…V> ±Æý‡$ {§ýlÐ]l Æý‡*ç³…ÌZ E…r$…¨. 6. I‹Ü-Oò³ Eç³#µ ^èlÍÏ™ól..I‹Ü Ððl…r¯ól MýSÇ-W-´ù§ýl$. G…§ýl$MýS$? I‹ÜOò³ Eç³#µ ^èlÍÏ-¯]l-ç³#µyýl$.. Mö…™èl Eç³#µ I‹ÜÌZ MýSÇ-W´ù-™èl$…¨. CÌê fÇ-VóS…-§ýl$MýS$ Mö…™èl Ðólyìl (E-çÙ~…) M>ÐéÍ. D EÚë~°² I‹Ü ¯]l$…_ Eç³#µ {VýSß í æ-Üç $¢…¨. ©…™ø I‹Ü EÚù~-{VýS™èl çÜ$¯é² yìl{X òÜ…sìæ-{VóSyŠæ MýS…sôæ ™èlMýS$PÐ]l AÐ]l#-™èl$…¨. D M>Æý‡-×æ…V> I‹Ü MýSÆý‡-VýSr… ¯ðlÐ]l$Ã-¨-çÜ$¢…¨. 7. Ô¶æMìS¢ °™èlÅ™èlÓ °Ä¶æ$Ð]l$… A…sôæ? Ô¶æMìS¢° çÜ–íÙt…-^èlÌôæ…, ¯]lÕ…-^ólÌê ^ólÄ¶æ$Ìôæ…. MóSÐ]lË… Ô¶æMìS¢° JMýS Æý‡*ç³…ÌZ ¯]l$…_ Ð]l$Æø Æý‡*ç³…-ÌZMìS Ð]l*Æý‡a-VýSË…. ©¯ól² Ô¶æMìS¢ °™èlÅ™èlÓ °Ä¶æ$Ð]l$… A…sêÆý‡$. 8. ò³{sZÌŒæ Ð]lËÏ HÆý‡µ-yìl¯]l Ð]l$…r-Ë¯]l$ ±sìæ™ø G…§ýl$MýS$ BÆý‡µÌôæ…? ±sìæ Ýë…{§ýl™èl MýS…sôæ ò³{sZÌŒæ Ýë…{§ýl™èl ™èlMýS$PÐ]l. A…§ýl$MóS ±sìæ° ^èlËÏ-V>¯ól.. ±sìæOò³ ò³{sZÌŒæ ™ólË$-™èl$…¨. ©…™ø ò³{sZÌŒæ ±sìæOò³ Ð]l$…yýl$-™èl*¯ól E…r$…¨. 9. sñæ…ç³-Ç…VŠæ A…sôæ? C¯]l$-Ð]l¬¯]l$ Ðólyìl-^ólíÜ ÑÑ«§ýl ç³°-Ð]l¬r$Ï ™èlÄ¶æ*-Æý‡$-^ól-íÜ¯]l Ððl…r¯ól.. ±sìæÌZ Ìôæ§é ¯]l*¯ðlÌZ Ð]l¬…_ ÐólVýS…V> ^èlÌêÏÇa VýSsìæt ç³Æý‡$-Ýë¢Æý‡$. ©¯ól² sñæ…ç³-Ç…VŠæ A…sêÆý‡$. ©…™ø ç³°-Ð]l¬-r$tMýS$ M>Ðé-ÍÞ-¯]l…™èl VýSsìæt-§ýl¯]l… Ð]lçÜ$¢…¨. 10. ¿êçÜÓ-Æ>°² ±sìæÌZ °ËÓ-^ól-Ýë¢Æý‡$. G…§ýl$MýS$? ´÷yìl-V>-ÍÌZ ¿êçÜÓÆý‡… Ð]l$…yýl$-™èl$…¨. A…§ýl$MóS ±sìæÌZ °ËÓ ^ólÝë¢Æý‡$. 11. ÝùyìlÄ¶æ$…, Í¤Ä¶æ$… Ð]l…sìæ „>Æý‡-ÌZ-à-Ë¯]l$ MìSÆø-íÜ¯Œæ Ìôæ§é ´ëÆ>-íœ¯Œæ O™ðlË…ÌZ °ËÓ-^ól-Ýë¢Æý‡$. G…§ýl$MýS$? „>Æý‡-ÌZ-àË$ A™èlÅ…™èl ^èl$Æý‡$-OMðS-¯]lÑ. CÑ V>ÌZÏ BMîSÞ-MýSÆý‡×æ… ^ðl…¨ BOMðSÞ-yŠæ-Ë$V> Ð]l*Æý‡-™éÆ‡¬. ™èlÆ>Ó™èl V>ÍÌZ ™ólÐ]l$¯]l$ {VýSíßæ…_ Oòßæ{yé-OMðSÞ-yŠæV> Æý‡*´ë°² Ð]l*Æý‡$a-MýS$…sêÆ‡¬. _Ð]l-Æý‡V> V>Í-ÌZ° M>Æý‡¾-¯Œæ-Oyðl-B-OMðSÞ-yŠæ¯]l$ {VýSíßæ…_ M>Æö¾-¯ól-sŒæ-Ë$V> Æý‡*´ë…-™èlÆý‡… ^ðl…§ýl$-™éÆ‡¬. 12. Æý‡º¾Æý‡$ Ð]lËP-O¯ðl-gôæ-çÙ¯Œæ A…sôæ? çÜçßæf Æý‡º¾-Æý‡$MýS$ çÜË¹-ÆŠæ¯]l$ ^ólÇa 100°Cl¯]l$…_ 150°C Ð]lÆý‡MýS$ Ðólyìl-^ól-íÜ-¯]l-ç³#µyýl$ VýSsìæt-§ýl¯]l… HÆý‡µ-yýl$™èl$…¨. CÌê Ðólyìl-^ól-íÜ¯]l Æý‡º¾Æý‡$ GMýS$PÐ]l M>Ë… Ð]l$¯]l$²™èl$…¨. D {ç³{MìS-Ä¶æ$¯ól Æý‡º¾ÆŠæ Ð]lËP-O¯ðl-gôæ-çÙ¯Œæ A…sêÆý‡$. 13. »ôæÇÄ¶æ$… Ò$ÌŒæ A…sôæ? »ôæÇÄ¶æ$… çÜÌôæ¹sŒæ. C…§ýl$ÌZ x&MìSÆý‡×êË$ ^ö^èl$a-Mö° 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. ´ùÐ]l#. D ËÐ]l×æ… ÝëÄ¶æ$…™ø x&MìSÆý‡×êË¯]l$ Eç³-Äñæ*W…_ Ô¶æÈ-Æý‡…-ÌZ° ÌZ´ëË$ VýS$Ç¢…^èlÐ]l^èl$a. Ð]lËP-O¯ðl-gôæ-çÙ¯Œæ {ç³{MìS-Ä¶æ$ÌZ "Ð]l-ËP-¯Œæ' A¯ól ç³§é°² GMýSPyìl ¯]l$…_ ¡çÜ$-MýS$-¯é²Æý‡$? Ð]lËP¯Œæ.. ÆøÐ]l$¯]lÏ AW²-§ól-Ð]l#yýl$ õ³Æý‡$. "O¯ðl-Ìê-¯Œæ' A¯ól õ³Æý‡$ GÌê Ð]l_a…¨? ¯]l*ÅÄ¶æ*ÆŠæP, Ë…yýl¯Œæ ¯]lVýS-Æ>Ë õ³Æý‡Ï¯]l$ MýSÍí³ O¯ðlÌê¯Œæ A¯ól õ³Æý‡$ ò³sêtÆý‡$. ò³{sZ-ÍÄ¶æ$…, ò³{sZÌŒæ Æð‡…yýl* JMýSsìæ M>§ýl$. ÑÐ]l-Ç…^èl…yìl? ò³{sZ-ÍÄ¶æ$…, ò³{sZÌŒæ Æð‡…yýl* JMýSsìæ M>§ýl$. ò³{sZÍÄ¶æ$….. ÑÑ«§ýl Oòßæ{yø-M>-Æý‡¾-¯ŒæË Ñ${ÔèæÐ]l$…. A…§ýl$ÌZ ò³{sZÌŒæ JMýSsìæ. C…M> MìSÆø-íÜ¯Œæ, yîlhÌŒæ Ð]l…sìæ ÑÑ«§ýl {§éÐ]l-×æ$Ë$ E…sêÆ‡¬. _Ð]l-Æý‡V> ™éÆŠæ Ñ$VýS$-Ë$-™èl$…¨. Ë„ýSË çÜ…Ð]l-™èlÞ-Æ>Ë ´ër$ ^ðlr$Ï, ÑÑ«§ýl f…™èl$ MýSâôæ-ºÆ>Ë$ Ð]l…sìæÑ MýS$ãÏ-´ùÆ‡¬, ¿¶æ* A…™èl-Æ>Â-VýS…ÌZ ÐólyìlMìS, ï³yýl-¯é-°MìS VýS$Æý‡-Ð]l#-™éÆ‡¬. ©…™ø ò³{sZ-ÍÄ¶æ$… HÆý‡µ-yýl$™èl$…¨. ò³{sZ-ÍÄ¶æ$… ¯]l$…_ ÑÑ«§ýl A¯]l$-çœ$-r-M>-Ë¯]l$ ÐólÆý‡$ ^ólõÜ ç³§ýl®† H¨? A…ÕMýS õÜÓ§ýl¯]l…. ò³{sZ-ÌŒæ-ÌZ° Oòßæ{yø-M>-Æý‡¾-¯ŒæË$ HÑ? {ç³«§é-¯]l…V> òßæMóSÞ¯Œæ, òßæõ³t¯Œæ, BMóSt¯Œæ A¯ól BÆý‡$ ¯]l$…_ G°-Ñ$¨ M>Æý‡¾-¯ŒæË$ E¯]l² BÌôæP-¯ŒæË Ñ${ÔèæÐ]l$…. MýS–{†Ð]l$ ¡í³-M>-Æý‡-M>Ë$ A…sôæ? çÜ${MøgŒæ.. Ýë«§é-Æý‡×æ ^èlMðSPÆý‡. AÆ‡¬™ól ©° §éÓÆ> Ô¶æÈÆ>-°MìS A…§ól MóSË-ÈË ç³Ç-Ð]l*×æ… ^éÌê GMýS$PÐ]l. ™èlMýS$PÐ]l MóSË-ÈË$ A…¨çÜ*¢ ^èlMðSPÆý‡ MýS…sôæ Mö°² Ð]l…§ýlË Æð‡r$Ï ¡í³ Æý‡$_° MýSÍ-W…^ól ç³§é-Æ>¦-Ë$ MýS–{†Ð]l$ ¡í³-M>Æý‡-M>Ë$. ÒsìæÌZ Ð]l¬QÅ-OÐðl$…¨ Ô>Q-È¯Œæ (^èl-MðSPÆý‡ MýS…sôæ 550 Æð‡r$Ï †Ä¶æ$ÅV> E…r$…-¨). Ð]l$«§ýl$-Ðól$çßæ ÆøVýS$ËMýS$ GMýS$P-Ð]lV> Eç³-Äñæ*-VýS-ç³-yýl$-™èl$…¨. BÝëµ-Æó‡tÐŒl$, çÜ${MýS-ÌZgŒæ, AÍ-sôæÐŒl$.. C™èlÆý‡ çÜÐól$Ã-â¶æ-¯éË$. BàÆý‡ ç³§é-Æ>¦Ë °ËÓ-M>-Æý‡$Ë$ A…sôæ? çÜ*„ýSÃ-i-Ð]l#Ë Ð]l–¨® §éÓÆ> BàÆý‡ ç³§é-Æ>¦Ë$ ^ðlyìl-´ùMýS$…yé, GMýS$PÐ]l M>Ë… °ËÓ E…yólÌê M>´ëyól ç³§é-Æ>¦Ë¯]l$ BàÆý‡ ç³§é-Æ>¦Ë °ËÓ-M>-Æý‡$Ë$ (food preservatives) A…sêÆý‡$. Ýë«§é-Æý‡×æ Eç³#µ, ^èlMðSPÆý‡, Ð]l…r ¯]l*¯ðlË$, ÝùyìlÄ¶æ$… »ñæ…gZ-Äôæ$sŒæ Ð]l…sìæÑ D MøÐ]lÌZMìS Ð]lÝë¢Æ‡¬. I‹Ü, [Oyðl I‹Ü.. Æð‡…yýl* JMýSsôæ¯é? M>§ýl$. Ýë«§é-Æý‡×æ ±sìæ° Ö™èl-Î-MýS-ÇõÜ¢ I‹Ü Ð]lçÜ$¢…¨. ©° §éÓÆ> 0°C Ð]lÆý‡MýS$ Ð]lçÜ$¢-Ð]l#-Ë¯]l$ ^èlÌêÏ-Æý‡a-Ð]l^èl$a. ©°MìS Eç³#µ MýSÍ-í³™ól &21°C Ð]lÆý‡MýS$ EÚù~-{VýS™èl ´÷…§ýl-Ð]l^èl$a. [OyðlI‹Ü: [OyðlI‹Ü A…sôæ çœ$±-MýS–™èl M>Æý‡¾-¯Œæ-Oyðl-B-OMðSÞyŠæ. ©° 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. §éÓÆ> &78.5°C Ð]lÆý‡MýS$ Ö™èlË EÚù~-{VýS™èl ´÷…§ýl-Ð]l^èl$a. C¨ ¯ólÆý‡$V> ÐéÄ¶æ¬ Æý‡*ç³…-ÌZ-MìS-(-E-™èlµ-™èl¯]l… ^ðl…§ýlr…) Ð]l*Æý‡$-™èl$…¨. {§ýlÐ]l O¯ðl{sZ-f-¯Œæ¯]l$ Eç³-Äñæ*-W…_ &196°C EÚù~-{VýS™èl ´÷…§ýl-Ð]l^èl$a. Ýë«§é-Æý‡×æ fË$-º$¯]l$ ™èlWY…^ól Ñr-Ñ$¯Œæ H¨? °Ð]l$Ã gê† ³ç …yýlÌÏ Z ËÀ…^ól Ñr-Ñ$¯Œæ Üí (C) Ýë«§éÆý‡×æ fË$-º$¯]l$ ™èlWY-çÜ$¢…¨. Ð]l$Ç-W¯]l ¯]l*¯ðl¯]l$ †ÇW †ÇW Ðéyýl-MýS*-yýl§ýl$. G…§ýl$MýS$? ©°MìS ÑÆý‡$-VýS$yýl$ H…sìæ? ¯]l*¯ðl¯]l$ GMýS$P-Ð]l-ÝëÆý‡$Ï Ð]l$Ç-WõÜ¢ M>Å¯]lÞÆŠæ M>Æý‡MýS õÜÓ^ée {´ë†-ç³-¨-MýSË$, BMîSÞ-MýS-Æý‡-×æ$Ë (oxidants)¯]l$ E™èlµ†¢ ^ólÝë¢Æ‡¬. Òsìæ° {ç³†-B-MîSÞ-MýS-Æý‡-×æ$Ë$ ™èlrçÜ¦… ^ólÝë¢Æ‡¬. ™égê ç³…yýl$Ï, MýS*Æý‡-V>-Ä¶æ$Ë$ {ç³†-B-MîSÞ-MýS-Æý‡×æ$-ËMýS$ Ð]lÊÌêË$. Æó‡yìl-Äñæ*-£ðl-Æý‡ï³ A…sôæ? Æó‡yìl-Äñæ*-«§é-ÇÃ-MýS™èl MýSÍ-W¯]l V>Ð]l* MìSÆý‡-×ê-Ë¯]l$ Eç³-Äñæ*W…_ M>Å¯]lÞÆŠæ MýS×ê-Ë¯]l$ ¯]lÕ…-ç³-gôæõÜ {ç³{MìS-Ä¶æ$¯]l$ Æó‡yìlÄñæ*-£ðl-Æý‡ï³ A…sêÆý‡$. MîSÐðl*-£ðl-Æý‡ï³ A…sôæ? ÐéÅ«¨ _MìS-™èlÞMýS$ Æý‡Ýë-Ä¶æ$¯]l ç³§é-Æ>¦-Ë¯]l$ Eç³-Äñæ*-W…^ól {ç³{MìS-Ä¶æ$¯]l$ MîSÐðl*-£ðl-Æý‡ï³ A…sêÆý‡$. BÐ]l$Ï ÑÆø-«§ýl$-Ë$-(Antacids) A…sôæ? iÆý‡~-Mø-Ô¶æ…ÌZ Oòßæ{yø-MøÏ-ÇMŠæ BÐ]l$Ï E™èlµ†¢ A«¨-MýS…V> fÇW™ól A¨ {ç³Mø-´ë-°MìS (irritation), ¯öí³µMîS §éÇ-¡çÜ$¢…¨. BÐ]l$Ï E™èlµ†¢ GMýS$PÐ]l M>Ë… ¡{Ð]l-Ýë¦-Æ‡¬ÌZ fÇ-W™ól iÆý‡~-Mø-Ô¶æ…ÌZ ç³#…yýl$Ï (A-ËÞ-Æý‡$Ï) HÆý‡µ-yýl-™éÆ‡¬. Òsìæ° A{Ôèæ§ýl® ^ólõÜ¢, iÆ>~-Ô¶æÄ¶æ$ M>Å¯]lÞ-ÆŠæMýS$ §éÇ-¡õÜ {ç³Ð]l*§ýl… E…¨. †¯ól Ýùyé (Ýù-yìlÄ¶æ$… O»ñæM>-Æö¾-¯ól-sŒæ), AË*Å-Ñ$-°Ä¶æ$… Oòßæ{yé-OMðSÞyŠæ, Ððl$X²-íÙÄ¶æ$… Oòßæ{yé-OMðSÞyŠæË$ Ýë«§é-Æý‡×æ BÐ]l$Ï ÑÆø-«§ýl$Ë$. CÑ iÆ>~-Ô¶æ-Ä¶æ$…ÌZ Ñyýl$-§ýl-OÌñæ¯]l BÐ]l*Ï°² ™èlr-ïÜ¦-MýS-Ç-Ýë¢Æ‡¬. AÆ‡¬™ól, Æ>°-sìæyîl¯Œæ, KÑ$-{ç³-gZÌŒæ, ´ë…sZ-{ç³-gZÌŒæ Ð]l…sìæ LçÙ-«§éË$ BÐ]l$Ï E™èlµ-†¢° °Ä¶æ$…-{†-Ýë¢Æ‡¬. Ðé°-Î¯Œæ {ç³™ólÅ-MýS™èl? C¨ {ç³™ólÅ-MýS-OÐðl$¯]l ÐéçÜ¯]l MýSÍ-W¯]l ç³§éÆý‡¦…. D çÜ$VýS…«§ýl {§ýlÐéÅ°² C‹Ü-{MîS…Ë$, MýS*ÌŒæ-{yìl…-MŠæ-ÌZÏ Eç³Äñæ*WÝë¢Æý‡$. sîæ, M>ïœÌZÏ MðSïœ¯Œæ GÌê E…r$…¨? M>ïœ, sîæ.. Æð‡…yìl…-sìæÌZ MðSïœ¯Œæ E…r$…¨. CÑ Æð‡…yýl* MóS…{§ýl ¯éyîl Ð]l$…yýl-Ìê°² E™ól¢-f-ç³-Æý‡$-Ýë¢Æ‡¬. çÜÐ]l*¯]l ºÆý‡$Ð]l# VýSË ™ólÄ¶æ*MýS$, M>ïœ W…f-Ë¯]l$ ´ùÍa-¯]l-ç³#yýl$.. ™ólÄ¶æ*-MýS$ÌZ MðSïœ¯Œæ GMýS$P-Ð]lV> E…r$…¨. MðSïœ-¯Œæ¯]l$ MøÌê Æý‡M>-°MìS ^ðl…¨¯]l Ö™èlË ´ë±-Ä¶æ*Ë$, ^éMðSÏ-rÏÌZ MýS*yé A«¨-MýS…V> Eç³-Äñæ*-W-Ýë¢Æý‡$. MðSïœ¯Œæ JMýS addictive. C¨ BËP-Ìê-Æ‡¬yŠæ MýS$r$…-»ê-°MìS ^ðl…¨…¨. ´÷V>-MýS$ÌZ E…yól addictive drug H¨? °Mø-sìæ¯Œæ. C¨ BËP-Ìê-Æ‡¬yŠæ MýS$r$…-»ê-°MìS ^ðl…¨…¨. 30. ¯öí³µ °Æø-«§ýl-M>Ë$ (A-¯é-Ìñæj-íÜ-MŠæ-Ë$-)-A…sôæ? MóSÐ]lË… ¯öí³µ Ìôæ§é »ê«§ýl¯]l$ ™èlWY…^ól LçÙ-«§é-Ë¯]l$ A¯éÌñæj-íÜ-MŠæË$ A…sêÆý‡$. Òsìæ §éÓÆ> ¯]lÆ>Ë Ð]lÅÐ]l-çÜ¦, Ô¶æÈÆý‡ ç³°-¡-Æý‡$MýS$ GÌê…sìæ {ç³Ð]l*§ýl… E…yýl§ýl$. ÒsìæÌZ BíÜµ-Ç-¯Œæ¯]l$ VýS$…yðl-´ùr$ °Ðé-Æý‡-×æÌZ Eç³-Äñæ*-W-Ýë¢Æý‡$. Æý‡MýS¢… VýSyýlz-MýS-rt-MýS$…yé ^èl*õÜ VýS$×æ… E…yýl-r…™ø VýS$…yðl´ùr$ °Ðé-Æý‡-×æÌZ Eç³-Äñæ*-W-Ýë¢Æý‡$. AÆ‡¬™ól Cr$-Ð]l…sìæÑ Ô¶æ{çÜ¢ _MìS-™èlÞË A¯]l…-™èlÆý‡… MýSÍVóS »ê«§ýl-Ë¯]l$, AÐ]lÝë¯]l §ýlÔ¶æÌZ E…yól M>Å¯]lÞÆŠæ ÆøWMìS MýSÍVóS »ê«§ýl¯]l$, {ç³çÜÐ]l Ðól§ýl-¯]l¯]l$ °Ðé-Ç…-^èl-sê-°MìS ç³°-^ól-Ä¶æ$Ð]l#. ÒsìæMìS Ð]l*È¹¯Œæ, òßæÆ>-Æ‡¬¯Œæ Ð]l…sìæ Ð]l*§ýlMýS {§ýlÐ]lÅ ¯öí³µ °Æø«§ýl-M>Ë$ (narcotic analgisics) Ðéyýl-™éÆý‡$. ¯]lËÏ Ð]l$…§ýl$ (K-í³Ä¶æ$… ´ëï³) W…fË ¯]l$…_ Òsìæ° çÜ…{VýSíßæ-Ýë¢Æý‡$. Òsìæ° LçÙ«§ýl ç³Ç-Ð]l*-×æ…ÌZ M>MýS$…yé A«¨MýS Ððl*™é-§ýl$ÌZ õÜÑõÜ¢ OÐðl$MýS…, Aç³-ÝëÃ-Æý‡MýS íÜ¦†-™ø-´ër$ _Ð]l-Æý‡V> Ð]l$Æý‡×æ… MýS*yé çÜ…¿¶æ-Ñ…-^èl-Ð]l^èl$a. 31. KgZ¯Œæ Ðól$Ë$ ^ólçÜ$¢…§é? MîSyýl$ ^ólçÜ$¢…§é? {ÝëtsZ-Ð]l-Æý‡-×æ…ÌZ JMýS ´÷Æý‡-ÌêV> KgZ¯Œæ BÐ]l-Ç…_ E…r$…¨. C¨ çÜ*Æý‡Ã-Æý‡-ÕÃ-ÌZ° à°-M>-Æý‡MýS A†-±-Ë-ÌZß í æ™èl (UV) MìSÆý‡-×ê-Ë¯]l$ ¿¶æ*Ñ$-Oò³MìS ^ólÆý‡-MýS$…yé Ayýl$zMö° Ðól$Ë$ ^ólçÜ$¢…¨. ©°² ±sìæ° òÜtÇ-OÌñægŒæ ^ólÄ¶æ$-sê°MìS, MýSËç³ VýS$kj¯]l$ ÑÆý‡…-f¯]l… ^ólÄ¶æ$-sê-°MìS Eç³-Äñæ*W…-^èl-Ð]l^èl$a. AÆ‡¬™ól KgZ¯Œæ Ðé™é-Ð]l-Æý‡-×æ…ÌZ E…sôæ.. çßæÇ™èl VýS–çßæ {ç³¿ê-Ðé°² MýSË$-VýS-gôæ-çÜ$¢…¨. 32. {»ñæyŠæOò³ _Ë$ÏË$ G…§ýl$MýS$ E…sêÆ‡¬? {»ñæyŠæ ™èlÄ¶æ*-ÈÌZ "MìS×æÓ {ç³{MìS-Ä¶æ$-' (Fermentation) ¯]l$ Eç³-Äñæ*-W-Ýë¢Æý‡$. D {ç³{MìS-Ä¶æ$ÌZ M>Æý‡¾-¯Œæ-Oyðl-B-OMðSÞyŠæ Ñyýl$§ýlË M>Ð]l-r…™ø {»ñæyŠæOò³ _Ë$ÏË$ HÆý‡µ-yýl-™éÆ‡¬. 33. çÜçßæf ÐéÄ¶æ¬-Ð]l#ÌZ H Oòßæ{yø-M>-Æý‡¾-¯ŒæË$ E…sêÆ‡¬? Ò$£ól¯Œæ, {´ùõ³-¯ŒæË$. 34. Mö°² ¯ólËË$ G{Æý‡V> E…yýl-sê-°MìS M>Æý‡×æ…? òœ{ÇMŠæ BOMðSÞyŠæ E…yýl-r…™ø ¯ólË-ËMýS$ GÆý‡$-ç³#-§ýl¯]l… Ð]lçÜ$¢…¨. 35. Ð]l*¯]l-Ð]l#Ë$ A™èlÅ-«¨-MýS…V> Eç³Äñæ*W…^ól Ñ${Ôèæ-Ð]l$-ÌZçßæ… H¨? ïÜtË$. 36. EÍÏ-´ë-Ä¶æ$Ë$ MøíÜ-¯]l-ç³#yýl$ MýS…sìæ ¯]l$…_ ±Æý‡$ G…§ýl$MýS$ Ð]lçÜ$¢…¨? EÍÏ-´ë-Ä¶æ$-Ë¯]l$ MøíÜ-¯]l-ç³#µyýl$ ÐésìæÌZ E…yól çÜË¹ÆŠæ çÜÐól$Ã-â¶æ-¯éË Ð]lËÏ çœ*Osñæ¯]l ÐéçÜ¯]l Ð]lçÜ$¢…¨. ©…™ø MýS…sìæ ¯]l$…_ ±Æý‡$ {çÜÑ-çÜ$¢…¨. ÐðlË$ÏÍÏ, AËÏ…, M>Å»ôæiÌZÏ MýS*yé çÜË¹ÆŠæ çÜÐól$Ã-â¶æ-¯éË$ E…sêÆ‡¬. A…§ýl$MóS Òsìæ ¯]l$…_ {ç³™ólÅ-MýS-OÐðl$¯]l ÐéçÜ¯]lË$ Ð]lÝë¢Æ‡¬. 37. LPG ÐéçÜ-¯]lMýS$ M>Æý‡-×æ-Ðól$…sìæ? L.P.G. {ç³«§é-¯]l…V> ÐéçÜ¯]l, Æý‡…VýS$ Ìôæ° º*Åsôæ¯Œæ, IÝù-º*Å-sôæ-¯Œæ Ð]l…sìæ Oòßæ{yø-M>-Æý‡¾-¯ŒæË Ñ${ÔèæÐ]l$…. AÆ‡¬™ól ÎMóS-i° VýS$Ç¢…-^èl-sê-°MìS ©°MìS MýSÍõ³ Ððl$Æ>P´ët¯ŒæÞ A¯ól çÜË¹ÆŠæ çÜÐól$Ã-â¶æ-¯éË Ð]lËÏ ÐéçÜ¯]l Ð]lçÜ$¢…¨. 38. MýSv¯]l fË… A…sôæ? M>ÍÛÄ¶æ$…, Ððl$X²-íÙÄ¶æ$… ÌZçßæ AÄ¶æ*¯]lÏ O»ñæ-M>-Æö¾-¯ól-sŒæË$, MøÏOÆð‡-yŠæË$, çÜÌôæ¹-sŒæË$ ±sìæÌZ MýSÇW E…sôæ.. çÜº$¾™ø ¯]l$Æý‡-VýS CÐ]lÓ§ýl$. CÌê…sìæ ±sìæ° MýSv¯]l fË… A…sêÆý‡$. 39. ´ëËÌZ í³…yìl MýSÍ-í³™ól GÌê VýS$Ç¢-Ýë¢Æý‡$? AÄñæ*yîl¯Œæ {§éÐ]l×æ… MýSÍ-í³™ól ±Í-Æý‡…VýS$ HÆý‡µ-yìl™ól í³…yìl MýSÍ-í³-¯]l-r$ÏV> VýS$Ç¢-Ýë¢Æý‡$. 40. Ð]l$¯]l… ™éVóS ±sìæÌZ ¸ùÏOÆð‡yŠæ G…™èl ç³Ç-Ð]l*-×æ…ÌZ E…r$…¨? Ð]l$¯]l… ™éVóS ±sìæÌZ 1 ppm (1-Ñ$-.{V>-/-Î-r-Æý‡$) MýS…sôæ ™èlMýS$PÐ]l E…sôæ §ýl…™èl-„ýSÄ¶æ$… fÆý‡$-VýS$-™èl$…¨. 2 ppm Ð]lÆý‡MýS* BÐðl*-¨…-^èl-§ýl-W¯]l Ýë¦Æ‡¬. A…™èl-MýS…sôæ GMýS$PÐ]l ç³Ç-Ð]l*-×æ…ÌZ E…sôæ ¸ùÏÆø-íÜ‹Ü ÐéÅ«¨ Ð]lçÜ$¢…¨. 41. Oòßæ{yø-f¯Œæ »ê…º$ÌZ CÑ$yìlÄ¶æ¬¯]l² çÜ*{™èl…? MóS…{§ýlMýS çÜ…Î¯]l…. ¯]l„ýS-{™é-ÌZÏ° Ô¶æMìS¢MìS MýS*yé D {ç³{MìSÄôæ$ M>Æý‡×æ…. 58Ð]l {V>Ò$ çÜ…X™èl AÐé-Æý‡$zÌZÏ BË¾ÐlŒ $ B‹œ §ýl CÄ¶æ$ÆŠ‡ AÐé-Æý‡$z¯]l$ ´ë‹³ çÜ…X™èl V>Ä¶æ$° sôæËÆŠ‡ íÜÓ‹œt §ýlMìSP…-^èl$-MýS$-¯é²Æý‡$. BÐðl$ BË¾ÐŒl$ 19-8-9MýS$ D AÐéÆý‡$z ËÀ…-_…¨. 20-1-4ÌZ A™èlÅ-«¨-MýS…V> AÐ]l¬Ã-yýl$-´ù-Æ‡¬¯]l BË¾-ÐŒl$V> 19-89 °Í-_…¨. VýS$Æý‡$ÐéÆý‡… l íœ{ºÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2016 Current Affairs 7 Ô>ÅÐ]l*{ç³Ý- ë§Šl Ð]l¬QÈj Æý‡*Æý‡¾¯Œl Ñ$çÙ¯Œl {´ëÆý‡…¿¶æ… gê¡Ä¶æ$… Æ>ïÙ‰Ä¶æ$… ¯ól´ëÌŒæ {ç³«§é° ¿êÆý‡™Œæ ç³Æý‡År¯]l AÐ]l$-Æ>-Ð]l-†ÌZ AÐ]l$–™èl OÐðl§ýlÅ ÑÔ¶æÓ-Ñ-§éÅ-ËÄ¶æ$… BMóS´ësìæ }°ÐéçÜ$Ë$ Æð‡yìlz MýSÆð‡…sŒæ AOòœÆŠ‡Þ °ç³#×æ$Ë$ BÇ¦MýS… iG-‹Üsîæ MýSÑ$sîæ O^ðlÆý‡Ã-¯lŒ V> AÑ$™Œl Ñ${™é Ð]lçÜ$¢, õÜÐ]lË ç³¯]l$² (i-G-‹Üsîæ) Oò³ HÆ>µ-Osñæ¯]l Æ>Ú‰ëË Ýë«¨-M>Æý‡ MýSÑ$sîæ Mö™èl¢ O^ðlÆý‡Ã¯ŒlV> ç³ÕaÐ]l$ »ñæ…V>ÌŒæ BÇ¦MýS Ð]l$…{† AÑ$™Œl Ñ${™é íœ{º-Ð]lÇ 19¯]l G…í³-MýS-Ä¶æ*ÅÆý‡$. Ñ${™é BÇ¦-MýS-Ðól-™èl¢V> çÜ$ç³-Ç-_-™èl$Ë$ M>Ð]l-yýl…™ø ´ër$ VýS™èl…ÌZ íœMîSP òÜ{MýS-rÈ f¯]l-Æý‡-ÌŒæV> MýS*yé ç³°-^ól-Ô>Æý‡$. ÝëtÆý‡t-‹³-ËMýS$ 700 Ñ$Í-Ä¶æ$¯Œl yéËÆý‡$Ï Æ>»ZÄôæ$ Hyé¨ M>Ë…ÌZ 130 §ólÖÄ¶æ$ ÝëtÆý‡t‹³ MýS…ò³±Ë$ çÜ$Ð]l*Æý‡$ 700 Ñ$Í-Ä¶æ$¯Œl yéË-Æý‡Ï¯]l$ çÜÒ$-MýS-Ç…^èl-¯]l$-¯é²Æ‡¬. AÌêVóS 5,00-0-ËMýS$ Oò³V> E§øÅ-V>-Ë¯]l$ MýSÍµ…-^èl-¯]l$-¯é²Æ‡¬. D Ðól$Æý‡MýS$ C¯ø²-Ððl¯Œl M>Åí³-rÌŒæ çÜ…çÜ¦ "C…-yìlÄ¶æ* ÝëtÆý‡t‹³ AÐ]l#-sŒæ-Ë$MŠS 20-1-6' õ³Çr Æý‡*´÷…-¨…-_¯]l °Ðól-¨-MýSÌZ õ³ÆöP…¨. ¯ól´ëÌŒæ {ç³«§é° MóSï³ Ô¶æÆý‡Ã ¿êÆý‡™èl ç³Æý‡Å-r-¯]lÌZ ¿êVýS…V> íœ{º-Ð]lÇ 20¯]l {ç³«§é° ¯]lÆó‡…-{§ýl-Ððl*-©™ø çÜÐ]l*-Ðól-Ô¶æ-Ð]l$Ä¶æ*ÅÆý‡$. D çÜ…§ýl-Æý‡Â…V> C§ýlªÆý‡$ ¯ól™èlË$ ¿êÆý‡™Œl ¯]l$…_ ¯ól´ë-ÌŒæMýS$ 80 Ððl$V>-ÐérÏ Ñ§ýl$Å-™Œl¯]l$ çÜÆý‡-çœÆ> ^ólõÜ 400 MóSÒ «§éÌôæP-»ê-ÆŠ‡& Ð]l¬f-çœ-ÆŠ‡-ç³NÆŠ‡ {sê¯ŒlÞ-Ñ$-çÙ¯Œl OÌñæ¯Œl¯]l$ gê†MìS A…MìS™èl… ^ólÔ>Æý‡$. VýS™èl ¯éË$VýS$ ¯ðlË-Ë$V> ¿êÆý‡™Œl &¯ól-´ëÌŒæ Ð]l$«§ýlÅ §ðlº¾-†¯]l² O§ðlÓ´ë-„ìSMýS çÜ…º…-«§é-Ë¯]l$ †ÇW V>yìl-¯]l-ò³-sôæt…-§ýl$MýS$ CÆý‡$-§ól-Ô>Ë$ ÑçÜ¢–™èl ^èlÆý‡aË$ fÇ´ëÆ‡¬. C…§ýl$ÌZ ¿êVýS…V> Ñ§ýl$Å™Œl, Æý‡Ðé×ê ™èl¨-™èlÆý‡ Æý‡…V>ÌZÏ 9 AÐ]l-V>-çßæ¯]l Jç³µ…-§é-Ë¯]l$ MýS$§ýl$-Æý‡$a-MýS$-¯é²Æ‡¬. 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Hï³ Æ>çÙ‰ BÇ¦MýS çÜË-à-§é-Æý‡$V> {ç³Ð]l¬Q M>‹Üt AMúsìæ…VŠS °ç³#-×æ$Ë$ MðS. ¯]lÆý‡-íÜ…-çßæ-Ð]lÊÇ¢ G…í³-MýSÄ¶æ*ÅÆý‡$. òÜµçÙÌŒæ `‹œ òÜ{MýS-rÈ çßZ§é MýSÍ-W¯]l D ç³§ýl-ÑÌZ BÄ¶æ$¯]l Hyé¨ ´ër$ Mö¯]l-Ýë-VýS-¯]l$-¯é²Æý‡$. {ç³çÜ$¢™èl… Ð]lÊÇ¢ Hï³ íœçÜPÌŒæ Ðól$¯ól-gŒæ-Ððl$…sŒæ MýSÑ$sîæÌZ çÜ¿¶æ$Å-°V> E¯é²Æý‡$. A…™èl-Æ>j-¡Ä¶æ$… ¿êÆý‡-™lŒ ÌZ "G‹œ-&-16' ™èlÄ¶æ*-ÈMìS íÜ§ýl®… ÑÔ>-QÌZ çÜÒ$ÆŠ‡ MóS…{§é°MìS Ô¶æ…MýS$Ýë¦ç³¯]l C…yìlÄ¶æ* ´ù‹Üt Æý‡*.800 MørÏ™ø HÆ>µr$ ^ólÄ¶æ*-Ë¯]l$-MýS$…-r$¯]l² ^ðlÍÏ…ç³# »êÅ…MýS$ {ç³†-´ë-§ýl-¯]lMýS$ ç³¼ÏMŠS C¯ðlÓ-‹Üt-Ððl$…sŒæ »ZÆŠ‡z (ï³-I-½) BÐðl*§ýl… ™ðlÍ-í³…¨. Ð]l$Æø ¯ðlË ÆøkÌZÏ D {ç³†-´ë-§ýl¯]l ™èl$¨ BÐðl*§ýl… MøçÜ… MóS¼-¯ðlsŒæ Ð]l¬…§ýl$MýS$ Ð]l^óla AÐ]l-M>Ô¶æ… E…§ýl° ´ùçÜtÌŒæ yìl´ë-ÆŠ‡t-Ððl$…sŒæ E¯]l²-™é-«¨-M>-Æö-MýSÆý‡$ ™ðlÍ-´ëÆý‡$. AÐðl$-Ç-M>MýS$ ^ðl…¨¯]l Ä¶æ¬§ýl®-Ñ-Ð]l*-¯éË ™èlÄ¶æ*È çÜ…çÜ¦ ËMîS§Šl Ð]l*Çt¯Œl.. ¿êÆý‡-™ŒlÌZ "G‹œ-&-16' OòœrÆŠ‡ ÑÐ]l*-¯éË ™èlÄ¶æ*-ÈMìS íÜ§ýl®-Ð]l$° {ç³MýS-sìæ…-_…¨. Ðól$MŠS C¯Œl C…yìlÄ¶æ* M>Æý‡Å-{MýS-Ð]l$…ÌZ ¿êVýS…V> ¿êÆý‡-™ŒlÌZ ´ëÏ…sŒæ HÆ>µr$ ^ólÄ¶æ*-Ë-¯]l$-MýS$…-r$-¯]l²r$Ï íÜ…VýS-ç³N-ÆŠ‡ÌZ fÆý‡$-VýS$-™èl$¯]l² GÆ‡¬ÆŠ‡ ÚùÌZ ËMîS§Šl Ð]l*Çt¯Œl C…yìlÄ¶æ* {Oò³ÐólsŒæ ÍÑ$-sñæyŠl `‹œ GWj-MýS*Å-sìæÐŒl íœÌŒæ Úë ™ðlÍ-´ëÆý‡$. ¿êÆý‡-™Œl-ÌZ-"G‹œ-&-16' ™èlÄ¶æ*È ¨Ô¶æV> CÆý‡$ §ólÔ>Ë Ð]l$«§ýlÅ fÆý‡$-VýS$-™èl$¯]l² ^èlÆý‡a-ËMýS$ ÐéÆý‡¢ÌZÏ Ð]lÅMýS$¢Ë$ {MîSyýlË$ OòÜ¯ŒlÞ A…yŠl sñæM>²-Ëi AÆý‡$-×ê-^èlÌŒæ {ç³§ólÔŒæ ïÜG…V> MýSÍRZ ç³#ÌŒæ §ýl„ìS-×ê-íÜÄ¶æ* {MîSyýlÌZÏ ¿êÆý‡-™lŒ MýS$ A{Vý Ýë¦¯]l… AÆý‡$-×ê-^èlÌŒæ {ç³§ólÔŒæ Mö™èl¢ ïÜG…V> MýSÍRZ ç³#ÌŒæ íœ{ºÐ]lÇ 19¯]l {ç³Ð]l*-×æ-ïÜÓ-M>Æý‡… ^ólÔ>Æý‡$. Æ>çÙ‰…ÌZ Æ>çÙ‰ç³† ´ëË-¯]l¯]l$ G™ól¢-Ä¶æ*-Ë° MóS…{§ýl MóS¼-¯ðlsŒæ ^ólíÜ¯]l íÜ¸ë-Æý‡$Þ¯]l$ Æ>çÙ‰-ç³† BÐðl*-¨…-^èl-r…™ø Mö™èl¢ {ç³¿¶æ$™èlÓ… HÆý‡µ-yìl…¨. 60 Ð]l$…¨ çÜ¿¶æ$ÅË$ VýSË Ô>çÜ¯]l-çÜ-¿¶æÌZ ½gôæï³ çÜ¿¶æ$Å-Ë™ø MýSË$-ç³#-Mö° Ððl¬™èl¢… 31 Ð]l$…¨ Ð]l$§ýlª-™èl$™ø MýSÍRZ ç³#ÌŒæ {ç³¿¶æ$-™éÓ°² HÆ>µr$ ^ólÔ>Æý‡$. VýS$Ð]l-çßæ-sìæÌZ íœ{º-Ð]lÇ 16¯]l Ð]l¬W-íÜ¯]l 12Ð]l §ýl„ìS-×ê-íÜÄ¶æ* {MîSyýlÌZÏ ¿êÆý‡™Œl Ððl¬™èl¢… 308 ç³™èl-M>Ë$ Ýë«¨…_ A{VýS-Ýë¦¯]l…ÌZ °Í-_…¨. C…§ýl$ÌZ 188 Üç ÓÆý‡…~ , 90 Æý‡f™èl…, 30 M>…çÜÅ ç³™èl-M>Ë$ E¯é²Æ‡¬. }Ë…MýS 186 ç³™èl-M>Ë$, ´ëMìS-Ýë¦¯Œl 108 ç³™èl-M>Ë$ Ýë«¨…_ Ð]lÆý‡$-çÜV> Æð‡…yýl$, Ð]lÊyýl$ Ýë¦¯éÌZÏ °Í-^éÆ‡¬. A…™èl-Ç„ý ÑàÆý‡… MøçÜ… ¯éÝëMýS$ 18,300 Ð]l$…¨ §ýlÆý‡-RêçÜ$¢ IÆ>çÜ Ð]l*i {ç³«§é¯]l M>Æý‡Å§ý ÇØ »o{™ø‹Ü »o{™ø‹Ü çœ$Î Ð]l$–† BíÜÄ¶æ* C…yøÆŠ‡ A£ðlÏ-sìæMŠSÞ ^é…í³-Ä¶æ$-¯Œl-íÙ-‹³ÌZ Ð]l$Ä¶æÊRê gê± (Ð]l$-íßæ-â¶æË Ìê…VŠS-f…-‹³) çÜÓÆý‡~-ç³-™èlMýS… VðSË$-^èl$Mö…¨. Ð]l$Ä¶æÊRê 6.35 Ò$rÆý‡Ï §ýl*Æý‡… §ýl*MìS ™öÍ-Ýë¦¯]l…ÌZ °Í-_…¨. ©…™ø BíÜÄ¶æ* C…yøÆŠ‡ A£ðlÏ-sìæMŠSÞ ^é…í³-Ä¶æ$-¯Œl-íÙ‹³ Ð]l$íßæ-â¶æË Ìê…VŠS-f…‹³ Ñ¿ê-VýS…ÌZ ¿êÆý‡™Œl ¯]l$…_ çÜÓÆý‡~… ¯ðlWY¯]l ™öÍ A£ðlÏ-sìæ-MŠSV> ÇM>-Æý‡$P-MðSMìSP…¨. ´ùçÜtÌæŒ ^ðlÍÏ…ç³# »êÅ…MýS$MýS$ ï³I½ BÐðl*§ýl… IMýSÅ-Æ>-fÅ-çÜ-Ñ$† Ð]l*i {ç³«§é¯]l M>Æý‡Å§ý ÇØ »o{™ø‹Ü »o{™ø‹Ü çœ$Î (9-3) íœ{º-Ð]lÇ 16¯]l OMðSÆøÌZ Ð]l$Æý‡-×ìæ…^éÆý‡$. BÄ¶æ$¯]l 19-92 ¯]l$…_ -1-9-96 Ð]l$«§ýlÅ IÆ>çÜ {ç³«§é¯]l M>Æý‡Å-§ýl-ÇØV> ç³°-^ól-Ô>Æý‡$. B{íœM> ¯]l$…_ D ç³§ýlÑ ^ólç³-sìæt¯]l ™öÍ Ð]lÅMìS¢V> çœ$Î VýS$Ç¢…ç³# ´÷…§éÆý‡$. çÜ…X™èl Ñ§éÓ…-çÜ$yýl$ EÝë¢§Šl Aº$ªÌæŒ Æý‡ïÙ-§Šl-Rê¯Œl Ð]l$–† {ç³Ð]l¬Q çÜ…X™èl Ñ§éÓ…-çÜ$yýl$ EÝë¢§Šl Æý‡ïÙ-§Šl-Rê¯Œl (1-0-7) MøÌŒæ-MýS-™éÌZ íœ{º-Ð]lÇ 18¯]l Ð]l$Æý‡-×ìæ…-^éÆý‡$. ™é¯Œl-õÜ¯Œl Ð]l…Ô¶æ-çÜ$¦-Oyðl¯]l EÝë¢§Šl 107 Hâ¶æÏ Ð]lÄ¶æ$-çÜ$ÌZ MýS*yé X™é-Ë¯]l$ BË-í³…-^éÆý‡$. Æý‡çÜ¯Œl í³Ä¶æ* MýSË… õ³Æý‡$™ø Æð‡…yýl$ ÐólË MýSÑ-™èlË$ Æ>Ô>Æý‡$. BÄ¶æ$-¯]lMýS$ ç³§ýlÃ-¿¶æ*-çÙ×Šæ, çÜ…X™èl, ¯érMýS AM>-yðlÒ$ AÐé-Æý‡$zË$ ËÀ…-^éÆ‡¬. Ð]l$Ä¶æÊRê gê±MìS çÜÓÆý‡~… sñæçÜ$tÌZÏ Ððl$MýS-ËÏÐlŒ $ ¸ëòÜt‹Üt òÜ…^èlÈ A…™èl-Æ>j-¡Ä¶æ$ sñæçÜ$t ¸ëÆ>ÃsŒæ ^èlÇ-{™èlÌZ ¯]l*Åh-Ìê…yŠl AÐé-Æý‡$zË$ »êÅsŒæÞ-Ððl$¯Œl {»ñæ…yýl¯Œl Ððl$MýS-ËÏÐŒl$ 54 º…™èl$ÌZÏ òÜ…^èlÈ Ýë«¨…_ {ç³ç³…^èl ÇM>Æý‡$z ¯ðlË-Mö-Ìêµyýl$. Ððl$MýS-ËÏÐŒl$ íœ{ºÐ]lÇ 20¯]l B{õÜt-Í-Ä¶æ*™ø {MðS•‹Üt-^èlÆŠ‡a fÇ-W¯]l Æð‡…yø sñæçÜ$t ™öÍ C°Þ…-VSŠ ÞÌZ ^ðlË-Æ‡ó W Byìl ÑÐŒl Ç^èlÆŠ‡Þz (56 º…™èl$ÌZÏ), Ñ$Ýë¾ EÌŒæ ß ç æMŠS (56 º…™èl$-ÌZÏ) õ³Çr E¯]l² ÇM>-Æý‡$z¯]l$ A«¨-VýS-Ñ$…-^éyýl$. àMîS C…yìlÄ¶æ* ÎVŠS ^é…í³-Ä¶æ$-¯lŒ V> ç³…gê»Œæ àMîS C…yìlÄ¶æ* ÎVŠS (òßæ-^Œl-I-G-ÌŒæ) ¯éË$Vø ïÜf¯Œl Ñgôæ™èlV> ³ç …gê»Œæ °Í-_…¨. Æ>…`ÌZ œí {º-Ðl] Ç 20¯]l fÇW¯]l Oòœ¯]lÌZÏ MýSã…VýS Ìê¯]lÞ-ÆŠ‡Þ¯]l$ ç³…gê»Œæ Kyìl…-_…¨. ^é…í³-Ä¶æ$¯Œl ç³…gê-»ŒæMýS$ Æý‡*. 2.50 Mør$Ï, Æý‡¯]l²-Æý‡-‹³V> °Í-_¯]l MýSã…VýS fr$tMýS$ Æý‡*.Æý‡*.1.75 Mør$Ï {ò³•gŒ Ð]l$± §ýlMìSP…¨. Æý‡$z¯]l$ ´ë‹³ çÜ…X™èl V>Ä¶æ$° íÜÓ‹œt §ýlMìSP…-^èl$-MýS$-¯é²Æý‡$. sôæËÆŠ‡ íÜÓ‹œtMýS$ {V>Ò$ BË¾ÐŒl$ sôBÐðæËÆŠl$‡BË¾ÐŒ l$ 19-89- MýS$ D AÐéB‹œ §ýl CÄ¶æ$ÆŠ‡ AÐéÆý‡$z Æý‡$z ËÀ…-_…¨. 20-1-4ÌZ A™èlÅ58Ð]l {V>Ò$ çÜ…X™èl AÐé-Æý‡$zÌZÏ «¨-MýS…V> AÐ]l¬Ã-yýl$-´ù-Æ‡¬¯]l BË¾ÐŒl$ B‹œ §ýl CÄ¶æ$ÆŠ‡ AÐé- BË¾-ÐŒl$V> 19-89 °Í-_…¨. Æ>Å‹³ V>Ä¶æ$-MýS$yýl$ MðS…{yìlMŠS ÌêÅÐ]l$ÆŠ‡ A™èlÅ-«¨-MýS…V> I§ýl$ AÐé-Æý‡$z-Ë¯]l$ §ýlMìSP…^èl$-Mö-¯é²Æý‡$. íœ{º-Ð]lÇ 15¯]l Ìê‹Ü-H…-gñæ-Ë-‹ÜÌZ D AÐéÆý‡$z-Ë¯]l$ {ç³«§é¯]l… ^ólÔ>Æý‡$. ÐøÅÐ]l$-V>-Ð]l¬-Ë$V> ™èlÐ]l$¯]l$ G…^èl$-Mø-Ðé-Ë…r* AÐðl$-ÇM> A…™èl-Ç„ýS ç³Ç-ÔZ-«§ýl¯]l çÜ…çÜ¦ (¯é-Ýë-)MýS$ 18,300 Ð]l$…¨ §ýlÆý‡-RêçÜ$¢ ^ólçÜ$-MýS$-¯é²Æý‡$. D çÜ…QÅ 20-12ÌZ Ð]l_a¯]l §ýlÆý‡-Rê-çÜ$¢Ë MýS…sôæ Ð]lÊyýl$ Æð‡r$Ï GMýS$P-Ð]l° ¯éÝë A«¨-M>-Æý‡$Ë$ õ³ÆöP-¯é²Æý‡$. C…r-Æý‡*ÓÅË$ °Æý‡Ó-íßæ…_ O¯ðlç³#×æÅ… E¯]l² 8&-14 Ð]l$…¨° G…í³MýS ^ólÄ¶æ$-¯]l$-¯]l²r$Ï ¯éÝë AyìlÃ-°-{õÜtrÆŠ‡ ^éÆð‡Ï‹Ü »ZÌñæz¯Œl ™ðlÍ-´ëÆý‡$. ç³–¥Ó-&2 ç³È„ýS Ñf-Ä¶æ$-Ð]l…™èl… ç³NÇ¢ çÜÓ§ólÖ ç³Ç-gêq-¯]l…™ø Æý‡*´÷…-¨…-_¯]l ç³–¥Ó&2 „ìSç³-×ìæ° ¿êÆý‡™Œl Jyìl-Ô>-ÌZ° ^é…©-ç³NÆŠ‡ ¯]l$…_ íœ{º-Ð]lÇ 16¯]l Ñf-Ä¶æ$-Ð]l…-™èl…V> {ç³Äñæ*-W…-_…¨. AW²-&2 „ìSç³×ìæ 350 MìSÌZ-Ò$-rÆý‡Ï §ýl*Æý‡…-ÌZ° Ë„>ÅË¯]l$ ból¨…-^èl-VýS-Ë§ýl$. 50-0& 10-00 MìSÌZË ºÆý‡$Ð]l# VýSË õ³Ë$yýl$ ç³§é-Æ>¦-Ë¯]l$ Ððl*çÜ$-MýS$-´ù-VýS-Ë§ýl$. çÜÓ§ólÖ {MýSÄñæ*-gñæ-°MŠS C…f¯Œl ç³È„ýS °Æý‡Ó-íßæ…-_¯]l C{Ýù ¿êÈ Eç³-{VýS-à-Ë¯]l$ {ç³Äñæ*-W…-^ól…-§ýl$MýS$ ™øyýlµyól {MýSÄñæ*-gñæ-°MŠS C…f¯Œl ç³È-„ýS¯]l$ ¿êÆý‡™èl A…™èl-Ç„ýS ç³Ç-ÔZ«§ýl¯]l çÜ…çÜ¦ (C-{Ýù) íœ{º-Ð]lÇ 19¯]l Ñf-Ä¶æ$-Ð]l…-™èl…V> ç³NÇ¢ ^ólíÜ…¨. Ð]l$õßæ…-{§ýl-W-Ç- (™èlÑ$-â¶æ-¯é-yýl$-)ÌZ° {´÷ç³-ËÛ¯Œl çÜÐ]l¬-§é-Ä¶æ$…ÌZ {MýSÄñæ*-gñæ-°MŠS C…f-¯ŒlMýS$ 640 òÜMýS¯]lÏ ´ër$ EçÙ~ ç³È-„ýS¯]l$ °Æý‡Ó-íßæ…-^éÆý‡$. VýS$Æý‡$ÐéÆý‡… l íœ{ºÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2016 8 Groups Special - English There are two Articles - a (or an) and the. A or an is called the Indefinite Article, because it leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of; Articles are really Demonstrative Adjectives P.V.Ch.Sastry Subject Expert. ARTICLES The Adjectives a or an and the are usually called Articles.They are really Demonstrative Adjectives. There are two Articles - a (or an) and the. A or an is called the Indefinite Article, because it leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of; as, a doctor; that is, any doctor. The is called the Definite Article, because it points out some particular person or thing; as, He saw the doctor; meaning some particular doctor. As a general rule, an Article is used before a common noun, singular number; as, This is a mango. Fight like a hero. Here is an elephant. I like the novel you gave me. But Common nouns in the singular, used in a general sense, do not require an Article; as, Man is mortal. A or An The choice between a and an is determined by sound. Before a word beginning with a vowel sound an is used; as, A boy, a reindeer, a woman, a yard, a horse, a hole, also a university, a union, a European, a ewe, a unicorn, a useful article, Because these words (university, union, etc.) begin with a consonant sound, that of yu. Similarly we say, a one-rupee note, such a one, a one-eyed man, because one begins with the consonant sound of w. Before words beginning with h and not accented on the first syllable, an is often used; as, An historical novel, an hotel. USE of the Definite Article The Definite Article the is used 1. When we speak of a particular person or thing, or one already referred to; as, The book you want is out of print. I dislike the fellow. Let us go to the club. 2. When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class; as, The cow is a useful animal. [Or we may say, "Cows are useful animals."] The horse is a noble animal. The cat loves comfort. The rose is the sweetest of all flowers. The banyan is a kind of fig tree. [Do not say, "a kind of a fig tree." This is a common error.] Note that the two nouns man and woman used in the general sense to denote the whole class never have either article. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Man is the only animal that uses fire. Woman is man's mate. With names of gulfs, rivers, seas, oceans, groups of islands, and mountain-ranges; as, The Persian Gulf. The Ganges is considered holy by the Hindus. London is on the Thames. The Red Sea. The Indian Ocean. The British Isles. The Laccadive islands. The Himalayas lie to the North of India. The Alps. We also say The Punjab, the United Provinces, the Deccan, the Carnatic. Before the names of books; as, The Vedas, the Puranas, the Iliad, the Ramayana. But we say Homer's Iliad, Valmiki's Ramayana. Before common nouns which are names of things unique of their kind; as, The sun, the sky, the ocean, the sea, the earth. [Note - Sometimes the is placed before a Common noun to give it the meaning of an abstract noun; as, Al last the warrior (the warlike or martial spirit) in him was thoroughly aroused.] Before a Proper noun only when it is qualified by an adjective or a defining adjectival clause; as, The great Caesar, the immortal Shakespeare. The Mr. Roy whom you met last night is my uncle. With Superlatives; as, The darkest cloud has a silver lining. This is the best book of elementary chemistry. Before an adjective when the noun is understood; as, The poor are always with us. Before a noun (with emphasis), to give the force of a Superlative; as, The Verb is the word (=the chief word) in a sentence. As an Adverb with Comparatives; as, The more the merrier. (=By how much more, by so much the merrier.) The more they get, the more they want. Use of the Indefinite Article The Indefinite Article is used 1. In its original numerical sense of one; as, Twelve inches make a foot. Not a word was said. A word to the wise is sufficient. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 2. In the vague sense of a certain; as, A Ranchod Pitamber (= a certain person named Ranchod Pitamber) is suspected by the police. One evening a beggar came to my door. 3. In the sense of any, to single out an individual as the representative of a class, as, A pupil should obey his teacher. A cow is a useful animal. 4. To make a common noun of a proper noun; as, A Daniel come to judgement! (A Daniel = a very wise man.) Omission of the Article The Article is omitted 1. Before a common noun used in its widest sense; as, Man is mortal. What kind of flower is it? 2. Before names of materials; as, Gold is a precious metal. Cotton grows in India, America and Egypt. 3. Before Proper nouns; as, Delhi is the capital of India. Bombay is a big city. Newton was a great philosopher. Note - When the Article is used before Proper nouns, they become Common nouns; as, This man is a second Newton [i.e., a philosopher as great as Newton] He was the Napoleon of his age [i.e., the greatest general of his time.] Bombay is the Manchester of India [i.e., a great manufacturing city.] The Earl of Derby is a Stanley [i.e., a member of the Stanley family.] 4. Before Abstract nouns used in a general sense; as, Wisdom is the gift of heaven. Falsehood is odious. Honesty is the best policy. Virtue is its own reward. Note -An Abstract noun, when it is qualified by an adjective or an adjectival phrase or clause, may have the article; as, The wisdom of Solomon is famous. He showed a courage worthy of an older man. I cannot forget the kindness with which he treated me 5. Before titles used in apposition to a proper name or as the complement of a sentence; as, His brother was duke of Lancaster. He became king. 6. In certain phrases consisting of a transitive verb followed by its object; as, to catch fire, to take breath, to give battle, to cast anchor, to send word, to bring word, to give ear, to leave school, to lay siege, to set sail, to lose heart, to set foot, to leave home, to strike root, to take offence. 7. In certain phrases consisting of a preposition followed by its object; as, at home, in hand, in debt, in bed, at school, to school, by day, by night, at daybreak, at sunrise, at noon, at sunset, at night, at anchor, at sight, on demand, at interest, on earth, by land, by water, by river, by train, by steamer, by name, on horseback, on foot, on deck, to prison, in jail, in jest, in town, to market, at dinner, at table, at ease, under ground, above ground. Repetition of the Article If I say I have a black and white dog, I mean a dog that is partly black and partly white. But if I say I have a black and a white dog, I mean two dogs, one black and the other white. Hence when two or more adjectives qualify the same noun, the Article is used before the first adjective only; but when they qualify different nouns, expressed or understood, the Article is used before each adjective. Compare: 1. The Secretary and Treasurer is absent. 2. The secretary and the Treasurer are absent. The first sentence clearly indicates that the posts of Secretary and Treasurer are held by one person. The repetition of the article in the second sentence indicates that the two posts are held by two different persons. Hence we see that when two or more connected nouns refer to the same person or thing, the Article is ordinarily used before the first only; but when two or more connected nouns refer to different persons or things, the Article is used before each. Also examine the following sentences:Sir Surendranath was a great orator and statesman. There are on the committee among others a great economist and a great lawyer. We may either say The third and the fourth chapter. [Or] The third and fourth chapters. In expressing a comparison, if two nouns refer to the same person or thing, the Article is used before the first noun only; as, He is a better mechanic than clerk. He is a better poet than novelist. He is a better thinker than debater. He would make a better engineer than lawyer. But if they refer to different persons or things, the Article must be used with each noun, as in: He is a better mechanic than a clerk (would make). He would make a better statesman than a philosopher (would make). Variations are quite apparent among closely related groups of organisms. In about 1857 Gregor Mendel started working on the problem of how variations were passed from one generation to other. continued from 4th page... 2 Marks 1. What are the homologous and analogous organs? 2. Why Mendel has chosen Pea plant for his experiment? 3. What is Law of independent assortment? Which questions you will ask to know about this law in detail? 4. Explain about survival of the fittest with examples that you observed in your surroundings? 5. Who decides the sex of the baby? Mother or Father. Draw a flow chart to show this? 6. Which branches give the evidences to evolution? 7. 'Human Being is said to be a moving museum of vestigial organs'. How can you support this statement? 4 Marks 1. One student (Researcher) wants to cross pure tall plant (TT) with pure dwarf plant (tt), What would be the F1 and F2 generations? Explain? 2. Homologous and analogous organs are the base of the evolution. Explain this statement with suitable examples? 3. How does the sex determination takes place in human? Explain this statement with suitable examples? 4. Explain monohybrid experiment with an example? Which law of inheritance can we understand? Explain? 5. Suma selected two characters mainly round yellow, wrinkled green pea seeds. She crossed these plants in her garden. Explain her results with help of a checker board? 6. Write your opinion evolutionary evidences of the following information. In all these animals forelimbs are structurally similar but perform different functions according to the habitat in which they live? (Mammals have forelimbs as do birds, reptiles and amphibians) 9. Our Environment Our Concern IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1 Mark 1. Draw the pyramid of number for following food chain Grass → Rabbit → Wolf A. Grass Rabbit Wolf Pyramid number of given food chain is inverted. 2. Draw a pyramid of biomass for the given food chain. (i) Bushes; (ii) Herbivores; (iii) Predators; (iv) Hawk A. Hawk Predators Herbivores Bushes 3. What is Biomagnification? A. The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next is known as Biomagnification. 4. What is meant by Bio accumulation? A. The process of entry of pollutants into a food chain is known as Bioaccumulation. 5. What does a food chain show? A. A food chain shows who eats what in a particular habitat. 6. What will happen if phytoplanktons are absent in a pond ecosystem? A. 1. If phytoplanktons are absent, the primary consumers cannot survive in the pond as phytoplanktons are the only producers in the pond. 2. It disturb other tropic levels and entire food chain. 2 Marks 1. Observe grass in your school garden. Write a short note on producer - consumer relationship? 2. What is trophic level? What does it represent in ecological pyramid? 3. Observe the following flow chart and describe it? Man (1 kg) VýS$Æý‡$ÐéÆý‡… l íœ{ºÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2016 between the pyramid of number and pyramid of biomass? 2. What type of information do you require to explain pyramid of biomass? 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Fish (10 kg) Zooplanktons (100 kg) Phytoplanktons (1000 kg) 4. Why does the number of organisms will decrease from producers to consumers in ecosystem? 5. What happens if decomposers are removed from the food web? 6. What happens if predators are removed from the food web? 7. Define the terms (i) Niche (ii) Food web 8. Why are the pyramids always upright? 4 Marks 1. Read the information that was given in the following table and answer the questions given under the table? S. Trophic no levels Examples Quantity of Biomass (kgs) 1 Producers Phyto 1000 planktons 2. Primary Zoo 100 consumers planktons 3 Secondary Fishes 10 consumers 4 Tertiary Eagle 1 consumers (i) Draw the ecological pyramid of trophic levels given in the table? (ii) Prepare a pyramid of numbers for an aquatic ecosystem based on the examples given in the table? (iii) Prepare a pyramid of biomass based on the quantity of biomass given in the table? (iv) What is the relation do you find 9 10th Class Special - Biology 8. A. (i) What is this pyramid? (ii) Describe this pyramid? (iii) What can we conclude with this pyramid? B. What is biomass? Draw the pyramid of biomass of the following? Grass, Eagle, Herbivores, Carnivores. What is pyramid of numbers? Write brief note on the pyramid of numbers with the help of block diagram? Draw a pyramid of numbers considering yourself as top level consumer? What do pyramids and food chain indicate in an ecosystem? Should we use pesticides as they prevent our crop and food from pests (or) We should think of alternatives? Write your view about this issue and give sound reason to your answer? Suggest any three programmes for prevention of soil pollution in view of avoiding pesticides? 10. Natural Resources IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1 Mark 1. To create awareness on 'water conservation' in your locality, what slogans you will suggest? A. 1. Save water - Save life 2. Water is life - Conservation is future 3. Save water - The world is yours 4. Don't waste it - Just taste it 2. What is sustainable development? A. When we use environment in ways that ensure we have resources for the future. It is called sustainable development. 3. Give examples for community based interventions of water management? A. 1. Percolation pits 2. community based masonry dam 4. Give examples for farmer based interventions of water management? A. 1. Broad bed furrow 2. Plantation on bunds 3. Contour field bunding 5. Do you think it is necessary to have a lot lighting for decoration during celebrations? A. No. It is not necessary to have a lighting for decoration during celebrations because, it is more expensive and wastage of electrical energy. 6. What is meant by microirrigations? A. The method of irrigation in which less amount of water is used for agriculture is called micro irrigation. Eg: Drip irrigation and sprinklers 2 Marks 1. Listout the activities which you perform to conserve forests? 2. We know that natural resources are decreasing more rapidly. Guess and write the consequences? 3. Write about '3R's that can save our environment? 4. Which programmes that will you conduct to create awareness in farmers of your village about waste land management? 5. What are the harmful effects of global warming? 4 Marks 1. What is a natural resource? Give some examples of natural resources? Write a note on management of natural resources? 2. Observe the Pie diagram of water resources and area under irrigation. Now answer the following questions 5% Other Sources 43% (ground water) 15% (Tanks) 37% (Canals) (i) Write the percentages of water available in above diagram? (ii) Why is it important to recharge the ground water sources? (iii) Since ground water resources are getting depleted at fast pace, what are the alternatives? 3. The amount of water available in a state is 3814 TMCs. Total amount of utilised2300 TMCs of which.. Irrigation Domestic use Industries Power generation 4. 5. 6. 7. 2268 TMC 21 TMC 10 TMC 1 TMC Amount required for utilisation by 2025 is 3989 TMC of which 3,814 TMC is for irrigation, 122 TMC for domestic use, 51 TMC for industries and 2 TMC is for power generation. Analyse the given information and answer to the given questions. i) What will happen if we don't take care of the sources of water? ii) How we shall meet our requiremenents in future? iii)How do we reduce the utilisation of water for irrigation? iv) Do you think one needs laws for distribution of water and it's use? Why? What is sustainable development? How is it useful in natural management? Suggest some ways of reusing a resource in your locality? Proper utilisation of natural resources is the way to show gratitude to our nation. Can you support this statement? Give your argument? Why should we conserve forest and wild life? 10 VýS$Æý‡$ÐéÆý‡… l íœ{ºÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2016 10th Class Special - Biology 1. NutritionFood Supplying System 1. Which of the following organisms take the food by parasitic nutrition? a) Yeast b) Mushrooms c) Cuscutta d) Leeches 2. Which part of the plant takes in carbon dioxide form the air for photosynthesis? a) Root hair b) Stomata c) Leaf veins d) Sepals 3. The acid present in gastric juice is? b) H2SO4 a) HNO3 c) HCl d) H3PO4 4. The sites for trapping solar energy in the chloroplast? a) Stroma b) Grana c) Matrix d) Cristae 5. Deficiency of folic acid causes? a) Anemia b) Pellagra c) Glossitis d) Rickets ANSWERS 1) c; 2) b; 3) c; 4) b; 5) a 2. RespirationThe energy releasing system 1. Cluster of air sacs in lungs are called? a) Alveoli b) Bronchi c) Bronchioles d) Air spaces 2. A flap like muscular value controls movement of air and food is? a) Glottis b) Epiglottis c) Larynx d) Pharynx 3. We will find vocal cords in? a) Larynx b) Pharymx c) Nasal cavity d) Trachea 4. Energy currency of the cell is? a) ATP b) ADP c) NADP d) Mitochondria 5. What would you confirm by observing this diagram? a) CO2 is released in respiration b) Energy is released in respiration c) Heat is released in respiration d) Water vapour is released in respiration 5. This experiment shows? 1) b; 2) a; 3) a; 4) b; 5) d a) Atmospheric pressure b) Stem pressure c) Root pressure d) Soil pressure ANSWERS 1) a; 2) b; 3) b; 4) a; 5) c 4. Excretion - The wastage disposing system 1. The alkaloid which is used as anti malarial drug? a) Nicotine b) Morphine c) Nimbin d) Quinine 2. Amber (yellow) colour to urine due to? a) Urochrome b) Bilerubine c) Bileverdine d) Chlorides 3. Sequence of urine formation in nephron is? a) Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion b) Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion, Glomerular filtration c) Tubular secretion, Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption d) Tubular reabsorption, Concentration of urine, Tubular secretion 4. If kidneys stop working completely, our body is filled with extra water and waste products. This condition is called? a) Urodialysis b) Haemo c) Haemodialysis d) Uremia 5. One of the following is correct about contractile vacuole in single cell organisms? a) Died in the cell b) Blasted when they are reached surface area c) Collect the food for living organism d) Digest the food which is collected by organism ANSWERS ANSWERS 3. Transportation The circulatory System 1. The whole process of cardiac cycle is approximately completed in (sec)? a) 0.8 b) 0.9 c) 0.10 d) 0.11 2. The blood cells that can squeeze out of the capillary wall are? a) Red blood cells b) White blood cells c) Blood platelets d) All the above 3. Food transporting tissue is? a) Xylem b) Phloem c) Medulla d) Cortex 4. Double circulatory system is present in? a) Man b) Fish c) Amoeba d) Paramecium 5. Identify the pair which is not correct? a) Thyroid-Thyroxin b) Ovary - Oestrogen c) Pancreas - Insulin d) Adrenalin - Testosteron ANSWERS 1) d; 2) a; 3) a; 4) d; 5) b 1) a; 2) b; 3) a; 4) a; 5) c Lavoisier found that the air that we breathe out precipitated lime water while that after heating metal did not. He also found that something even beyond lungs occured to produce carbon dioxide (knew it as fixed air) and body heat. 5. Coordination The linking system 1. Diabetes is related to this gland? a) Thyroid b) Pancreas c) Adrenal d) Pitutary 2. The part of the brain that helps you in solving puzzles is? a) Cerebrum b) Cerebellum c) Medulla d) Diencephalon 3. A gland present on this is called? a) Adrenal gland b) Pituitary gland c) Thyroid gland d) Thymus gland 4. The fight or flight hormone is? a) Thyroxin b) Adrenalin c) Insulin d) Testosteron 6. ReproductionThe generating System 1. The part of the female reproduction system that produces the eggs? a) ovary b) epididymis c) cervix d) fallopian tube 2. From the figure X denotes? a) Egg cell b) synergid c) antipodal d) secondary nucleus 3. Beti bachavo - beti padhavo (save the girl, educate the girl) this slogan is related to? a) HIV/AIDS b) Eradication of polio c) Female foeticides d) Eradication of small pox 4. A watery lymph like fluid accumulates in the mammary glands during the last part of pregnancy is? a) milk b) colostrum c) progesterone d) prolactine 5. External fertilization occurs in? a) frog, fish b) frog, snake c) fish, snake d) fish, rat ANSWERS 1) a; 2) a; 3) c; 4) b; 5) a 3. 'The origin of species' book was written by? a) Charles Lyell b) Charles Darwin c) Baptist Lamarck d) Malthus 4. If we cross pollinate red flower plant with white flowers, what percent of recessive trait plants we will get? a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100% 5. The characters that develop during the lifetime of an organism is called as a) Heredity b) Evolution c) Acquired characters d) Adaptation ANSWERS 1) c; 2) d; 3) b; 4) a; 5) c 9. Our Environment Our Concern 1. Benthic organisms are found in? a) Surface of marine water b) Middle of water in sea c) Bottom of sea d) On ground 2. Minimata disease in Japan was caused by the accumulation of? a) DDT b) Lead c) Methyl mercury d) Arsenic 3. First trophic level of ecological pyramid indicates? a) Producers b) Primary consumers c) Secondary consumers d) Top consumers 4. The loss of energy at each trophic level of food chain is? a) about 10-20% b) about 20-30% c) about 30-40% d) about 40 to 60% 5. The fossil fuels are? a) Coal b) Petroleum c) Natural gas d) All the above ANSWERS 7. Coordination in life processes 1. sphincter that helps in opening of stomach into duodenum? a) cardiac b) pyloric c) anal d) gastric 2. 2: 1:2:3 is the ratio of our dentition. Here 1 represents? a) inscissors b) canines c) premolars d) molars 3. Mechanism of swallowing is controlled by? a) medulla b) cerebrum c) cerebellum d) spinal cord 4. The strong acid which is secreted during digestion? a) HCl b) HNO3 c) H2SO4 d) HSO4 5. The nature of pH of saliva is? a) acidic b) alkaline c) neutral d) all 1) c; 2) c; 3) a; 4) a; 5) d 10. Natural Resources 1. This logo shows? 2. 3. ANSWERS 1) b; 2) b; 3) a; 4) a; 5) b 4. 8. HeredityFrom Parent to Progeny 1. What is the phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross? a) 1:2:1 b) 3:1 c) 9:3:3:1 d) a & b 2. What are the Darwin's Finch? a) Mammals b) Beetles c) Insects d) Birds 5. a) Reuse b) Reduce c) Recover d) Recycle The plants used for production of biofuel are? a) Jatropa carcus b) Acacia arabica c) Helianthus anus d) Arachis hypogea Drip irrigation can reduce water consumption by? a) 50 % b) 20% c) 2% d) 70% Name the continent which has no forests? a) America b) Australia c) Arctica d) Antarctica Biodiversity is important for more than just food and for ___ also? a) firewood b) medicines c) honey d) plastics ANSWERS 1) d; 2) a; 3) d; 4) d; 5) b In 1852 a German Scientist, Robert Remak, published his observations on cell division, based on his observations of embryos. This was one of the first attempts to undestand the mechanism of cell division. VýS$Æý‡$ÐéÆý‡… l íœ{ºÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2016 General Science-2 BIOLOGY (English Version) Model Paper Time: 2 Hours 45 min. Marks: 40 Instructions: i) The Question paper comprises of FOUR Sections- I, II, III and IV ii) All the Questions are compulsory. iii) There is no overall choice. However there is internal choice to the Questions under Section-I. iv) In the time duration of 2 hrs. 45 minutes, 15 minutes of time is exclusively alloted to read and understand the Question paper. SECTION-I Note: 4×4 = 16 i) Answer all the questions ii) Each question carries FOUR marks. iii) There is internal choice for each question. Only one option from each question is to be attempted. iv) Answer each question in 8 to 10 sentences. 1. What are natural filters in human body? If a person's natural filters are spoiled, what method the doctors will follow to save his life? Write detailed procedure of such method. OR Give reasons: i) Always vasopressin is not secreted. ii) when urine is discharged, in the beginning it is acidic in nature, later it becomes alkaline. iii) Diameter of afferent arteriole is bigger than efferent arteriole. iv) Urine is slightly thicker in summer than in winter? 2. One student has conducted an experiment related to Photosynthetic factors. He took potted plant and kept it in the dark for 3-4 days. He fixed the black paper on the centre of the leaf and placed the potted plant in the sun for few hours. Given questions are related to the experiment and write your answers. i) What factor the student wanted to know? Why? ii) What is the controle in this experiment? iii) Why was the plant kept in dark before conducting experiment? iv) Write the test to prove the presence of starch. OR You have conducted the experiment in your school laboratory to prove the CO2 is essential for Photosynthesis. Given questions are related to experiment and write your answers. i) What is the use of KOH in this experiment. ii) Write the precautions you took while doing this experiment. iii) write the apparatus used for this experiment. iv) Explain the procedure you followed in MODEL PAPER your school laboratory. 3. Write atleast four differences between following: A) Xylem-Phloem B) Arteries-Veins OR One student (Researcher) wants to cross pure tall plant (TT) with pure dwarf plant (tt). What would be the F1 and F2 generations? Explain? 4. Write the collected information about uses of different kinds of alkaloids by taking help of library or internet. OR Observe the following table and answer the questions given below. Name of Age B.P. the person Reading Remarks Ramu Raju Ravi Krishna Normal B.P. Low B.P. High B.P. High B.P. 25 35 40 45 120/80 100/70 140/100 150/110 i) Is there any relation between age and blood pressure? Explain? ii) What are the reasons for High Blood pressure? iii) If a person's B.P. is written 120/80. What does it indicates? Which instrument is used to measure B.P? iv) What represents numerator and denominator in B.P. reading? SECTION-II Note: 6×2 = 12 i) Answer all the questions ii) Each question carries TWO marks. iii) Answer each question in 4 or 5 sentences. 5. What are the harmful effects of global warming? 6. Why do some children pass urine during sleep at night until 15 or 16 years of age? 7. O O Y y Y y YY yY 11 10th Class Special - Biology Yy yy i) What does above chart show? ii) What is phenotypic and genotypic ratio of F2 generation? 8. i) Write the names of parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the given diagram. ii) Why do we call Mitochondria as Power house of the cell? 9. Your biology teacher demonstrated the following experiment in the laboratory. Observe the diagram and answer the following questions. i) Write the name of the experiment shown in the figure? ii) Write the apparatus used in this experiment? 10. Collect the information from your school gardener about vegetative propagation in following plants. A) Bryophyllum B) Radish C) Rose D) Mango C) (i) false and (ii) true D) (i) and (ii) are false 19. A student observed pollen grain on a slide under microscope. He observed the following structure. 'X' denotes what? ( ) SECTION-III Note: 7×1 = 7 i) Answer all the questions ii) Each question carries 1 mark iii) Answer each question in 1 or 2 sentences. 11. Why diazene green (Janus Green B) is used in the experiment to prove anaerobic respiration? 12. Write two slogans to create awareness on conservation of ground water? 13. Draw the pyramid of number for the following food chain? Grass → Rabit → Wolf 14. Srikanth was injured while he was playing. The blood was not coagulated? What is the reason? 15. Geetha and Govind are a new couple. They decided to know about birth control methods. Suggest them any two physical devices to prevent fertilization? 16. The gene for white colour skin is recessive to the gene for the black colour skin. What will be the skin colour of a person if he inherits a gene for white colour from his mother and gene for black colour from his father? 17. Observe the following information and answer the given questions.. Name of the Phyllum Platyhelminthes Annelida Arthropoda A) Style B) Stigma C) Pollen tube D) Seed 20. Which of the following is correct? ( ) A) The diaphragm contracts- Volume of chest cavity increased B) The diaphragm contracts- Volume of chest cavity decreased C) The diaphragm expands-Volume of chest cavity increased D) The diaphragm expands - Volume of chest cavity decreased 21. Which of the following is the correct path taken by urine in our body? ( ) A) Kidney Urethra Bladder Ureters B) Kidney Ureters Bladder Urethra C) Kidney Bladder Urethra Ureters D) Kidney Bladder Ureters Urethra 22. A gland present on this is called ( ) 23. Excretory organs Flame cells Nephridia Green glands, Malpighian tubules i) What are the excretory organs in Earthworm and Leech? ii) What are the excretory organs in cockroach? 24. 25. 26. SECTION-IV Note: 10×½ = 5 i) Answer all the questions ii) Each question has four choices. Choose the correct answer for each question and write the relevant alphabet (A, B, C, D) against the question number in your answer booklet. iii) Each Question carries ½ Mark. 18. Study the given statements.. ( ) i) Stomach and duodenal ulcers occur more often in people due to hurry, worry and curry. ii) Ulcers frequently occur in persons who have less work. A) (i) and (ii) are true B) (i) true and (ii) false 27. A) Adrenal gland B) Pituitary gland C) Thyroid gland D) Thymus gland ''Beti bachao- Beti padhavo'' (Save the girl- Educate the girl). This slogan is related to? ( ) A) HIV/AIDS B) Eradication of Polio C) Female foeticides D) Eradication of small fox 2:1: 2:3 is the ratio of dentition. Here 1 represents? ( ) A) Inscissors B) Canines C) Premolars D) Molars What is the Phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross? ( ) A) 1:2:1 B) 3:1 C) 9:3:3:1 D) A and B Ban all pesticides, this means? ( ) A) Control on usage of pesticides B) Prevention of pesticides C) Promote ecofriendly agricultural practices D) Stop bio-chemical factories This logo shows? 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D&-Ððl$-Æ‡¬ÌŒæ : [email protected] ç³§ø™èlÆý‡VýS† çÜtyîl Ððl$sîæÇÄ¶æ$ÌŒæ 3. {ç³Äñæ*-V>Ë$, „óS{™èl-ç³-Ç-Ö-Ë-¯]lË$ (Experimentation and field investigation) ÑÔ>-Q-ç³-r²…-ÌZ° B…{«§é ÑÔ¶æÓ-Ñ-§éÅ-ËÄ¶æ$….. B…{™ø´ë-Ë-iÌZ ï³i° A…¨-Ýù¢…¨. AÆý‡á™èl: ½G-ïÜÞ/ kÐé-Ëi JMýS çÜ»ñæj-MýS$tV> ½GïÜÞ. {ç³ÐólÔ¶æ…: {ç³Ðól-Ô¶æ-ç³-È-„ýSÌZ E¡¢-Æý‡~™èl B«§é-Æý‡…V>. Ððl»Œæ-OòÜsŒæ: www.andhrauniversity.edu.in †Æý‡$-ç³-†-ÌZ° } Ðól…MýS-sôæ-Ô¶æÓÆ> ÑÔ¶æÓ-Ñ-§éÅ-ËÄ¶æ$….. B…{™ø-´ë-Ë-iÌZ ï³i° A…¨-Ýù¢…¨. AÆý‡á™èl: kÐé-Ëi çÜ»ñæj-MýS$t™ø ½GïÜÞ. {ç³ÐólÔ¶æ…: {ç³Ðól-Ô¶æ-ç³-È-„ýSÌZ E¡¢-Æý‡~™èl B«§é-Æý‡…V>. C§ól Ä¶æÊ°-Ð]l-ÇÞsîæ ºÄ¶æ$-Ìê-h-MýSÌŒæ B…{™ø-´ë-Ë-iÌZ ï³i A…¨-Ýù¢…¨. AÆý‡á™èl: ÝùçÙÌŒæ B…{™ø-´ë-Ë-iÌZ ½H. {ç³ÐólÔ¶æ…: {ç³Ðól-Ô¶æ-ç³-È-„ýSÌZ E¡¢-Æý‡~™èl B«§é-Æý‡…V>. ÝùçÙÌŒæ B…{™ø-´ë-Ë-iÌZ ï³i A…¨-Ýù¢…¨. AÆý‡á™èl: HO§ðl¯é yìl{X. {ç³ÐólÔ¶æ…: {ç³Ðól-Ô¶æ-ç³-È-„ýSÌZ E¡¢-Æý‡~™èl B«§é-Æý‡…V>. Ððl»Œæ-OòÜsŒæ: www.svuniversity.ac.in 16 4 (Asking questions and making hypothesis) Ððl¬™èl¢… sìæ. Ð]l¬Æý‡ä«§ýlÆý‡¯Œl AÆý‡á™èl: ½D-/-½-sñæMŠS. {ç³ÐólÔ¶æ…: VóSsŒæ-/-ï³-i-D-òÜ-sŒæÌZ E¡¢-Æý‡~™èl B«§é-Æý‡…V>. Ððl»Œæ-OòÜsŒæ: www.jntuh.ac.in ÑÔ>-Q-ç³-r²…-ÌZ° B…{«§é ÑÔ¶æÓ-Ñ-§éÅ-ËÄ¶æ$….. C…yýl-{íÜtÄ¶æ$ÌŒæ C…f-±-Ç…-VŠSÌZ G…sñæMŠS A…¨-Ýù¢…¨. AÆý‡á™èl: ½D-/-½-sñæMŠS. {ç³ÐólÔ¶æ…: VóSsŒæ-/-ï³-i-D-òÜ-sŒæ-/-H-Ä¶æÊ-òÜ-sŒæÌZ E¡¢-Æý‡~™èl B«§éÆý‡…V>. Ððl»Œæ-OòÜsŒæ: www.andhrauniversity.edu.in Oòßæ§ýl-Æ>-»ê-§Šl-ÌZ° EÝëÃ-°Ä¶æ* ÑÔ¶æÓ-Ñ-§éÅ-ËÄ¶æ$….. {´÷yýl-MýSÛ¯Œl C…f-±-Ç…VŠS òÜµçÙ-OÌñæ-gôæ-çÙ-¯Œl™ø G…sñæMŠS A…¨Ýù¢…¨. AÆý‡á™èl: ½D-/-½-sñæMŠS. {ç³ÐólÔ¶æ…: VóSsŒæ-/-ï³-i-D-òÜ-sŒæÌZ Æ>Å…MýS$ B«§é-Æý‡…V>. Ððl»Œæ-OòÜsŒæ: www.uceou.edu E§øÅ-V>-Ð]l-M>-Ô>Ë$: Ð]l*Å¯]l$-¸ëÅ-MýSa-Ç…VŠS A…yŠl C…f-±-Ç…VŠS çÜ…çÜ¦ÌZÏ E´ë«¨ ´÷…§ýl-Ð]l^èl$a. BsZ-Ððl¬-O»ñæÌŒæ, HÆø-¯é-sìæ-MýSÌŒæ, íÙ‹³-¼-Íz…VŠS, C¯Œl-{çÜ$t-Ððl$…-sôæçÙ¯Œl, A{W-MýS-ËaÆŠ‡ /MýS-¯Œl-{çÜt-MýSÛ¯Œl ç³Ç-{Ô¶æ-Ð]l$ÌZÏ E§øÅ-V>Ë$ Ýë«¨…-^èl-Ð]l^èl$a. Ñ«§ýl$Ë$: {´÷yýl-MýSÛ¯Œl C…f-±-ÆŠ‡-/-õÜïœt C…f-±-ÆŠ‡/ M>ÓÍsîæ MýS…{sZÌŒæ C…f-±-ÆŠ‡-/-´ëÏ…sŒæ C…f-±-ÆŠ‡/Ð]l*Å¯]l$-¸ëÅ-MýSaÇ…VŠS C…f-±-ÆŠ‡/ {´ëòÜ‹Ü C…f-±ÆŠ‡. Oòßæ§ýl-Æ>-»ê§Šl: Ð]l*ÇaÌZ ç³§ø™èlÆý‡VýS† ç³È„ýSË$ fÆý‡VýS¯]l$¯]l² ¯ólç³£ýlÅ…ÌZ Ýë„ìS Gyýl$ÅMóSçÙ¯Œl çÜÐ]l${VýS çÜtyîl Ððl$sîæÇÄ¶æ$ÌŒæ Æý‡*´÷…¨…_…¨. Mö™èl¢ íÜËº‹Ü {ç³M>Æý‡… ™ðlË$VýS$, C…WÏ‹ÙÌZ OVðSyðl¯ŒlÞ, ´ëu>Å…Ô>Ë$, ¼sŒæ»êÅ…MŠS, M>¯ðlÞ‹³tÞ, ç³#çÜ¢M>Ë¯]l$ A…¨Ýù¢…¨. Òsìæ™ø´ër$ çÜ»ñæjMýS$tË ÐéÈV> Ððl*yýlÌŒæ õ³ç³Æý‡$Ï, {ï³ÑÄ¶æ$‹Ü õ³ç³ÆŠ‡Þ, Ð]l*Å‹³ ´ëÆ‡¬…sìæ…VŠS, OòÜ¯ŒlÞ C¯Œl OyðlÎ OÌñæ‹œ Ð]l…sìæÑ OòÜsŒæÌZ A…§ýl$»êr$ÌZ E¯é²Æ‡¬. AÌêVóS Hï³BÆó‡jïÜ, ´ëÍòÜsŒæMýS$ MýS*yé çÜÐ]l${VýS çÜtyîl Ððl$sîæÇÄ¶æ$ÌŒæ, ¼sŒæ»êÅ…MŠS, Ððl*yýlÌŒæ õ³ç³Æý‡$Ï, {ï³ÑÄ¶æ$‹Ü ÝëÌŒæÓyŠl õ³ç³Æý‡$Ï Ððl»ŒæOòÜsŒæÌZ ^èl*yö^èl$a. ÑÐ]lÆ>ËMýS$.. http://www.sakshieducation.com/ Tclass/Index.html SAKSHI EDUCATION

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