Download Toxicology Class Notes

Name ______________________________________________ Period _____________ Date ______________________
Toxicology
What is Toxicology?
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Study of how people and other living organisms interact with _______________________
and _______________________
What is Forensic Toxicology?
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Use of toxicology and other disciplines such as __________________________
_________________________
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Pharmacology and clinical chemistry to aid medical or legal investigation of
_____________________, _______________________, and _______________________ _________________
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Helps determine _______________________ and _______________________ relationships
How a drug is broken down depends on…
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_______________________ properties of the drug
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In the body
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________________
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_______________________
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Body impairment
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_______________________ present
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_________________________________________ use
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Exercise
Metabolism
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Drugs and poisons are metabolized in the ___________________ by enzymes
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The enzymes we each have is determined by our ________________ (enzymes and
proteins)
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Enzymes vary person to person
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Leads to ___________________________ health care
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Half Life – T1/2
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Time it takes for the body to eliminate _______________________ of the drug present
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Can be _________________ to _________________ or _____________________
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Limits how long we can _____________________ a drug or its metabolites
Toxicity
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Degree to which a substance is __________________________ or can cause injury
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Anything can be a poison in the right _______________________
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Too much _______________________ dilutes key components of blood leading to
heart and kidney failure
Dose
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The _______________________ of substance taken in by the body over a ______________________
period of time
Acute Toxicity vs. Chronic Toxicity
Acute
Chronic
Single dose
Effects over long periods of time
Effects seen in first 2-4 days
May take years to become evident
Doses typically higher than chronic
Symptoms MAY be reversible
Typically NOT reversible
Research Acute and Chronic toxicity levels of Aspirin
Acute Toxicity
Dosage
Symptoms
Chronic Toxicity
Above 150mg per kg of body
weight
Below 100mg/kg taken over days or
weeks
Nausea abdominal pain, organ
failure
Lethargy, dizziness, weakness and later
liver and kidney damage
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Lethal Dose
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Measure of the __________________________ of a substance
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LD – amount necessary to kill ____________ of the
50
population
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Effect over _____________________ population
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Does not give probability of an
__________________________ dying
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Some may have a greater
__________________________ to a chemical
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Refers to ____________________ exposure
Substance
Water
Sugar
Table salt
Aspirin
Detergent
Ethanol
Morphine
Caffeine
Heroin
Lead
Cocaine
Cyanide
Nicotine
Batrachotoxin
Tetanus or botulina
LD50
90,000
29,700
3,000
1,750
1,260
1,000
500
200
150
20
17.5
10
2
0.002
0.000001
What is a drug?
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Natural or synthetic
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Compound used for __________________________ medical effects
Medicine
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Chemical taken to help deal with generally accepted __________________________
__________________________
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Drug
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Implies chemicals taken for ________________________ or ________________________ use
U.S. Law
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Drug
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Substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation,
__________________________, or __________________________ of a disease or a substance
intended for use as a component of medicine
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Medicine
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Substance used specifically in treating a __________________________
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Poisons, Toxins, Venoms
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Poison
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Compound designed with specific purpose of killing __________________ or
__________________________
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Toxin
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____________________ of poisons
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Produced by ___________________ organisms
Venom
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Toxin injected _______________________ into a victim
Venomous vs. Poisonous
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Venomous organisms use poisons for __________________________
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Poisonous organisms _____________________________ harm by ingestion, inhalation or skin
contact
Two types of Poisons
Corrosive
Metabolic
Destroy tissue on direct contact
Affect chemical functions of cells and tissues
Act immediately
Block biochemical pathways
Strong acids and bases
CO, Cyanide, heavy metals, Strychnine
Compound
Common Names
Uses
Sulfuric Acid
Vitriol, sour water
Rain repellent (auto), laundry perfume/dye-free
detergent, drain opener, car battery
Hydrochloric
acid
Muriatic acid, spirit
or salt
Toiler cleaner/disinfectant, rust and stain remover,
laundry odor eliminator, tile cleaner, yard and garden
muriatic acid cleaner, fish pond treatment
Potassium
Hydroxide
Potash, caustic
potash, potassium
hydrate
Batteries, automotive cleaner, tile sealer, household
cleaning solution, oven/BBQ cleaner, drain opener,
lawn “food”, non-aerosol hairspray, pesticides
Sodium
Hydroxide
Ascarite, caustic
soda, soda lye
Batteries, car wash
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Drug & Poison Pathways
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Absorption into bloodstream
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__________________________
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__________________________
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__________________________
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_____________________________ membrane
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Distribution through __________________________ system
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Metabolism
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Transformed into manageable waste primarily in the ___________________
Elimination
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____________________, feces, ___________________, breathing out
Drug Exposure
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Intentionally
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Accidentally
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By _____________________ illness or relieving pain
By harmful __________________________ or overdoses
Deliberately
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By harming or _____________________ others, or __________________________
Drugs of Abuse - Hallucinogens
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Often derived from _____________________
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Effect and _______________________ varies from person to person
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Affects __________________________, thinking, self-awareness and emotions
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Overdose
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Increased _________________ _________________
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Increased ____________________ pressure
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__________________ attacks, _____________________, or _______________________
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Drug
Characteristics of Overdose
MDMA (ecstasy)
Mescaline
Increased heart rate and blood pressure, muscle cramps, panic attacks,
seizures, loss of consciousness, stroke, kidney failure, death
Hallucinations, euphoria, dizziness, vomiting, increase heart rate, dilated
pupils, diarrhea, headaches, anxiety, irrationality of thoughts
LSD
Dilated pupils, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, increase in body
temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, sweating, dry
mouth, tremors, confusion, distortion or reality, and hallucinations
PCP
Increased heart rate and blood pressure, convulsions, sweating, dizziness,
numbness, and possibility of death from heart failure, drowsiness which
can lead to accidents. Users sometimes exhibit psychosis (completely
losing touch with reality) that can last for weeks
Drugs of Abuse - Narcotics
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Bring ___________________ from pain
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Puts person to _______________________
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Analgesics
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Relieve pain by _______________________ nervous system
Most derived from _______________________
Drug
Characteristics of Overdose
Opium
Difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, weakness, dizziness, confusion, loss of
consciousness, coma, cold clammy skin, small pupils
Heroin,
Codeine,
Morphine
Difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, coma, spasms of the stomach or
intestines, constipation, nausea, vomiting, sleepiness, blue fingernails and lips,
death
Methadone
Difficulty breathing, drowsiness, coma, low blood pressure, muscle twitches,
blue fingernails and lips
Oxycodone
Slow, difficult breathing, seizures, dizziness, weakness, loss of consciousness,
coma, confusion, tiredness, cold clammy skin and small pupils
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Drugs of Abuse - Stimulants
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Increases feelings of ___________________ and _______________________
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_______________________ appetite
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_______________________ often results afterwards
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Tend to be _______________________ addictive
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Overdose
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High _______________________ pressure
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_______________________
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_______________________
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_______________________
Drug
Characteristics of Overdose
Amphetamines (speed)
High blood pressure, rapid heart rate, agitation, irregular
heartbeats, stroke seizures, coma, death
Cocaine/crack cocaine
Dangerous rise in body temperature, sweating tremors, seizures,
irregular heartbeats, stoke, confusion, heart attack, bleeding in
the brain, death
Methamphetamines
Dangerous rise in body temperature, profuse sweating, confusion,
rapid breathing, increased heart rate, dilated pupils, high blood
pressure, kidney failure, bleeding in the brain, death
Drugs of Abuse – Anabolic Steroids
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Chemical structure similar to ____________________________
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Promote cell and tissue _________________ increasing bone mass and body _______________
Drugs of Abuse - Depressants
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Affects nervous system by increasing __________________ activity (neurotransmitter)
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Increased GABA causes _______________________, slowed brain _______________________
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Relieves ___________________ and produces ____________________
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Side effects: _______________________ speech, loss of coordination
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Includes:
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___________________________, barbiturates, _______________________, valium/xanax
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Drugs of Abuse - Alcohol
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Absorbed 20% by _______________________ and 80% ________________________________________
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First effect – frontal lobe judgment
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_______________________
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Normal _______________________
Second effect with increased consumption is in the back of the brain
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_______________________ control
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_________________ skills
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Body _______________________
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_______________________
BAC Tests
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•
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Field Sobriety
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___________________________ gaze
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Walk and _________________
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One ______________ stand
Breath Testing
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_______________________
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_______________________
Confirmatory Tests
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Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer
Bacterial Toxins
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Tetanus
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Produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria
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Causes violent muscle ___________________
Botulism
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Produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria
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_______________________ muscles
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Causes irreversible damage to ___________________ ending
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Extremely _______________________ in small amounts
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Most _______________________ biological substance
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Heavy Metals and Pesticides
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•
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Heavy metals
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Ingestion, _______________________, through _________________, mucous membranes
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Poison
Pesticides
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Control ___________________, weeds, __________________, etc
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Toxic
Other lethal agents
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Hydrogen cyanide (_________________________________)
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Potassium chloride/sodium pentothal (_______________________________________)
Poison
Pesticides
(DDT, Aldrin,
dieldrin)
Lead
Mercury
Characteristics of Overdose
Interferes with the movement of nerve impulses and muscular
contractions; anxiety, seizures, twitches, rapid heartbeat, muscle
weakness, sweating, salivation, diarrhea, tearing coma, and death
Nausea, abdominal pain, insomnia, headache, weight loss,
constipation, anemia, kidney problems, vomiting, blue coloration along
gum line, seizure, coma, and death
Acute poisoning from inhalation causes flu-like symptoms
Poison
Characteristics of Overdose
Arsenic
Within 30 minutes of ingestion produces abdominal pain, severe nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps, convulsions, kidney failure, delirium,
and death. Chronic exposure produces skin lesions, headache,
personality changes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, and coma
Cyanide
Overdose can be fatal in 6-8 minutes after ingestion. Rapidly causes
weakness, confusion, coma and pink skin from high blood oxygen
saturation. Produces and almond-like odor.
Strychnine
Enters the body by inhalation or absorption through eyes or
mouth. Produces, within minutes, body spasms, temperature rises,
violent convulsions, and death
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Practice of Forensic Toxicology
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Test for ____________________ and ____________________ of a chemical in a forensic sample
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_______________________
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Unidentified compounds
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Chemicals extracted from _______________________
Questions that Forensic Toxicologists answer
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What _______________________ is in the sample?
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What is the ____________________________ ID of a chemical?
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How much is _______________________?
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When was the compound _______________________?
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Is the compound _______________________ occurring in the body, was it accidentally or
intentionally put there?
Tests
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Physcico-chem methods
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Spectroscopic
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ID and quantifying based on ___________________________________________
Chromatography/mass spectrometry
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_______________________, density, _______________________ index, etc
Separate mixture into its components; _______________________ of components
Immunoassay
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_______________________________ specific reactions
Types of Tests
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Presumptive tests (Field)
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Ex: _______________________ reagent
Confirmatory Tests
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_________________ spectrometer
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_______________________
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_______________________ spectrometer
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Samples
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Fluid
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Organs
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Blood
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Skin
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Urine
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Lungs
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Vitreous humor
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Hair
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Oral fluid
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Fingernails
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Semen
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Liver
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Stomach contents
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Kidney
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Bile
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Bone
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Vomit
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Heart
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sweat
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Brain
Blood Samples
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Blood near liver or organs tends to contain _______________________ concentrations
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Urine Samples
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_______________________ artery
_______________________ of drugs
Vitreous humor
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__________________ collected
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_______________________
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Correlates with ___________________ data
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